GEOGRAPHY(

LESSON1)
RESOURCEANDDEVELOPMENT
Q1. Resourceplanningisessent
ial
forsust
ainabl
eexi
stencei
n
al
lfor
msofli
[Link]
set hestatement.
OR
Whatisthei
mportanceofnat
ural
resour
ces?Whyi
sitnecessar
yto
conser
vetoconserv
ethem?
[Link] enecessaryforthedev elopmentofanycountr
[Link]
exampl
efossilfuelsareessentialtogenerateenergy
,miner
alresources
ar
eimportantforindustr
ialdevelopment,etc.
I
tisnecessar
ytoconser
ver
esour
cesbecause:
 Theiri
rr
ati
onal
consumpti
onandoverut
il
isat
ionhav
eledt
osoci
o-
economicandenvi
ronment
alpr
obl
ems.
I
ttakesmi
l
li
onofy
ear
sfort
hef
ormat
ionofnat
ural
resour
ces.
 Natur
alr
esour
cesar
eav
ail
abl
einf
ixedquant
it
yandmostoft
hem
ar
enon-r
enewabl
e.
Q2. Whati
sther
oleofhumansi
nresour
cedev
elopment
?
 Resour
cedev
elopmenti
sther
esul
tofhumanact
ivi
ti
es.
Humanbei
ngsi
nter
actwit
hnatur
ethrought
echnol
ogyandcr
eat
e
i
nst
it
uti
onst
oaccel
erat
ethei
reconomicdev
elopment
.
 Humanbei ngstr
ansfermateri
alsavai
l
ableinourenvi
ronmenti
nto
[Link]
verisanatural
endowment
anditbecomeswheni tswateri
susedf ori
rr
igat
ionorpower
producti
on.
Q3. “pl
anni
ngofresour
ceisveryi
mpor
tantf
oracount
ryl
i
keI
ndi
a”.
Just
if
ybygiv
ingt
hreereasons.
Resourcepl
anni
ngi
sthewi
se,
judi
ciousandpr
operut
il
isat
ionoft
he
resour
ces.
Ther
esour
cesar
enotev
enl
ydi
str
ibut
edi
nourcount
ry.
 Indi
ahasenor mousdiver
sit
yintheavail
abi
li
tyof
[Link]
chin
certai
ntypeofr esour
cesbutaredefi
cienti
nsome
otherresources.
 Thestat
esofJharkhand,
Chhatt
isgar
handMadhyaPradeshare
ri
chinminer
alsandcoaldeposi
tsbutl
acksi
ninf
rast
ruct
ural
devel
opment.
 Thestat
esl
i
kePunjab,
Har
yana,
andUt
tarPr
adeshar
eri
chi
nsoi
l
butl
acksmi
ner
als.
 Thestat
eofRaj
ast
haniswel
lendowedwi
thsol
arandwi
ndener
gy
butl
acksinwat
err
esour
ces.
 Thecol
ddesertareaofLadakhisr
elat
ivel
yisol
atedfr
om t
her
est
oft
hecountr
yduet olackofthemeansoftranspor
tand
communicat
ion.
 Mostoft
heNortheast
ernst
atesar
eri
chi
nnat
ural
veget
ati
onbut
l
acksi
nfert
il
esoil
.
Resour
cepl
anni
ngcanpr
ovet
obeusef
uli
nthef
oll
owi
ng
ways:
I
tsav
est
heenv
ironmentf
rom degr
adat
ion
Itmakesasust
ainableuseofr
esour
ceswit
hout
compromisi
ngwiththeneedsoft
hefut
uregener
ati
on.
I
tmakesanequi
tabl
edi
str
ibut
ionofbenef
it
sforal
l
.

Q4. Whati
sresourcepl
anni
ng?Ment
iont
hest
epswhi
char
einv
olv
ed
i
nresour
cepl
anning.
[Link]
anni
ngi
sat
echni
queorski
l
lofpr
operorj
udi
cioususe
ofresour
ces.
Resour
cepl
anni
ngi
sacompl
expr
ocesswhi
chi
nvol
ves:
[Link]
if
icati
onandinvent
oryofresourcesacrosstheregi
onsoft
he
countr
y .Thisi
nvol
vessur
veyi
ng,mappi ng,
qualit
ati
veand
quanti
tativ
eestimati
onandmeasur ementoftheresources.
 [Link]
ngapl anni
ngstruct
ureendowedwit
happropr
iat
e
technology
,skil
landinsti
tut
ional
setupf
orimpl
ementingr
esour
ce
developmentplans.
[Link]
ngtheresourcedev
elopmentpl
answi
thov
eral
lnat
ional
dev
elopmentplans.

