HIGH RISE BUILDING - HIGH DENSITY HOUSING

Definition :
Housing is defined as “ all places in which a group of
people reside and pursue their life goals; the size of the
settlement may vary from a single family to million of
people”.

Housing includes both;

1. Physical structure - providing shelter
2. Surrounding community services and facilities.

Purpose Of Housing :
HouSing

It gives sanitary shelter and protection. "tallest block in the world'' dubai
It gives space for family life activities.
There should be easy access to community facility. The era of skyscrapers in India began with the completion
Form of investments which shows economic stability. of the LIC Building in Chennai in 1959. W ith 12 floors
initially, it was the first skyscraper in the country and
remained the tallest building in the country until 1961
History : when it was surpassed by the 25-storied Usha Kiran
Building in Mumbai.
Many taller buildings appeared in various cities in the
The Home Insurance Building in Chicago, opened in 1885, is,
country ever since
however, most often labelled the first skyscraper because of
Palais Royalet in Worli, Mumbai. At 320 metres (1,050
its innovative use of structural steel in a metal frame design
ft)-88 floors, it is the tallest building and third tallest
. structure in India
The current tallest residential building, Central Park Tower at
New York being 472.4 metres (1,550 ft) tall having 98 floors

Central Park Tower, New York

LIC Building, Chennai Palais Royalet, Worli, Mumbai
The Home Insurance Building, Chicago
 5

OffICE BUILDINGS HOTEL BUILDINGS

Typology of high-rise
buildings

Baidu’s Shenzhen office

tower signiel seoul hotel

MIX-USE BUILDINGS There are also hotels that contain residences.

Known as hotel-residences, this type of occupancy is
later addressed in mixed-use buildings.

RESIDENTIAL AND
APARTMENT BUILDINGS

Paarijat Eclat & Privilon

,Ahmedabad
A mixed-use building may contain offices,
apartments, residences, and hotel rooms in separate
sections of the same building.

OMA’s Norre Tornen, Stockholm

 [Link] [Link] FRAMESTRUCTURALSYSTEM 6
20 to 25 storey buildings can be
ConStruCtion TeChniqueS The system is suitable for
constructed using rigid frame
system.
buildings up to 40 storey
Maximum beam span is 12.2m
height. and larger span beams would
suffer lateral deflection.
[Link] STRUCTURALSySTEM
It can be used for [Link]-FRAMESYSTEM(DUAL
the buildings of SYSTEM)
as high as 300m
generally and
maximum 150m Used for 40-60 storey buildings
height in seismic
regions.

3. BRACEDFRAMESTRUCTURAL [Link]
SYSTEM
An outstanding
advantage of braced Shear wall structural system
frame is that, it can be can be economical up to 35
repetitive up the stories building structure.
height of the building
with obvious economy
in design and [Link] FRAMESTRUCTURAL
fabrication. SYSTEM
[Link] It can build up to 30 storey buildings.

Practically, Outrigger
systems used for
buildings up to 70
stories.

[Link] 10. TUBE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

It is used for the construction of

Suitable for buildings up to 60 storeys.
building up to Trussed tube system is formed
25 stories. when external bracing added to
make a structure stiffer. This
structure type suitable for building
up to 100 storeys.
 Use of high-strength steel members in high-rise buildings is Structural cost
expected to increase the effectiveness of structural design by
reducing the weight and cost of structures. Limiting the number of shear walls and designing to reduce
structural load transfers will provide the greatest efficiency.
So far, high-strength steel members have been used in a very
limited way because it is hard to select the proper strengths of Finally, current market conditions have the most impact on the cost
steel members in a systematic way with the consideration of of the building structure. In the past 9-12 months, in particular, we
the structural cost. have seen an uptick in the cost of cast-in-place concrete due to the
current level of market activity.
Building Analysis
The first analysis we complete is the building’s parking to
CoSt Optimization

residential ratio. Generally, the most cost effective building has HVAC cost
a mix of 30 percent parking and 70 percent residential space
over the gross square foot of the building. The most commonly used HVAC systems in the residential high
rise market right now are vertical or horizontal heat pumps.
Since parking is less expensive to build, it helps bring down the Although the four-pipe fan coil units allow the most flexibility for
cost of the building. However, more parking will also limit the tenants to control their own temperatures based on their
ability to use that square footage for revenue generating space. individual needs, they are also the most expensive.

Site work cost

The site work will vary based on the parcel and the design, and it
includes foundations, paving and landscaping. Contaminated soils
Exterior Wall Ratio and basements will make the cost higher. The less work that needs
to be done, the lower the cost.
The most efficient building shape is a square, but square
buildings don’t always make the most interesting structures. So The flexibility to lower site costs will depend on FAR requirements
besides a square building, targeting a ratio of 40 to 45 percent (which regulate the height of the building), soil conditions and
of exterior wall to gross square footage of the building will give existing site conditions.
the greatest efficiency.

