Chapter-3: Operational Amplifier and Applications
Module – 2 : Linear Applications of op-amp
Reference:
1. Robert L. Boylestad, Louis Nashelsky, Electronic
Devices & Circuit Theory, 11th Edition, PHI, 2012
2. Linear IC’s and Its applications By Roy Choudhary
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Module 2: Linear Applications of op-amp
• Learning Outcomes:
• At the end of this module, students will be able to:
• Discuss OPAMP based amplifier topologies.
• Analyse and design OPAMP based circuits for simple
mathematical operations.
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OPAMP APPLICATIONS
Operational amplifiers are used in two ways.
• Linear (small signal) mode:
• Non Linear (large signal) mode:
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Op-Amp Characteristics
Figure: Voltage Transfer Characteristics of Op-Amp
Frequency response in open loop configuration
• Frequency response of typical
µA741 op-amp
• The open loop bandwidth of
µA741 is approximately 5 Hz
• For almost all the AC
applications, bandwidth larger
than 5 Hz is needed
• Hence, we do not go for open
loop configuration in case of
linear applications
Closed-loop configuration
The overall voltage gain with negative feedback is given by,
Vo A
Af = =
VS 1 + A
where
Af is the closed loop gain
A is the open loop gain
β is the gain of feedback circuit
Vs is the input signal to the closed loop system
Vo is the amplified output
• Hence, negative feedback reduces the gain from A to A/(1 + Aβ)
CONCEPT OF VIRTUAL GROUND
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Principle of Virtual ground
• The differential input voltage VD between the non-inverting
and inverting input terminals is essentially zero.
• Because even if output voltage is few volts due to large open
loop gain of op-amp, the difference voltage VD at the input
terminals is almost zero.
V1=V2
• Whatever voltage applied at non-inverting terminal same
voltage appears at inverting terminal though there is no
physical connection between them
LINEAR APPLICATIONS OF OPAMP
▪ Inverting amplifier
▪ Non-inverting amplifier
▪ Voltage follower
▪ Inverting summing amplifier
▪ Difference amplifier
▪ Integrator
▪ Differentiator
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INVERTING AMPLIFIER
𝑹𝒇
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = −𝑽𝒊𝒏
𝑹𝟏
Figure: Circuit configuration of inverting op-amp The closed loop voltage gain:
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑹
𝑨𝒗 = = − 𝒇
𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝑹𝟏
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NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER
𝑅1
= 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅1 + 𝑅𝐹
𝑅𝑓
= 𝑉𝑖𝑛 1 +
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅1
The closed loop voltage gain for non-
inverting amplifier is given by,
𝑅𝑓
= 1+
𝐴𝑣 𝑅1
Figure: Circuit configuration of non-inverting amplifier
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VOLTAGE FOLLOWER
It is used as a buffer amplifier to eliminate loading
effects or as an impedance matching device.
The closed loop gain of non-inverting amplifier is
𝑅𝑓
= 1+
𝐴𝑣 𝑅1
Substituting Rf = 0 and R1 = ∞ in above equation
Figure: Circuit configuration of voltage Vout = Vin
follower
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EXERCISES
1. For an inverting amplifier using OPAMP, R1=1K, RF=100K, vin=0.1sin(ωt). Find vo.
Ans: –10sin(ωt)
2. For a non inverting amplifier, R1=10K, RF=100K. Calculate vo if vi = 25 mV dc.
Ans:275mV,dc
3. An ac signal of rms value 2 mV needs to be amplified to 1.024 V rms, 180 degree phase shifted. Design a
suitable amplifier choosing R1=1.2K
Ans: Inverting amplifier with RF=614.4KΩ
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4. A 200mV peak to peak sine wave is applied to Opamp non inverting amplifier with , RF /R1 =10. Sketch the output.
5. In an Opamp inverting amplifier R1=1K, RF=100K. The dc supply voltage is +15V and -15V. Calculate the output
voltage if input is 1V
6. Realize using Op-amp (a)V0=-5V1 (b)V0=5V1
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INVERTING SUMMING AMPLIFIER
In an inverting summing amplifier, the o/p voltage id
proportional to sum of the inputs
𝑉 1 𝑉2 𝑉𝑛
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −𝑅𝑓 + + ⋯+
𝑅 1 𝑅2 𝑅𝑛
If R1 = R2 =……….= Rn
𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − 𝑉 + 𝑉2 + ⋯ + 𝑉𝑛
𝑅𝑛 1
If R1 = R2 =……….= Rn = Rf
Figure: Inverting summing amplifier 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + ⋯ + 𝑉𝑛
Ref: Linear [Link]
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DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER
R2 R4
when =
R1 R3
𝑅2
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (𝑉2 − 𝑉1),
𝑅1
the circuit acts as difference amplifier
R2 R4
when = = 1,
R1 R3
Figure: Difference Amplifier 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (𝑉2 − 𝑉1);
the circuit acts as subtractor.
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DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER
The differential amplifier amplifies the voltage difference
present on its inverting and non-inverting inputs.
By connecting each input in turn to 0v ground we can use
superposition to solve for the output voltage Vout.
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DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER
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Difference Amplifier(Subtractor)
• The circuit is analyzed using the superposition theorem
• Consider only v1 to be present; v2=0
• Now derive expression for output voltage vo1
• Next consider only v2 to be present; v1=0
• Derive expression for output voltage v02
• Actual output voltage vo = vo1+vo2
Difference Amplifier(Subtractor)
vx
RF v1 R3 RF
vo1 = vx 1 + vo1 = 1 +
R2 R1 + R3 R2
Difference Amplifier(Subtractor)
RF
vo 2 = −v2
R2
v1 R3 RF RF
vo = vo1 + vo 2 = 1 + − v2
R1 + R3 R2 R2
= v1 − v2 if R1 = R 2 = R 3 = R F
Exercises
4. Design an OPAMP circuit such that output is given by vo= –(0.5v1+0.75v2) where v1 and v2 are input
voltages. Choose RF=10K
5. Implement the equation using OPAMP
𝑣𝑜 = 2[ 0.1𝑣1 + 0.5𝑣2 + 2𝑣3]
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6 . Implement the equation using OPAMP
𝑣𝑜 = 3𝑣1 − 5𝑣2
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INTEGRATOR
It produces an output voltage which is proportional to the
integral of input voltage.
t
1
Vout =−
RC 0
Vin dt
• Figure: Integrator circuit
Ref: Linear [Link]
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1. Sketch the output waveform of an inverting integrator if the input signal is square wave with amplitude 5V and
frequency 1kHz. Assume RC =0.1s
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DIFFERENTIATOR
It produces an output voltage which is proportional to the time derivative of the input
voltage.
dVin
Vout = − RC
dt
• Fig: Differentiator
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DIFFERENTIATOR
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DIFFERENTIATOR
It produces an output voltage which is proportional to the time derivative of the input
voltage.
dVin
Vout = − RC
dt
• Fig: Differentiator
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DIFFERENTIATOR
[Link] 31
DIFFERENTIATOR
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DIFFERENTIATOR
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2. Sketch the output waveform of an inverting differentiator if the input signal is square wave with amplitude 5V
and frequency 1kHz. Assume RC =0.1s
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3. Draw the output of differentiator when Vin = 2 sin(100pi*t). Assume RC = 0.01s
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Summary
• In this module we have learnt:
• Analysis of linear applications of OPAMP.
• a. Inverting Amplifier.
• b. Non Inverting Amplifier.
• c. Voltage follower.
• d. Adder.
• e. Difference Amplifier
• f. Subtractor
• g. Integrator
• h. Differentiator.
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