Part - III
Principles of Electronic Communication
Chapter-7: Fundamentals of analog
Communication
Reference:
Electronic Communication Systems by
Kennedy & Davis ,
4th edition,2004,TMH Edition
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Module 2: Frequency Modulation
▪ Objectives:
At the end of this module, students will be able to:
• Define Frequency Modulation(FM)
• Discuss the concept of FM using graphical illustration
and mathematical representation
• Determine the modulation index and bandwidth of FM
• Distinguish between AM and FM
• Identify the areas of application of AM and FM
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Frequency Modulation
▪ What is FM?
▪ Graphical Illustration of FM
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Frequency Modulation Contd.,
▪ Mathematical Representation of FM
• f FM = fC + Kf m(t)
• Kf is the frequency sensitivity, fC is the carrier
frequency
• m(t) is the modulating signal
• 𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡
• VFM (t) = AC cos[ωCt + βsin (2𝜋fmt) ,
∆𝑓
where the modulation index , 𝑚𝑓 = 𝛽 =
𝑓𝑚
▪ By Carson’s rule,𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ ≈ 2 ∆𝑓 + 𝑓𝑚
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Frequency Modulation Contd.,
▪ Spectrum of FM wave
By Carson’s rule,𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ ≈ 2 ∆𝑓 + 𝑓𝑚
Refer Time domain analysis & spectrum of [Link]
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Frequency Modulation Contd.,
▪ Performance Parameters for the Comparison of AM
and FM
1. Amplitude
[Link]
[Link] Index
[Link] Immunity
[Link] Channel Interference
[Link]
[Link] Complexity
[Link] area
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Summary
In this module we have learnt:
• Basic principle of frequency modulation
• Definition of frequency modulation, which is nothing but
varying the frequency of a known signal called carrier in
accordance with the amplitude of the message signal called
modulating signal.
• To draw the waveforms for frequency modulated signal with
respect to the chosen modulating and carrier signals.
• Modulation index gives the depth of modulation and is given
∆𝑓
by 𝑚𝑓 = 𝛽 =
𝑓𝑚
• The bandwidth is given by Carlson Rule given by Bandwidth =
2(Δf + fm), where fm is the maximum frequency component of
the modulating signal.
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Self Test
Indicate the false statement.
1. Frequency Modulation is used to
A. Reduce the bandwidth
B. Improve noise immunity
C. Ensure that the information may be transmitted over long
distances
D. reduce transmitted power
2. The need for modulation is
A. Length of the antenna will be constant
B. Message signal amplitude reduces with distance.
C. To multiplex multiple message signals and transmit on the same
channel.
D. A message is composed of unpredictable variations in both
amplitude and frequency
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Frequency Modulation Contd.,
▪ Exercises
1. Given a FM equation VFM (t) =10 cos [ 2 Π 108t + 5 sin(2 Π 15000t) ] ,
Calculate Carrier frequency. Modulating frequency. Frequency deviation.
Bandwidth using Carson’s rule.
2. In an FM system when the audio frequency is 50Hz , modulating
voltage is 2.5V , the deviation produced is 5KHz. If the modulating voltage
is now increased to 7.5V, calculate the new value of frequency deviation. If
the AF voltage is raised to 10V while the modulating frequency is dropped
to 250Hz, what is the frequency deviation produced. Also calculate
modulation index in each case.
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