The other factor that can adjust the cost of the exterior wall is
the type of materials that are used. This analysis is more
complex so we start by looking at the square foot ratio before
looking at the façade in greater detail. Finishes
That leaves us with the features that sell the space: the cabinets,
countertops, flooring and walls – the finishes. The finishes are more
market driven than historical cost-driven, and they change more
frequently. They also provide the most flexibility to choose
alternate materials to save money.
 RESTRICTIONS Of BUILDING ACTIVITY IN THE VICINITY Of CERTAIN AREAS:
(a) Water Bodies (c) Electrical Lines
In case of sites in the vicinity of High-Tension Electricity Transmission
• No building / development activity shall be allowed in the bed of Lines besides taking other safety precautions, a minimum safety
water bodies like river or nala and in the Full Tank Level (FTL) of any distance (both vertical and horizontal) of 3m shall be maintained
lake, pond, cheruvu or kunta / shikam lands. between the building and the High-Tension Electricity
•No building activity shall be carried out within:
Lines and 1.5m shall be maintained between the building and the Low
Tension Electricity Lines.
(1) 100m from the boundary of the River outside the Municipal
Corporation / Municipality / Nagara Panchayat limits and 50m with in In case of Electricity Tower lines, the land all along below the tower line
the Municipal Corporation / Municipality / Nagara Panchayat limits. shall be developed as green belt to an extent of the width of tower base
The boundary of the river shall be as fixed and certified by the and on either side of green belt there shall be a minimum of 10m wide
Site S t a n d a r d S

Irrigation Department and Revenue Department. roads or as defined in the Master Plan.
(2) 30m from the FTL boundary of Lakes / Tanks / Kuntas of area 10Ha
and above. (d) Airport
(3) 9m from the FTL boundary of Lakes / Tanks / Kuntas of area less
than 10Ha / shikam lands; (i) Building Restrictions:
(4) 9m from the defined boundary of Canal, Vagu, Nala, Storm Water
Drain of width more than 10m. (1) For building activity within the Restricted Zone / Air Funnel Zone near the
(5) 2m from the defined boundary of Canal, Vagu, Nala, Storm Water airport, necessary clearance from the concerned Airport Authority shall be
Drain of width up to 10m. obtained.
(2) Irrespective of their distance from the aerodrome, even beyond 22km limit
from the Aerodrome Reference Point, no radio masts or similar installation
• Unless and otherwise specified in the Master Plan / Zonal exceeding 152m in height shall be erected except with the prior clearance from
Development Plan. Civil Aviation Authorities.
(3) In respect of any land located within 1 0 00 m from the boundary of Military
(6) In case of (ii) (1) & (2) above, the buffer zone used for road of Airport no building is allowed except with prior clearance from the concerned
minimum 12m width, wherever feasible. airport authority with regard to building height permissible and safe distance
to be maintained between the building and boundary of the aerodrome.
(7) In case of (ii) (2) above, in addition to development of recreational /
green belt along the foreshores, a ring road or promenade of minimum (ii) Other Structures:
(1) No chimneys or smoke producing factories shall be constructed within a
12m may be developed, wherever feasible.
radius of 8km from the Airport Reference Point.

(8) The above buffer zone to be left may be reckoned as part of to t- lot
or organized open space and not for setback requirements.

• In case of Protection of Catchment area of Osmansagar and

Himayatsagar lakes covered under the [Link].111 MA dated
08.03.1996, the restrictions on building and development activity
imposed there in shall be applicable in Hyderabad Metropolitan
Development
(b) Railways Authority (HMDA) area.

The distance between the Railway Property Boundary and the edge of
the building shall be 30m as per Indian Railways Works Manual or as
per No Objection Certificate (NOC) given by the Railway Authorities.
GO 168
 (f) Defence Establishments REQUIREMENTS FOR HIGH-RISE
(i) In case of Sites within 500 m distance from the boundary of Defence Areas / Military BUILDINGS:
Establishments prior clearance of Defence Authority shall be obtained.

(ii) In case of Naval Science and Technological Laboratory (NSTL), Visakhapatnam, no building (a) Tower and Podium Type Building:
shall be allowed with in a distance of 20m from the boundary wall of NSTL, Visakhapatnam.

(g) Oil / Gas Pipelines

(i)Height of the building shall be allowed up t o 50m.
(ii) For Podium, i.e., Ground plus first floor: alround setbacks shall
In case of Sites in the vicinity of Oil / Gas pipelines, clearance distance and other stipulations of be 7m.
the Respective Authority shall be complied with. The Oil / Gas Authorities shall also specify the
clearances required stretch wise to Local Body.
(iii) For Tower block: The coverage and alround setbacks shall be
(h) Heritage Structures minimum 50 % of the Podium Block, and shall be atleast 3m from
the Podium edge on all sides,
(i) In case of Sites located within the distance up to 100m from protected monuments as notified
under Archaeological Monuments and Ancient Sites and Remains Act 1955 and as amended no
construction is allowed. (iv) The fire safety and fire escape measures for the Tower Block
Site S t a n d a r d S

shall be independent of the Podium Block.