Q5. “i
ndi
scr
iminat
euseofresour
ceshasl
edt
onumer
ouspr
obl
ems”
.
Just
if
ythest
atementi
nthr
eepoints.
Ans pr
obl
emscausedduet
oindi
scr
imi
nat
euseofr
esour
cesar
eas
fol
l
ows:
i
. DEPLETIONOFRESOURCES: overutil
isat
ionhasledtot he
depl
etionofresourcesformeeti
ngt hegreedofaf ewindivi
dual
s.
Forexample,overutil
i
sati
onofpetroleum productshasledtoa
si
tuati
onwher emostoft hecountr
iesoft heworldarefaci
ng
energycri
si
s.
i
i
. CONCENTRATI
ONOFRESOURCES:t
hishasdiv
idedt
hesoci
ety
i
ntohav
esandhav
esnotort
her
ichandthepoor.
i
i
i. GLOBALECOLOGICALCRI SES:overuti
li
sat
ionofresourceshas
l
edtothegl
obalecologi
calcri
sissuchasglobal
war ming,
depl
eti
onofozonelayer
,poll
uti
onandlanddegradati
on.
 SUGGESTI
ON:
 Mi
nimi
singwast
age
 Useofr
enewabl
eresour
ces.
Q6. Whatissust
ainabl
edev
elopment
?Whyi
sitessent
ial
for
dev
elopment
?
Ans sustai
nabl
edevel
opmentmeansdevelopmentshouldtakeplace
wit
houtdamagingt
heenvi
ronmentanddevelopmentinthepresent
shoul
dnotcompromisewi
ththeneedoffut
ur egener
ati
ons.
 Resour
cesar
evi
tal
foranydev
elopmentact
ivi
ty.
 Thei
rr
ati
onalconsumpt
ionandoverut
il
isat
ionofresour
cesmay
l
eadtosoci
o-economi
candenvi
ronmentalprobl
ems.
Indi
scr
imi
nat
eexpl
oit
ati
onofr esour
cesledtoecol
ogi
cal
cri
sis
suchasgl
obalwar
ming,env
ironmentalpol
lut
ionet
c
 Thegr eedyandsel
fi
shindiv
idual
sandexpl
oit
ivenat
ureofmodern
technologyi
stherootcauseforr
esour
cedeplet
ionatt
heglobal
l
ev el
.
Ift
hepresentt
rendofr
esour
cedeplet
ionbyaf ewindi
vi
dual
sand
count
ri
esconti
nues,t
hefut
ureofourplaneti
sindanger.
Q7. Humanact iv
iti
eshavecont
ri
but
edsigni
fi
cant
lyi
nland
degr
adat
[Link]
ainbygivi
ngthr
eeexampl
es.
1)MINING: mi
ningi
soneoft hemajorfactorsresponsi
ble
forl
anddegradat
ion.
instatesl
i
keJhar khand,
Chhatt
isgar
h,MadhyaPradeshandOdi [Link]
ati
on
duetomi ni
nghavecausedseverelanddegradation.
2)OVERGRAZING: duri
ngthelingdryperiod,gr
assi
sgrazed
tothegr
oundandt ornoutbyt herootsbyanimal
[Link]
l
eadstolooseni
ngofsoi landiti
seasilywashedawayby
rai
[Link]
nstatesli
keGujarat,Raj
asthan,MadhyaPradesh
andMaharashtraovergr
azingisoneoft hemainr
easons
forl
anddegradati
on.
3)OVER-IRRI GATI
ON: i
nstatesofPunjab,
Har y
ana, West
ern
Utt
arPr adeshov eri
rri
gati
onisresponsi
bleforland
degradationduet owaterl
oggingwhichleadstoincr
ease
i
nsal i
nityandalkali
nit
yinsoil
.
4)PROCESSI NGOFMI NERALS: t
hemi neralprocessingli
ke
gri
ndingofli
mestonef orcementindustryandcal cit
eand
soapstoneforceramicindustr
ygeneratehugequant i
tyof
[Link]
ardsthepr ocessof
i
nfil
trat
ionofwaterint
ot hesoilaf
teritsettl
esdownon
theland.
5)I
NDUSTRI ALEFFLUENTSANDWASTES:i
nrecentyear
s
i
ndustr
ial
effl
uentsandwast
eshav
eal
soledtoland
degr
adati
on.
[Link]
ssoi
ler
osi
on?expl
aint
hemaj
ort
ypesofsoi
l
 er
osi
ons
Soiler
osionist
heremov alofsoi
lbythef
orcesofnat
urel
ike
windandwat er
,morerapidl
ythanthevar
ioussoi
lfor
ming
processescanrepl
aceit
.
TYPESOFSOI
LEROSI
ON:
i
. SHEETEROSI ON:whenthet
oplayeroft
hesoili
s
removedoveralar
geareabyrunni
ngwater
,iti
scal
l
ed
sheeter
osi
on.

