Chapter One

Array, String and Structure

 Array
An array is a series of elements of the same type placed in
contiguous memory locations

It allows you to store and access multiple values using a single
variable name with an index

Each element of an array is accessed by its index

Index of the first array element is always zero

Array can be:
 One Dimensional Array
 Multidimensional arrays
 One Dimensional Array

 This type of array stores elements in a single dimension

 It is the simplest form of an array and is used to manage a

list of data items, such as numbers, strings, or characters.

0 1 2 3 4

All the elements arranged in row wise in a single

dimension, one after other
 Declaring Arrays
 Declaring an array involves specifying its type, name, and
size

Syntax: data_type array_name[size];

data_type: The type of elements the array will hold

(e.g., int, float, char).

array_name: The name of the array

size: The number of elements in the array

This must be a positive integer or a constant expression

 Cont.
 For example ,
int age [3];
 This tells the compiler to associate 3 memory cells with
name age
 These cells will be adjacent to each other in memory
 Each element of array age contains a value of integer
type
 More than one array can be declared on a line
int age [10] , height [10] , names [20] ;
 Mix declaration of variables with declaration of arrays
int i , j , age [10] ;
 Initialization of Array

Array initialization refers to assigning initial values to the

elements of an array when it is declared

Syntax: data_type array_name[size]={value1, value2,……..valueN};

The number of values between braces { } cannot be larger

than the number of elements that we declare for the array

between square brackets [ ]

 Cont.
If fewer values are provided than the size of the array, the
remaining elements are initialized to 0.

int numbers[5] = {1, 2}; // Initialized to {1, 2, 0, 0, 0}

If too many initializers, a syntax error is generated

If size omitted, the initializers determine it

int numbers[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; // Size is automatically set to 5

 Cont.

You can initialize C++ array elements either one by one

or using a single statement as follows:

double balance[5] = {1000.0, 2.0, 3.4, 17.0, 50.0};

Following is an example to assign a single element of

the array:
balance[0]=1000.0
balance[1]=2.0
balance[2]=3.4
 Accessing Arrays
An element of the array is accessed by indexing the array name

placing the index of the element within square brackets after

the name of the array

An index describes the position of an element within an array

 It must be an integer or integer expression

The index of the first element in an array is 0, the second is 1,

and so on.
The index of the last element is size – 1
Syntax:
array_name[index];
 Cont.

double marks [5] = {85.5, 76.5 , 69, 72.5, 87.5 };

Index

marks[0] 85.5

marks[1] 76.5

marks[2] 69 Elements

marks[3] 72.5

marks[4] 87.5

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 Cont…
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {

double marks [5] = {85.5, 76.5 , 69, 72.5, 87.5 };

cout << marks[0]; // Outputs: 85.5

cout << marks[2]; // Outputs: 69

return 0;

}
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 Iterating through an Array
Loops can be used to iterate through an array to access or process all
elements
Using a For Loop
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {

double marks [5] = {85.5, 76.5 , 69, 72.5, 87.5 };

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
cout << marks[i] << " ";
}
return 0;
} 12
 Multidimensional arrays
Multidimensional array can have any number of
dimensions
Data_type array_name [size 1][size2]….[size n];

 Here size 1, size 2 up to size n describe the number of

dimensions
int array[3][3]; // two dimensional array
int array [5][2][3]; // three dimensional array

A two dimensional array also falls under the category of

a multidimensional array
 Two-Dimensional Arrays
A two-dimensional (2D) array is a collection of elements
arranged in rows and columns
N number of rows and columns

Each element is accessed using two indices: one for the row and
one for the column

Representation of a 3X3 matrix, which means there are three

rows and three columns in the array

(0,0) (0,1) (0,2)

(1,0) (1,1) (1,2)

(2,0) (2,1) (2,2)

 Cont.