(ii) For the Sites located within distance of above 100m and up to 200m from the protected
monuments, the construction is allowed only after obtaining prior permission from the National
Monument Authority.

(iii) For the Sites located within the vicinity of any Heritage Structure notified as per the
respective law, the prior clearance from the concerned authority shall be obtained.

(iv) For the development / redevelopment of any notified Heritage Structure the stipulations as
prescribed by the respective authority shall be followed.

(i) Religious Structures

(i) In case of Sites located within a radius of 100m from the notified religious structure as given in
the list in Annexure – VII / notified from time to time, the construction is allowed up to 10m height
only.

(j) For the Sites located within a radius of above 100m and up to 300m from the notified religious
structure as given in the list in Annexure – VII / notified from time to time, only non-high-rise
structures are allowed.

(k)Special Regulations for Banjara Hills &Jubilee Hills Areas of Hyderabad

(i) The following are the Special Regulations to maintain special characteristics of Banjara Hills
and Jubilee Hills areas covered by Block 1 & 2, and part of Block No. 3 of Ward no. 8, of erstwhile
Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad area of GHMC.
(b) “Stepped Type” or “Pyramidal Type” Building:

(i) allowed f or heights above 30m with the following open space
requirements:

(ii)At Ground level: Minimum 9m all-round open space for the first
5 floors.
(ii) The building with height beyond 10m in these areas shall be permitted only if the plot abuts to
a minimum of 12m wide road. (iv)At Upper floors: Increase of 1m all-round open space or more,
(iii) In case of Jubilee Hills Co-operative House Building Society and Prashasan Nagar Co- for every 5 upper floors or 15m height or part thereof, over and
operative House Building Society Layout, Jubilee Hills the height of the building is restricted to above the ground level open space of minimum 9m.
10m excluding stilt with a maximum FAR of 1:1.

(iv) In case of plots abutting Road No.1, 2 & 3 Banjara Hills and Road No.36 Jubilee Hills the
building height shall be limited to 30m and further the said height relaxations are allowed only on
plots where the land owners have surrendered their land in the past or will surrender their land
free of cost to Municipal Corporation for road widening.
 GENERAL ACCESSIBILITY

DeSign ConSiderationS Pedestrian access into site;

Designated vehicular parking near the

main entrance;

Suitable drop-off point near main

entrance; and Intuitive, obvious and
accessible means of egress;
Equitable approach to the building Equitable entry via the same entrances
Accessible path to the entrance; designated parking, clear pedestrian routes easy to locate main entrances, no steps or
separate from vehicles and cyclists, no steps or obstacles, wide openings, adequate manoeuvring
accessible furniture, wide door obstacles, short distances from parking and public space in front of the door, low operating forces,
openings and easy door operation to transport, good signage, good lighting and good good signage, good lighting and good visual
be provided for barrier free design. contrast contrast

Appropriate lighting;

Reduced travelling distances;

Level entrances and exits;

Good lighting, visual contrast of walls,

floors, acoustics, doors and signage

More natural lighting and ventilation

should be used making it an energy Equitable use of the same paths in horizontal
circulation Equitable use of toilet and sanitary facilities
efficient design. no steps or obstacles, adequate manoeuvring good signage, adequate manoeuvring space, good
space, wide door openings, easy to operate doors, transfer options, well-placed equipment, easy
Active and passive design techniques resting places, clear layout, good signage, good operation
to be used. lighting and good visual contrast

Spacious lifts; and Safe stairs that are

easy to use, and facilitate safe assisted
evacuation / rescue in emergencies;

Slip-resistant walking surfaces;

Adequate height, location and easy

operation of controls and switches;

Important communication via two

senses or more (tactile, audible and
visual);
Equitable means of egress, concepts for Important information via two senses or more, for
Management and maintenance of the emergency planning example visual, audible and tactile
built environment no steps or obstacles, fire protected lifts, good
signage, good lighting, good visual contrast, good
fire safety, protection and evacuation, accessible
means of egress
 ROADAND SETBACKS PARKING
"High-Rise Building' means a building with 18m or more in height.
The minimum size of plot for High Rise building shall be 2000sq.m.
Up to 10% of shortfall in net plot area would be considered with the
proposed height and corresponding minimum all round setbacks.
Open spaces (utilized as greenery, t o t lot or soft landscaping, etc.)
shall be at least 10% of total site area at ground level open to sky
and shall be a minimum width of 3m. This may be in one or more
pockets with minimum area of 50sq.m at each location.
A minimum of 2m wide green planting strip in the periphery on all
sides.
A minimum setback of 7m on all sides should be given.
Where the lighting and ventilation of a building is through an open
StandardS

space, area shall be at least 25sq.m and no side shall be less than
3m.
The width of street should not be less than 12m.
Adequate passageway and clearances required for fire fighting
vehicles t o enter the premises shall be provided at the main
entrance; the width of such entrance shall be not less than 4.5 m.