i
i
. GULLYEROSI ON:therunningwat ercutsthrought he
clayeysoi l
sandmakedeepchannel sasgul l
[Link]
mai ncauseofgul lyer
osioni st heremov alof
veget at
ion,part
icul
arl
yoft reeswi ththeirwidespread
bindingr oot
[Link]
escutagr icult
urallandandt he
entir
ear eaturnsintobadlandt [Link]
erosionisal sor
esponsiblef orthef or
mat i
onofr av i
nes.
[Link]
lconser
vati
on?Expl
ainanythr
eemeasur
esofsoi
l
conser
vat
ionsui
tabl
etoIndi
ancondit
ions.
Themeasur
eswhichprotectsoi
lfr
om bei
nger
odedordegr
adedi
s
knownassoi
lconser
vati
on.
i
. CROPROTATI ON:growi ngofamaj orcr opf ol
lowedbyami nor
cropsli
kelegumeshel pst hesoil
inbal ancingitsnutri
entsor
regaini
tsfer
til
it
[Link]
spr acti
sei
scalledcr opr otati
on.I
fthesame
cropissowni nthesamef iel
dyearaftery ear,
thisconsumes
certai
nnutri
entsfr
om t hesoilmakingi tinfert
[Link]
ationcan
checkthisty
peofsoi l
er osion.
i
i
. SETTLEDAGRICULTURE:checki
ngandreduci
ngshif
ti
ng
agr
icul
tur
ebypersuadi
ngthetri
bal
peopl
etoswitchovert
oset
tl
ed
agr
icul
tur
e.
i
i
i. TERRACINGANDCONTOURBUNDI NG:itisaveryeff
ecti
veand
oneoftheol
destmethodsofsoi
lconservati
[Link]
lsl
opeiscut
i
ntoanumberofter
raceshavi
nghor i
zontalt
opandst eepsl
opes
onthebackandinf
[Link]
ourbundinginvol
vesthe
 const
ruct
ionofbankal
ongt
hecont
our
.
i
v. STRIPCROPPING:Lar
gefi
eldscanbedi vi
dedint
ostri
[Link]
ipsof
grassarel
eftt
ogrowbet
weent [Link]
sbreaksthefor
ceof
wind.t
hismethodi
sknownasst r
ipcroppi
ng.
v
. Shelterbel t
:planti
ngli
nesoftr
eest ocr eateshel
terandreducet
he
speedofwi ndal sohel
psinsoi
l erosi
on.t heseshel
terbel
tshave
contributedsignifi
cant
lytot
hest abil
i
sat i
onofsanddunesandi n
establishingthedesertinWesternIndia.

2016

Shor
tAnswerTy
peQuest
ion[
3Mar
ks]

Question1.
Examinet hethreemajorprobl
emscreatedasaresul
tofi
ndiscri
minateuti
li
zat
ion
ofnatural r
esources.
Answer :
Thefollowingar ethet
hreemajorpr
oblemscreat
edasaresultofindi
scri
minat
eutil
i
zat
ionof
natur
al resources.

 Depl
eti
onofr
esour
cesataf
ast
err
ate.

 Accumulat
ionofr
esourcesinthehandsoff
ewcr
eat
ingawi
degapbet
weent
he
hav
es(r
ich)andhavenots(poor)
.

 Incr
easeingl
obalcri
sesl
i
keoz
onel
ayerdepl
eti
on,
global
war
ming,
pol
l
uti
on
andlanddegr
adat
ion.