It is often used to represent tabular data, such as matrices or

grids

The syntax for declaring a 2D array is:

data_type array_name[rows][columns];

Example

int matrix[3][3]; // A 2D array with 3 rows and 3 columns

15
 Initializing a 2D Array
A 2D array can be initialized during declaration
int matrix[2][3] = {
{1, 2, 3}, // Row 0
{4, 5, 6} // Row 1
};
Or int matrix[2][3] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};

Uninitialized elements are set to 0

int matrix[2][3] = {
{1, 2}, // Only first two elements of Row 0 are initialized
{4} // Only the first element of Row 1 is initialized
}; 16
 Accessing Elements in a 2D Array
Elements in a 2D array are accessed using their row and column
indices:
array_name[row_index][column_index];

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int numbers[2][3] = {
{1, 2, 3},
{4, 5, 6}};
cout << numbers[0][1] << endl; // Outputs: 2
cout << numbers[1][2] << endl; // Outputs: 6
return 0;
} 17
 Iterating Through a 2D Array
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int matrix[2][3] = {
{1, 2, 3},
{4, 5, 6}
};
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) { // Loop through rows
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) { // Loop through columns
cout << matrix[i][j] << " ";
}
cout << endl;
}
return 0;
} 18
 Cont.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int students = 3;
int subjects = 4;
int marks[students][subjects] = { Output
{85, 90, 78, 88}, // Marks of Student 1
{76, 81, 72, 85}, // Marks of Student 2
{90, 92, 89, 95} // Marks of Student 3
};
for (int i = 0; i < students; i++) {
cout << "Student " << i + 1 << ": ";
for (int j = 0; j < subjects; j++) {
cout << marks[i][j] << " ";
}
cout<<"\n";
}
} 19
 String
A string is a sequence of characters used to represent textual
data, such as words, sentences, or other text
C++ supports two primary types of strings:
C-style strings
Array with base type char
 End of string marked with null, ‘\0’
 Older method inherited from C
C++ strings
 Objects of string class

20
 C-style strings
A C-style string is a sequence of characters stored in a

character array and terminated by a null character ('\0')

This null terminator signifies the end of the string

C-style strings are inherited from the C language and are

used for compatibility with C-based APIs and libraries

Requires manual memory management

21
 Declaration and Initialization
C-style strings are declared as character arrays
char string_name[size];
char str1[6] = “Mizan"; // Size includes '\0‘
char str1[6] = {‘M', ‘i', ‘z', ‘a', ‘n', '\0'};
char str2[] = “Tepi"; // Compiler determines the size (5 including '\0')

Individual characters can be accessed or modified using their index

cout << str1[2]; // Outputs: z
str1[0] = ‘S'; // Modifies the first character
cout <<str1; //Mizan
22
 Cont.
Common String Functions (from <cstring> liberary)
strlen() : Returns the length of a string (excluding the null terminator)
strlen(str)
strcat() : Concatenates two strings
strcat(str1, str2): Concatenates string str2 onto the end of string str1
strcmp() : Compares two strings lexicographically
 Returns 0 if they are equal, a positive value if the first string
is greater, and a negative value if it is smaller
strcmp(str1, str2)
strcpy() : Copies one string to another
strcpy(str1, str2): Copies string str2 into string str1
23
 Cont.
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;

int main() {
char str1[10] = "Mizan";
char str2[10] = "Tepi";
char str3[10];

cout <<"Length: " << strlen(str1) << endl;

strcpy(str3, str1);
cout <<"Copy: " << str3 << endl;
strcat(str1, str2);
cout <<"Concatenation : " << str1 << endl;
cout<<"Compare: "<<strcmp(str1, str2)<<endl;
return 0;
}
24
 Input functions for C-Style Strings
cin: Stops reading at the first whitespace character
Considers a space (whitespace, tabs, etc.) as a terminating
character
Only store a single word (even if you type many words)
char str[20];
cin >> str; // Input: Mizan Tepi
cout << str << endl; // Mizan
getline() : Reads an entire line (recommended for strings with
spaces)
It takes cin as the first parameter, and the string variable as
second:
[Link](str, 20); 25
 C++ String
Provided by <string>, is a modern alternative to C-style
strings

It is safer, more flexible, and easier to use

string str = “Mystring”;

string str1 = “Mizan Tepi”;

Characteristics:

• Mutable: Strings can be modified

• Automatically manages memory

• Provides rich functionality via member functions 26

 String Manipulation
[Link]() or [Link]() : Returns length of string variable

[Link]()

compare() : Compares two strings

str1 > str2 or [Link](str2)

substr() : Extracts a substring

[Link](start, length)

insert() : inserts a string at a specific position

[Link](position, str2) 27
 Cont.
replace() : Replaces a portion of the string with another
string

[Link](start, length, new_string)

append() : Appends another string or character to the end

[Link](str2)
find() : Returns the position of the first occurrence of a
substring

[Link](substring)
28
 Cont…
 To read entire lines use getline(cin, string):
string str;
cout << "Enter lines of string: ";
getline(cin, str);
 Be careful mixing cin and getline
int number;
string str;
cin >> number;
getline(cin, str);
 cin >> n skips whitespace and leaves ‘\n’ for getline()
• If there is a leftover \n from a previous cin >> n, getline() reads it
immediately, giving you an empty string 29
 Cont.
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main() {
string str1= "Mizan";
string str2 = "Tepi";
string str3;
cout <<"Length: " <<[Link]() << endl;
str3=str1;
cout <<"Copy: " << str3 << endl;
cout <<"Concatenation: " << str1 + str2 << endl;
cout <<"Append: " << [Link](str2)<< endl;
cout<<"Compare: "<<[Link](str2)<<endl;
cout<<"Substring: "<<[Link](5,4)<<endl;
cout<<"Replace: "<<[Link](5,4,"Aman")<<endl;
cout<<"Insert: "<<[Link](5," ")<<endl;
cout<<"Find: "<<[Link]("man")<<endl; 30

}
 Structure
A structure is a user-defined data type that allows grouping multiple
variables of different types under a single name
Defining a Structure
A structure is defined using the keyword struct, followed by the
structure name and its members enclosed in curly braces {}
Syntax:
struct StructureName {
data_type member1;
data_type member2;
// Additional members...
}; 31
 Declaring and Initializing Structure Variables
Student structure:

struct Student {
string name;
string dept;
float gpa;
};
Once a structure is defined, you can declare variables of that
structure type and initialize them
Declaration:
Student student1, student2; // Declares two variables of type Student
Initialization:
Student student1 = {“Tesfa", “SE”, 3.58}; // Initializes all members
32
 Accessing Members
dot operator (.) is used to access or modify structure members
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
struct Student {
string name;
string dept;
float gpa;
};
int main() {
Student student1 = {“Tesfa", “SE”, 3.58};
cout << "Name: " << [Link] << endl;
cout << “Department: " << [Link] << endl;
cout << “GPA: " << [Link] << endl;
[Link] = 3.75; // Modifying members
cout << "Updated GPA: " << [Link] << endl;
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}
 Array of Structures
An array of structures can be declared to manage multiple entities of the same
type

Allows to store multiple records, where each record is represented as a structure

Defining an Array of Structures:

StructureName array_name[array_size];
Student students[3]; // Array of 3 Student structures

Initializing an Array of Structures:

Student students[3] = { Student students[3];
{“Tesfa", “SE”, 3.75}, students[0] = {“Tesfa", “SE”, 3.75};
{“Hiwot", “IT”, 3.7}, students[1] = {“Hiwot", “IT”, 3.7},

{“Selam", “CS”, 3.65} students[2] = {“Selam", “CS”, 3.65};

}; 34
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
struct Student {
string name;
string dept;
float gpa;
};
int main() {
Student students[3] = { {“Tesfa", “SE”, 3.75}, {“Hiwot", “IT”, 3.7},
{“Selam”,“CS”, 3.65}};
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
cout << "Student " << i + 1 << ":" << endl;
cout << "Name: " << students[i].name << endl;
cout << “Department: " << students[i].dept<< endl;
cout << “GPA: " << students[i].gpa<< endl;
35
}}
 Arrays vs. Structures
Arrays:
- Store elements of the same type
- Use indices to access elements
- Fixed size and contiguous memory allocation

Structures:
- Can store elements of different types
- Accessed using member names
- Size depends on types of its members and members
may not be contiguous