In the Stilt floor a watchman room and 2 toilets (W.C), with maximum
built up area of 25sq.m may be allowed.
For parking spaces in basements and upper floors, at least two ramps of
minimum 3.6m width or one ramp of minimum 5.4m width and adequate
slope 1 in 8 shall be provided. Such ramps shall not be allowed in
mandatory setbacks including building line, however they may be
permitted in the side and rear setbacks. Mechanical lifts can be provided.
The minimum width of the drive way shall be 4.5m.
Up to 10% of cellar nay be utilised for utilities and non-habitation
purpose like A/C Plant room, Generator room, Sewerage Treatment
Plant (STP), Electrical installations, Laundry, etc,
Visitors' parking shall be provided with minimum 10% of the
parking area.

For buildings more than 24 m in height, refuge area of

15 sq.m or an area equivalent to 0.3 sq.m per person to
accommodate the occupants of two consecutive floors.
F For building 15 m in height or more, access to main
staircase shall be through a fire/smoke check door of a

I minimum 2 h fire resistance rating.

Fire towers are the preferred type of escape route for
storeyed buildings and these shall be considered as the
R safest route for escape. At least one required means of
egress shall preferably be a fire tower.
E Area more than 500 sq.m on each floor shall have a
minimum of two staircases.
 House hold crowdIng High indoor temperatures 13

H o u S i n g - W H O HHGL
the association between crowding and infectious diseases

The certainty of reducing crowding would reduce;

1. Tuberculosis (TB)------ high.
[Link] diseases (excluding TB)------- moderate to high.
[Link] and gastroenteritis---------high.
[Link] infectious diseases -----------moderate to low.
[Link] health effects, including stress------ moderate to low.
6. sleep disorders ------ low to very low. reducing high indoor temperatures would reduce morbidity or
mortality was assessed as low.

Low indoor temperatures The certainty of this evidence linking high outdoor temperature
with increased morbidity was assessed as low to moderate
&Insulation Injury hazards

reduces the risk of injury

[Link] presence of smoke detectors --moderate.
2. installing stair and safety gates --- low to moderate.
3. window guards---------------------- moderate.
The certainty of the evidence that warming a cold [Link] against fireplaces, stoves and dangerous unprotected hot
house reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease is surfaces ---- low to moderate.
moderate (based on the findings for blood pressure).
The certainty of the evidence that installing Housing accessibility
insulation is associated with improved health
outcomes is high but this is qualified by different
types of insulation.

18157_WHO Housing and Health Guidelines_160 x 240mm For Web

 NATIONAL HO US IN G P O L I C Y
INTRODUCTION BARRIER FREE
Special Programme for Disadvantaged Sections
'he National Housing policy of the government of India Environment and Ecology
has highly laid emphasis on the need for public sector belts around cities/towns. Security & Safety
agencies to increasingly play the role of a facilitator of THE NUHHP-2007 RECOMMENDS SPECIAL AREAS OF ACTION WITH
the housing process and create the enabling RESPECT TO
environment in which the requisite inputs would flow • Land • Finance •Legal and Regulatory Reforms • Technology support and
its transfer • Infrastructure •Sustainability Concerns •Employment issues
into the housing sector more easily than in the past.
relating to the Housing Sector Slum improvement and upgradation

OBJECTIVES ULB DEVELOPMENT BOARDS

To create an enabling environment for housing URBAN PLANNING
Ensure that Development Plans/Master Plans as well as Zonal Plans
activity by various sections by eliminating
and Local Area Plans are made and updated regularly
constraints.
OPTIMUM UTILIZATION OF LAND
To expand the provision of infrastructure facilities INTEGRATED TOWNSHIPSURBAN EXTENSIONS & SEZS
[Link] Greenfield towns & integrated urban housing extensions
in rural and urban areas in order to improve the
of existing towns with complementary infrastructure or Special
environment of human settlements,
Economic Zones (SEZS) with both FDI and national investments in
housing and infrastructure.
To promote a more equal distribution o f land and [Link] that such fully integrated housing projects are well
houses in urban and rural areas
connected by MRTS corridors.