2015

Shor
tAnswerTy
peQuest
ion[
3Mar
ks]

Questi
on2.
Menti
onanythr
eefeat
uresofar
idsoi
l.
Answer:
Thefol
lowi
ngaret
hethreefeat
uresofar
idsoi
ls.

 Thecol
ouroft
hear
idsoi
lrangesf
rom r
edt
obr
own.

 Ar
idsoi
l
sar
egener
all
ysandyi
ntex
tur
eandsal
i
nei
nnat
ure.

 Thesoil
slackhumusandmoi
stur
ebecauseofdr
ycl
i
mat
e,hi
gh|
emper
atur
eandf
ast
ev
aporat
ion.
  Thelowerpar
tsofthesoi
l
sareoccupi
edbykankarbecauseofhi
ghcal
cium cont
ent
.
I
trest
ri
ctst
heinf
il
tr
ati
onofwateri
nlowerl
ayer
s.(
AnyThr ee)

LongAnswerTy
peQuest
ion[
5Mar
ks]

Questi
on3.
Whatisregursoi
l
?Wr it
eit
stwofeatur
[Link]
ontworegi
onswher
etheyarefound.
Answer:
Regursoili
stheothernameofblacksoi
[Link]
oll
owingar
ethetwofeat
uresofregursoi
l.

 Ther
egursoi
l
sar
emadeupofcl
ayeymat
eri
[Link]
dmoi
stur
eandar
eri
ch
i
nsoi
lnut
ri
ent
ssuchascal
cium car
bonat
e,magnesi
um,
pot
ashandl
i
me.

 Theydev
elopdeepcr
acksdur
inghotweat
her
.Whent
hesoi
l
sar
ewet
,theyar
ever
y
st
ickyanddi
ff
icul
ttowor
konunl
esst
il
ledi
mmedi
atel
y.

 Ther
egursoi
l
sar
efoundi
ntheDeccant
rapr
egi
on,
whi
chi
sspr
eadov
ernor
th-
west
Deccanplat
[Link]
esoi
lsar
ealsofoundi
ntheplat
eausofMahar
asht
ra,
Saurasht
ra,
Malwa,Madhy
aPradesh,
Chhatt
isgar
handalongt
heGodavari
and
Kri
shnaVall
eys.

2014

Shor
tAnswerTy
peQuest
ions[
3Mar
ks]

Quest ion4.
“Indiscri
minateuseofnatur
alresour
ceshasl
edt
onumer
ouspr
oblems.
”Just
ify
thest atement.
Answer :
I
ndi scriminateuseofnat
uralresour
ceshasl
edt
onumer
ousprobl
[Link]
owi
ng
point sjusti
fythest
atement.

 Humanact
ivi
ti
es,
li
kecut
ti
ngandf
ell
i
ngoft
rees,
andl
oppi
ngoft
rees,
hav
eledt
o
dest
ruct
ionoff
orest
[Link]
osseshav
eincr
easi
nglymar
ginal
isedandi
mpov
eri
shed
manycommuniti
es,whodependuponfor
est
sforfoodmedici
ne,et
c.

 Somehumanact
ivi
ti
es,
suchasdef
orest
ati
on,
over
graz
ing,
mini
ngandquar
ryi
ng,
hav
econt
ri
but
edt
olanddegr
adat
ion.

 Waterresour
ceshavebeenpollut
edbydomesti
candi
ndustr
ialwastes,
chemi
cal
s,
pest
ici
desandfert
il
izer
susedinagri
cul
tur
e,t
husmaki
ngitunfi
tforhumanandas
well
asanimals’
consumption.

Quest
ion5.
Howcany oucontr
ibut
et ominimi
zethepol
lut
ion?Expl
ain.
Answer:
Wecancont r
ibut
etomi nimi
zingpol
lut
ionby

 cr
eat
ingawar
enessaboutnotbur
ningf
all
enl
eav
esorgar
bagei
nthepar
ksoront
he
r
oads.

 request
ingourpar
entsandthepeopl
einthenei
ghbour
hoodnott
odumpgarbagei
n
t
heponds, r
iver
sandotherwat
erbodi
es,
especi
all
y,whi
l
eperf
ormi
ngri
tual
s.
  notpol
l
uti
ngt
hewat
erst
oraget
anksathome

Questi
on6.
“Landi
sanatur
alr
esour
ceofut
mosti
mpor
tance.
”Just
if
ythest
atementwi
thappr
opr
iat
e
argument
s.