AIM CONCLUSION:
The National Urban Housing & Habitat Policy 2007 Accordingly, the policy put forth the following as the action plans.
(NUHHP-2007) has been formulated keeping in
1. Provision of house sites to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled
view the changing socio-economic Tribes, freed bonded laborer's and landless labor, including
The Policy seeks to promote various types of artisans
public-private partnerships for realizing
2. Provision of financial assistance for house construction to
“Affordable Housing for All”
help them on suitable loan-cumsubsidy bases.

Government of India (1988), National Housing Policy, Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, New
Delhi Government of India, First Five Year Plan (1951-56). Planning commission. New Delhi, p.596
 PLUMBING DRAINAGE SYSTEM
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS IN HIGH-RISE
Building S e r v i c e S STRUCTURES
The following are the piping systems adopted in drainage
1. – Direct Supply System of the high rise structures:
2. – Direct Pumping Systems [Link]-Pipe System
[Link]-Pipe System
3. – Hydro-pneumatic Systems 3. Single Stack System
4. – Overhead Tank Distribution (Down Feed 4. Single Stack System (Partially Ventilated)
Arrangement
VENTILATION SHAFT

Hydro-Pneumatic System

FIRE LIFTS
Minimum 1 lift to carry minimum 8 persons weighting 545
kgs
shall be provided.
Landing doors of lifts shall open to ventilated lobby & shall
have a fire resistance of 1 hour.
1 lift shall be designed as a "Fire Lift"
"Fireman Switch" shall be provided for each lift.
Lifts shall not be used as means of evacuation.
Direct Pumping System Applicable Collapsible gates shall not be provided for the lift.
Where There is Continuous Demand Overhead Tank Distribution If more than 1 lifts are installed the partition wall should be of
on System minimum 2 hours fire resistance
 1
SEPTIC TANKS
6
LOCATION
Building S e r v i c e s A subsoil dispersion system shall not be closer than 18 m from any
source of drinking water, such as well, t o mitigate the possibility of
bacterial pollution of water supply. It shall also be as far removed
from the nearest habitable building as economically feasible but not
closer than 6 m, to avoid damage to the structures

REQUIREMENTS
Dimensions of septic tanks — Septic tanks shall have a minimum
width of 750 mm. a minimum depth of 1 m below' the winter level
and a minimum liquid capacity of 1 m\ The length of tanks shall be
2 to 4 times the width
Septic tanks may be constructed of brickwork, stone masonry,
concrete or other suitable materials as approved by the Authority:
FIRE STAIRCASE Under no circumstances shall effluent from a septic tank be
allowed into an open channel drain or body of water without
Every high rise building Have minimum 2 number of Staircases. adequate treatment
Width of staircases varies from 1 m. to 2m. The minimum nominal diameter of the pipe shall be 100 mm.
For residential building width of staircases should be 1 metre. Further, at junctions of pipes in manholes, direction of flow from a
Out of 2 staircases, 1 can be used as a fire escape staircase. branch connection shall not make an angle exceeding 45° with the
direction of flow in the main pipe:
Width of fire escape should be minimum 0.75 meter. The gradients of land drains, under-drainage as well as the bottom
Number of staircases shall be given as per the travel distances. of dispersion trenches and soak ways shall be between 1:300 and
Staircase shall not be extended to basement to prevent smoke 1:400
heat & gases. From the basement smoke, heat 7 gases can be Every septic tank shall be provided with ventilating pipe of at least
50 mm diameter. The to p of the pipe shall be provided with a
travel to upper floors. suitable cage of mosquito-proof wire mesh.
When the disposal of septic tank effluent is to a seepage pit, the
seepage pit may be of and suitable shape with the least cross-
STAIRCASE AND CORRIDOR sectional dimension of 0.90 m and not less than 1.00 m in depth
below the invert level of the inlet pipe.
LIGHTING
[Link] be on separate service and shall be independently
connected to be operated by one switch installation on the
ground floor, easily accessible to firefighting staff at any time .
2. Staircase and corridor lighting shall also be connected to
alternate supply from parallel high-tension supply or to the
supply from the stand-by generator.
3. Emergency lights shall be provided
 ELECTRICAL SERVICES GENERAL
A. The electric distribution cables/wiring shall be laid in
separate duct ws- 2016 Architectural elements such as louvers, pergolas, other
Building S e r v i c e s the duct shall be sealed at every floor with non-
combustible materials
sunshine materials should be free from FAR.
Any architectural roof top structures would also be permitted
Low and medium voltage wiring running in shaft and in out of FAR if not used for habitable or commercial purposes.
false ceiling shall run in separate conduits. Building elements such as sky bridges and landscape terraces
B. Water mains, telephone cables, intercom cables, gas pipes which are meant for community purposes only shall be
or any other service line shall not be laid in the duct for permitted free of FAR
electric cables. Services can be permitted on roofs with adequate screening
Use of bus ducts/solid rising mains instead of cables is for the same.
preferred. Service floors shall not be counted in FAR. Service area on
C. The provision of dedicated telecommunication ducts for all habitable floors may be considered free from FAR.
new building proposals is mandatory . Atrium/ Atria at any floor will be counted only once in the FAR.
D. Separate circuits for water pumps lifts, staircases and Atrium may be enclosed by light roofing or R.C.C as per
corridor lighting and blowers for pressurizing system shall be development control norms provided in the M.P of Delhi
provided directly from the main switchgear panel . Scissor staircase would be permitted provided all travel
distance and fire norms are adhered to.
Stilts in high-rise will not be restricted to height of 2.4m as long
ALTERNATE SOURCE OF as it is used for parking.
Multilevel car parking with car lifts would be permitted with
ELECTRIC SUPPLY adequate fire safety.

A stand-by electric generator shall be installed to supply

power to staircase and corridor lighting circuits, fire lifts, GAS SUPPLY
the stand-by fire pumps pressurization fans and blowers,
smoke extraction and damper system in case of failure of
normal electric supply.
The generator shall be capable of taking starting current Town Gas / L.P. Gas Supply Pipes
of all the machines and circuits stated above LPG distribution pipes shall always be below the false
simultaneously. ceiling. The length of these pipes shall be as short as
If the stand-by pump is driven by diesel engine, the possible
generator supply need not be connected to the stand-by If LPG is used, the same shall be shut off. The voltage
pump. shall be of 24 V or 100 V DC operated with the external
rectifier.
 AIR-CONDITIONING 1
The vertical shaft for treated fresh air shall be of masonry
8
construction.
The air filters of the air-handling units shall be of non-
combustible materials or fire rated
Escape routes shall not be used as return air passage. The air-handling unit room shall not be used for storage of
The ducting shall be constructed of substantial gauge metal in accordance
any combustible materials.
with good practice.
No combustible material shall be fixed nearer than 150
the opening around the ducts shall be sealed with materials having fire
mm to any duct unless such duct is properly enclosed and
resistance rating of the compartment.
protected with non-combustible material (glass wool or
Where duct crosses a compartment which is fire rated, the ducts shall be
spyglass with neoprene facing enclosed and wrapped with
fire rated for same fire rating. Further depending on services passing
aluminum sheeting) at least 3.2 mm thick and which would
around the duct work, which may get affected in case of fire temperature
not readily conduct heat.
rising, the ducts shall be insulated.
Metallic ducts shall be used even for the return air instead of space above
the false ceiling.
Where plenum is used for return air passage, ceiling and its fixtures shall SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT
be of noncombustible material.
The materials used for insulating the duct system shall be of
noncombustible material; glass wool shall not be wrapped or secured by
Zero land‐fill can be achieved by
any material of combustible nature.
collection facilitation and public
Air ducts serving main floor areas, corridors, etc. shall not pass through awareness.
the staircase enclosure. The green waste can be converted into
The air-handling units shall be separate for each floor and air ducts for fuel cakes, kitchen waste into manure,
every floor shall be separated and in no way inter-connected with the construction & demolition waste into
ducting of any other floor. bricks, plastic waste into oil, paper, glass
If the air-handling unit serves more than one floor, the recommendations and steel back into the same and all
given above shall be compiled with in addition to the conditions given residuary inert materials can also be
converted into bricks.
below:
Achieving zero land‐fill is more
conveniently possible, if
[Link] arrangements by way of automatic fire dampers working on smoke (a) the collection is made from house to
detector / or fusible link for isolating all ducting at every floor from the house and some segregation is done at
main riser shall be made. household level
2. When the automatic fire alarm operates, the respective air-handling units (b) the recycling is done at decentralized,
of the air conditioning system shall automatically be switched off. say, ward or even lower levels.
The effective management of waste
water would result in availability of
treated water for reuse, capture of
methane gas for power generation and
improvement in the quality of the
environment.
 LIFT DIMENSIONS SPACE
STANDARDS
S i n g l e unit s t a n d a r d s

DISTANCE FROM
ELECTRICAL LINES

EXTERIOR SPACES

NUMBER OF EXITS
 STAIRCASE TOILETS

S i n g l e unit s t a n d a r d s

CORRIDORS

PARAPET :
Parapet walls and handrails provided on the edges of roof
terraces, balcony, verandah, etc shall not be less than 1.0 m and
not more than 1.2 m in height from the finished floor level.

MEZZANINE FLOOR :
HEIGHT - It shall have a minimum height of 2.2 m.
SIZE - The minimum size of the mezzanine floor, if it is to be used
as a living room, shall not be less than 9.5 sqm .
The aggregate area of such mezzanine floor in a building shall in
no case exceed one third the plinth area of the building.