Answer:
Landisanaturalresour
[Link]
ati
on,wi
ldli
fe,
humanl i
feandeconomi cact
ivi
ti
esli
keagri
culture,mining,t
ransportandcommunication
syst
em.95percentofourbasi cneedsforfood,shelterandclothi
ngar eobtai
nedfrom l
and.
Theref
ore,i
tisveryimport
anttousetheavail
ablelandf orvari
ouspurposeswi t
hcareful
pl
anning,ot
herwisewewi l
lberesponsi
blef
ort headv erseconsequences.

Question7.
Namet hesoi lt
ypewhi chi
swi del
yf oundinwesternRajast
[Link]
ntwoimport
ant
characteri
sticsofthistypeofsoiltypewhichmakei tunsui
tabl
eforculti
vat
ion.
Answer :
Ari
dsoi lislargelyfoundinWest [Link]
lowingarethetwocharact
eri
sti
cs
whichmakei tunsuit
ableforcult
ivati
on.

 Aridsoi
li
sgeneral
l
ysandyi ntext
ureandsal
inei
nnatur
[Link]
owerl
ayer
sar
e
occupi
edbyKankar.I
trest
ri
ctsthefi
lt
rat
ionofwat
er.

 Duet
odr
ycl
i
mat
eandhi
ght
emper
atur
e,ev
apor
ati
oni
sfast
erandt
hesoi
ll
acks
humusandmoi
stur
e

Quest
ion8.
Menti
onanyt hreef
eatur
esofari
dsoil
.
Answer:
Thecolouroftheari
dsoilr
angesfr
om redt
obr
own.

 Ar
idsoi
l
sar
egener
all
ysandyi
ntex
tur
eandsal
i
nei
nnat
ure.

 Thesoil
slackhumusandmoi
stur
ebecauseofdr
ycl
i
mat
e,hi
gh|
emper
atur
eandf
ast
ev
aporat
ion.

Quest i
on9.
Dist
inguishbet
weenredandlat
eri
tesoi
ls,
stat
ingf
ivepoi
ntsofdi
sti
ncti
on.
Answer :
Thef ol
lowingar
ethedif
fer
encesbetweenredsoi
lsandlat
eri
tesoi
ls.
Quest i
on10.
“InIndia,somer egionsarerichincert
aint y
pesofr esour cesbutdef i
cientinsomeot her
resources.”Doy ouagr eewiththestatement ?Suppor tyouranswerwi tht hr
eeex amples.
Answer :
Indi
ai sav astcount r
[Link]
il
eplainsandhi ghmount ains,whichareasour ceof
perennial r
iver
s.
Ital
sohaspl ateaus,whicharear i
chsour ceofmi nerals,fossil
fuelsandf orest
[Link] er
somer egionsarerichincertai
nt y
pesofr esourcesanddef ici
entinothers,li
kethefoll
owing.

 Thecol
ddeser
tofl
adakhhasv
eryr
ichcul
tur
alher
it
agebuti
tisdef
ici
enti
nwat
er,
i
nfr
ast
ruct
ureandsomev
ital
miner
als.

 Ar
unachal
Pradeshhasabundantwat
err
esour
cesbutl
acksi
ninf
rast
ruct
ure
dev
elopment
,asi
tisamount
ainousst
ate.

 Thest
ateofRaj
ast
hani
swel
lendowedwi
thwi
ndandsol
arener
gybutl
acks

2013

Shor
tAnswerTy
peQuest
ions[
3Mar
ks]

Question11.
“33percentareashoul dbeunderf orests.”Justif
yt hestat
ementhighl
ighti
ngthe
envi
ronment alv
aluesoff orest
s.
Answer :
Accordingtotheinter
nationalnorms, t
hef orestcov eri
nacountryshouldbe33percentof
thetotalgeogr
[Link] erthef orestcoverinIndi
aisesti
mat edat637,
[Link],
whichis19.39percentoft hetotalgeogr aphicalarea.

 Thefoll
owingpoi
ntssum upoftheenvi
ronmentalval
uesoffor
ests.
I
facountrydoesnothave33percentgeographi
calar
eaunderfor
estitmayl
eadt
o
poorqual
it
yofsupportsy
stem—wat er
,airandsoi
l.
  For
est
spr
eser
vet
hegenet
icdi
ver
sit
yofpl
ant
sandani
mal
s.