GARAGE :
HEIGHT - The height of a garage shall be not less than 2.4 m.
SIZE - The size of garages shall be as below:
1. Private Garage - 3.0 m × 6.0 m, minimum
[Link] Garage - Based on the number of vehicles parked by
ECU
 Building Bye-laws for High-Rise Buildings in ❑ Other site planning rules
India •Fire tender movement path: 6m wide, 9m
turning radius.
• A High-Rise Building is defined as: •Entrance gate: minimum 6m width for fire tender
Any building above 15m height (in some states access.
18m). •Parking: Must satisfy FAR and local parking
Buildings above 24m have additional regulations.
requirements.
Buildings above 50m fall under Special High- 3️⃣ FAR (Floor Area Ratio) for High-Rise
BUILDING BYE LAWS

Rise category.
City Max FAR for High-Rise
1️⃣ Basic Definition High-Rise Building
3.5 – 5 (varies by road
•Building height > 15 m (NBC 2016). Delhi
width)
•Buildings > 24 m need firefighting shaft, refuge areas,
and additional NOC. 3 – 5.5 (including premium
Mumbai
•Buildings > 50 m need multiple refuge floors, FSI)
pressure elevators, and stricter structural norms.
No cap (UDS based), but
Hyderabad
2️⃣ Site Planning & Setbacks varies by road width
Minimum setbacks depend on building height:
Other site planning rules : Bengaluru 2.5 – 4
Minimum Setback
Building Height Chennai 2 – 3.5
Requirement
❑ FAR increases with:
16m (varies by
> 75m •Wider roads
state
•Larger plot size
Up to 15m 3m – 4.5m •Premium FSI (paid)
15–24m 6m all around
9m all around
24–50m
(common)
> 50m 12m or more
 4️⃣ Fire & Life Safety Requirements (NBC Part 4) 6️⃣ Elevators & Vertical Transportation
Mandatory for buildings above 15m: High-Rise Requirements:
•Fire extinguishers on every floor •Minimum 2 lifts for buildings above 15m.
•Wet riser system •Fire lift mandatory above 24m.
Above 24m: •Lift lobby ventilation required.
•Automatic sprinkler system •Lift capacity: 8–20 passengers depending on use.
•Hydrant system on every floor For buildings above 50m:
•Two staircases (one fire escape staircase) •Fire-rated lift shafts
BUILDING BYE LAWS

•Smoke detectors & fire alarm system •High-speed elevators

•Fire lift (fireman’s lift) •Automatic rescue device (ARD) required
Above 50m:
7️⃣ Mechanical, Electrical & Plumbing (MEP)
•Pressurization of:
Regulations
• Staircases
Water Storage
• Lobbies
•Fire water tank:
• Lift shafts
• Up to 45m → 50,000–75,000L
•Fire command center
• 45m–60m → 1,00,000L
•Refuge floors mandatory
• Above 60m → as per NBC detailed table
•Mechanical & electrical monitoring systems
Diesel Generator
Refuge Area Requirements:
•Mandatory backup for:
•Required for buildings above 24 m
• Fire pumps
•Location:
• Elevators
• 24–39 m → 1 refuge floor
• Emergency lighting
• 39–54 m → additional refuge floor
• Ventilation systems
• Every 15 m height thereafter
HVAC
•Minimum area = 4% of each floor area
•Fire dampers
•Pressurization fans
•Smoke extraction system
 9️⃣ Access & Circulation Requirements
Staircases:
•Minimum 2 staircases (>24m)
•Width:
• Residential: 1.2m
• Commercial: 1.5m
•Max travel distance to staircase: 30m
BUILDING BYE LAWS