 Thef
orestecosy
stem i
sthest
orehouseofv
aluabl
efor
estpr
oduct
s,mi
ner
alsand
ot
herr
esour
ces.

Question12.
Namet hesoilty
pewhi chiswidel
[Link]
aintwoimportant
characteri
sti
csoft hi
stypeofsoilwhichmakeitunsui
tableforculti
vat
ion.
Answer :
Ari
dsoi li
slargelyfoundinWesternRajast
[Link]
lowingar ethetwocharact
erist
ics
whichmakei tunsuit
ableforcul
ti
vat
ion.

 Ar
idsoi
li
sgener
all
ysandyi
ntext
ureandsal
i
nei
nnat
[Link]
owerl
ayer
sar
e
occupi
edbyKankar
.Itr
est
ri
ctst
hef
il
tr
ati
onofwat
er.

 Duet
odr
ycl
i
mat
eandhi
ght
emper
atur
e,ev
apor
ati
oni
sfast
erandt
hesoi
ll
acks
humusandmoi
stur
e.

2012

Shor
tAnswerTy
peQuest
ions[
3Mar
ks]

Questi
on13.
Menti
onanyt wohumanact i
vi
tieswhichar eresponsibl
ef orthepr
ocessofsoil
erosi
on.
Expl
ainthet wotypesofsoi
lerosionmost lyobservedinIndia.
Answer:
Twohumanact ivi
ti
eswhichareresponsiblefortheprocessofsoilerosi
onaredefor
est
ati
on,
over
grazing,constr
uct
ionandmi ning.(anytwo)
Thefoll
owi ngarethetwotypesofsoi lerosi
onmost lyobser vedi
nIndia.

 Sheeter
osi
on:I
tist
her
esul
tofex
cessi
vef
lowi
ngofwat
err
esul
ti
ngi
nther
emov
al
oft
het
opmostl
ayerofsoi
l
.

 bI
tist
her
esul
tofaccumul
ati
onofr
unof
fwat
erwhi
cht
henr
api
dlyf
lowsi
ntonar
row
channel
sduri
ngoraf
terheav
yrai
nfal
lormel
ti
ngofshow,
consi
der
abl
yremov
ingt
he
soi
lcover.

Quest
ion14.
Descr
ibeanythr
eemeasur
esofcontrol
l
ingl
anddegr
adat
ion.
Answer:
Measurestosol
vet
heproblem ofl
anddegr
adat
ioni
nIndiaar
easf
oll
ows.

 Af
for
est
ati
onandpr
opermanagementgr
azi
ngl
ands

 Pl
ant
ingofshel
terbel
tsf
orst
abi
l
izi
ngsanddunes

 Pr
opermanagementofwast
elands

 Cont
rol
onmi
ningact
ivi
ti
es

 Pr
operdi
schar
geofi
ndust
ri
alef
fl
uent
sandwast
esaf
tert
reat
ment

 Adopt
ingef
fect
ivepl
oughi
ngt
echni
ques

Quest
ion15.
“I
ndiscr
imi
nateuseofresourceshasledtonumerouspr
oblems.
”Just
if
ythest
atement
.
Answer:
I
ndiscri
minateuseofnatur
al r
esourceshasledt
onumer ouspr
obl
[Link]
lowi
ng
pointsj
usti
fythest
atement.

 Humanact i
vi
ti
es, l
ikecutti
ngandf el
l
ingoft
rees,andloppi
ngoftrees,hav
eledto
dest
ruct
ionoff
or [Link]
ncr
easinglymargi
nal
isedandi mpover
ished
manycommuni t
ies, whodependuponf or
est
sf orfoodmedici
ne,etc.

 Somehumanact
ivi
ti
es,suchasdeforest
ati
on,
over
grazi
ng,
mini
ngandquar
ryi
ng,
hav
econt
ri
but
edtolanddegradat
ion.

 Wat
err
esour
ceshav
ebeenpol
l
utedbydomest
icandi
ndust
ri
alwast
es,
chemi
cal
s,
pest
ici
desandfert
il
izer
susedinagr
icul
tur
e,t
husmaki
ngi
tunf
itf
orhumanandas
well
asanimals’
consumption.