Corridor Width: 1.5m minimum

Emergency exits: Clearly marked and
illuminated

NOCs Required for High-Rise

Approval
Before construction begins, the following
authorities must approve:
•Fire department NOC
•Airport Authority NOC (if applicable)
•Environmental clearance (above 20,000
sqm built-up)
•Structural stability NOC
•Traffic & transportation NOC
•Pollution control board clearance
•Water & sewerage board NOC
 1. Green Façades (Indirect System) 2. Green Walls (Direct System)
Definition Definition
VERTICAL GREENERY SYSTEMS
• A system where climbing plants are rooted in the • Also known as "Living Walls," these are
ground or in large planters at the base of the systems where plants are rooted directly into
building. These plants grow up the façade using a modular panels, fabric, or containers that are
separate support structure. affixed to the vertical façade. These are "active"
Support Structures: systems requiring integrated irrigation.
• Cable & Mesh Systems: High-tensile stainless- Sub-Types:
steel cables or flexible mesh are anchored to the Geotextile / Felt Systems: A hydroponic system
façade, creating a minimalist, lightweight scaffold. where plants are rooted into pockets within a
Ideal for twining vines (e.g., Wisteria, Star chemically inert felt fabric that is irrigated with
Jasmine). nutrient-rich water from the top.
Modular Panel Systems: Pre-fabricated panels or
• Trellis Systems: Rigid, 3D grid structures (metal
trays hold a lightweight growing medium
or wood) that stand off from the building face,
(substrate). Plants are pre-grown in these panels
providing a robust frame for heavy woody
off-site, allowing for an "instant" green effect upon
climbers (e.g., climbing roses, some vines).
installation.
• Key Concept: The system is a "second skin" that is Key Concept: The system is "direct." The façade
*indirect*. The plants are not part of the wall structure itself contains the plants and growing medium.
itself.
 Key Differences: Façade vs. Wall
Green Wall
Green Façade
VERTICAL GREENERY SYSTEMS
Method: Direct (plants in panels
Method: Indirect (plants climb
Rooting: At base (ground/planter Rooting: In the façade (substrate/felt)
Structure: Lightweight (trellis/cables Structure: Heavy (panels, sub-frame)
Cost: Low to Moderate
Cost: High to Very High
Maintenance: Low (pruning, soil
Maintenance: High (irrigation, nutrients
Best For: Large areas, passive shading
Weight: High Saturated Load
Weight: Low Load
Best For: Instant effect, high design
 3. Elevated Forests (General Concept) 4. "The Vertical Forest" (Specific
Definition Concept)
Definition
VERTICAL GREENERY SYSTEMS
A broad term for any system that integrates
"Vertical Forest" (Bosco Verticale) is a
full-sized trees and deep-soil planters *onto*
the building structure at height. This goes specific, trademarked architectural concept

beyond simple green roofs by incorporating a pioneered by architect Stefano Boeri. It is

significant vertical forest component. the most famous and literal execution of the
Engineering: "Elevated Forest" idea.
Often integrated with large, open-air "sky
gardens" or "sky terraces" that act as
communal floors Key Concept:
Must account for the immense dead load of It is not a building *with* plants, but a
"building for trees." The architecture is a
saturated soil and the live load of mature trees scaffold designed to host an ecosystem.
under high wind. The primary goal is ecological: a "tower of
biodiversity" that houses birds and insects,
Requires massive, pre-engineered structural absorbs CO2, and produces oxygen
support (e.g., deep cantilevered balconies,
System:
reinforced concrete planters). The system consists of massive, staggered,
Example: The sky gardens at WOHA's Oasia and heavily reinforced concrete balconies,
Hotel Downtown, which feature 30m-high each acting as a deep-soil planter for over
vegetated planters 800 trees and 20,000 shrubs
 5. Green Roofs (Intensive) 6. Green Terraces
Definition Definition
A heavy-duty green roof system with a A hybrid system that applies the principles of an
VERTICAL GREENERY SYSTEMS
deep growing medium (8 inches to
several feet / 20+ cm). These are intensive green roof to the setbacks, podiums, and
essentially "parks in the sky" designed for large balconies of a high-rise building. The defining
human access and recreation
Characteristics: feature is its integration with the building's program.

Planting: Highly diverse, including lawns, Design: Often incorporates hardscaping (pavers,

perennials, shrubs, and even full-sized decks) with planters, lawns, and seating areas.

trees. Integration: Directly connected to adjacent interior

Purpose: Amenity space, recreation, spaces (offices, apartments, common areas).
urban agriculture, and high-impact
stormwater management Purpose: Explicitly designed as an accessible

Load: Very high structural load (80-150+ amenity space for occupants, blurring the line

lbs/sq ft), requiring robust engineering between indoor and outdoor.

Characteristics:
from the start.
Key Concept: A green terrace is an *architectural
Maintenance: High, similar to a ground-
program element*, whereas a simple green roof may
level park (irrigation, mowing, pruning).
only be an *ecological system*.
VERTICAL GREENERY SYSTEMS

Elevated Forests Vertical Forests

Green Roofs Green Terraces

VERTICAL GREENERY SYSTEMS
 Case Study: Bosco Verticale 2️⃣ Greenery Composition — Key Data
Milan, Italy (Stefano Boeri Architetti Bosco Verticale supports an entire micro-
forest:
This "Vertical Forest" is a radical VGS model. It is not a thin Vegetation Statistics
"skin" but a system of deep, soil-filled concrete planter •800+ Trees
balconies cantilevered from the structure. It hosts over • Heights: 3m to 8–9m
20,000 trees and plants •4,500 Shrubs
•15,000+ Perennials & Groundcover Plants
System: Structurally-integrated, deep-soil planters •100+ species of vegetation
(balconies). Environmental Role
•Reduces CO₂ emissions
CASE STUDY

Key Takeaway: A solution focused on maximizing •Absorbs approx. 30 tons of CO₂ per year
•Produces approx. 22 tons of oxygen
biodiversity and ecological impact, rather than just surface annually
•Acts as a natural dust filter
coverage. It required massive structural engineering to
support the load of full-sized trees and saturated soil in high
winds.