LongAnswerTy
peQuest
ions[
5Mar
ks]

Question16.
Mentionthr eephysi
calfactor
saswellast
hreehumanfact
orswhichdeter
minet
heuseof
l
andinI ndia.
Answer :
Threephy sicalf
actorsdetermini
ngt
heuseoflandinI
ndiaaret
hef ol
lowi
ng,

1.t
opogr
aphy

[Link]
i
mat
e

[Link]
lty
pe

Thr
eehumanf
act
orsdet
ermi
ningt
hel
andusei
nIndi
aar
e:

[Link]
ati
ondensi
ty.

2. t
echnol
ogi
cal
capabi
l
ity
.

[Link]
tur
eandt
radi
ti
ons.

Questi
on17.
Suggestanysi
xmeasur
estosolv
et heprobl
em oflanddegradat
ioni
nIndi
a.
Answer:
Measurestosol
vet
heprobl
em oflanddegradat
ioninIndi
aareasfol
lows.

 Af
for
est
ati
onandpr
opermanagementgr
azi
ngl
ands

 Pl
ant
ingofshel
terbel
tsf
orst
abi
l
izi
ngsanddunes

 Pr
opermanagementofwast
elands

 Cont
rol
onmi
ningact
ivi
ti
es

 Pr
operdi
schar
geofi
ndust
ri
alef
fl
uent
sandwast
esaf
tert
reat
ment

 Adopt
ingef
fect
ivepl
oughi
ngt
echni
ques

Quest
ion18.
“I
ndi
scri
minat
euseofr
esour
ceshasl
edt
onumer
ouspr
obl
ems.
”Just
if
ythest
atement
.
Answer:
I
ndiscr
iminateuseofnat
uralresour
ceshasl
edt
onumer
ouspr
obl
[Link]
oll
owi
ng
poi
ntsjusti
fythest
atement.

 Humanact
ivi
ti
es,
li
kecut
ti
ngandf
ell
i
ngoft
rees,
andl
oppi
ngoft
rees,
hav
eledt
o
dest
ruct
ionoff
orest
[Link]
osseshav
eincr
easi
nglymar
ginal
isedandi
mpov
eri
shed
manycommuniti
es,whodependuponfor
est
sforfoodmedici
ne,et
c.

 Somehumanact
ivi
ti
es,suchasdeforest
ati
on,
over
grazi
ng,
mini
ngandquar
ryi
ng,
hav
econt
ri
but
edtolanddegradat
ion.

 Wat
err
esour
ceshav
ebeenpol
l
utedbydomest
icandi
ndust
ri
alwast
es,
chemi
cal
s,
pest
ici
desandfert
il
izer
susedinagr
icul
tur
e,t
husmaki
ngi
tunf
itf
orhumanandas
well
asanimals’
consumption.

Question19.
Explai
nthetypesofr
esourcesont
hebasisofexhaust
ibi
l
ity
.
Answer :
Ont hebasi
sofexhausti
bil
it
y,t
heresour
cescanbeclassif
iedi
ntot
hef
oll
owi
ngt
wo
categori
es.

1. Renewabler
esources:Thesearetheresour
cesthatcanberepr
oducedbyphysi
cal
,
chemicalormechanicalpr
[Link]
e,solar
,ti
dal
andwindenergy
.

[Link]-renewableresources:Theseresourcesoccurov
erav eryl
onggeol
ogicalt
ime,
taki
ngmi l
li
onsofy ear
si nthei
rfor
mat i
[Link]
hthei
[Link]
example,mineral
s,coal,et
c.

Quest i
on20.
Explainthei mportanceofconser v
ationofr esources.
Answer :
Resour cesar eessentialforal
lkindsofdev elopment alacti
vi
[Link] ndiscri
minateuseof
resourcesandov eruseofr esourcesmayl eadt osoci o-
economi candenv i
ronmental
[Link] ercomet hesepr oblems, r
esour ceconservati
onatv ariouslevelsi
s
i
mpor t
ant .
Forexampl e,Gandhijiri
ghtl
ysaid,“Thereisenoughf oreverybody ’
sneedandnotf or
anybody ’sgreed”.
Forthef ir
sttime, conservati
onofr esourceshadbeenadv ocat edbyt heCl ubofRomeatt he
i
nternat i
onal l
evelinamor esystemat i
cwayi [Link] hersi gni
ficantcont r
ibut
ionwas
madeatt heEar thSummi tatRiodeJanei ro,Brazili
n1992.

Questi
on21.
[Link]
ainther
oleofhumansi nresourcedevel
opment .
Answer:
Theprocessoftr
ansformat i
onoft hingsint
oresour ceinvolvesanint er
-dependent
rel
ati
onshi
pbetweennat ure,technologyandinstit
utions.
Humanbei ngsi
nter
actwi t
hnat uret hr
oughtechnologyandcr eateinsti
tuti
onstoaccelerat
e
thepaceofeconomicdev elopment .Humanbei ngsar eessent i
alcomponent sofresources
astheytr
ansfor
m mat er
ialsintheenv ir
onmenti nt
or esourcesanduset hem.

Quest
ion22.
Di
sti
ngui
shbetweennat
ional
andi
nter
nat
ional
resour
cesbygi
vi
ngt
hreepoi
nts.
Answer:
Thefol
lowi
ngar
ethedi
ff
erencesbet
weennat
ionalandi
nter
nat
ionalr
esour
ces.

2010

Ver
yShor
tAnswerTy
peQuest
ions[
1Mar
k]

Quest
ion23.
Whatisbangar?
Answer:
Accor
dingtoit
sage,al
luv
ial
soi
li
sclassi
fi
edaskhadar(newalluv
ial
)andbangar
(ol
dal
luvi
um).Bangarhashi
ghconcent
rat
ionofhankernodul
es.

Questi
on24.
Whatisthemostwi
del
yspreadandi
mport
antsoil
inIndi
a?
Answer:
Al
luvi
alsoi
li
sthemostwi
delyspr
eadandi
mportantsoil
inI
ndi
a.

Quest
ion25.
Cl
assi
fyresour
cesi
ntotwogroupsonthebasi
soft
heiror
igi
n.
Answer:
Onthebasisoft
hei
rori
gin,
resour
cescanbecl
assi
fi
edasbioti
candabi
oti
c.

Quest i
on26.
Classif
yresour
cesintotwogroupsonthebasi
softhei
rexhausti
bil
i
ty
Answer :
Ont hebasisofexhaust
ibi
l
ity
,resour
cescanbecl
assif
iedasrenewabl
eand
non-renewabl
e.

Quest
ion27.
Gi
vetwoex amplesofbiot
icr
esour
ces.
Answer:
Fl
ora,
fauna,f
isher
iesandli
vest
ockareexampl
esofbi
oti
cresour
ces,
(anyt
wo)

LongAnswerTy
peQuest
ions[
5Mar
ks]

Questi
on28.
Whatarether easonsforl
anddegradat
ion?Descr
ibebr
iefl
yanyfourmeasurest
oconserv
e
l
andf r
om degr adat
ion.
Answer:
Atpresentthereareabout130mi l
li
onhectar
esofdegradedlandinI
ndia.I
thasmainl
y
beenduet othef ol
lowi
ngreasons.
  Humanact
ivi
ti
esl
i
kedef
orest
ati
on,
mini
ng,
quar
ryi
ng,
over
grazi
ngar
emai
nly
r
esponsi
blef
orl
anddegr
adat
ion.

 I
nst
atesl
i
keChhat
isgar
h,Madhy
aPr
adeshandOdi
shadef
orest
ati
onduet
omi
ning
hascausedseveredegradat
ion.I
nMadhy
aPradesh,Raj
asthan,
Gujar
atand
Maharasht
ra,
ov er
grazi
ngisoneofthemainr
easonsforl
anddegradati
on.

 Indust
ri
aleff
luent
shavebecomeamaj
orsour
ceofl
andandwat
erdegr
adat
ioni
n
manypartsofthecount
ry.

 Over-
ir
ri
gati
onint
hestat
esofPunjab,Har
yanaandwester
nUtt
arPr
adesh,
hasl
edt
o
wat
erl
oggingandi
ncr
easedal
kali
nityandsal
ini
tyi
nthesoi
l.

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
ethef
ourmeasur
est
oconser
vel
andf
rom degr
adat
ion.

 Af
for
est
ati
onandmanagementofgr
azi
ngcansol
vet
hepr
obl
em t
osomeex
tent
.

 Pl
ant
ingofshel
terbel
tsoft
reesandgr
owi
ngoft
hor
nybushescanst
abi
l
izesand
dunesandcheckl
anddegr
adat
ion.

 Cont
rol
overmi
ningact
ivi
ti
escanal
socont
ri
but
etoi
t.

 Pr
operdi
schar
geofi
ndust
ri
alef
fl
uent
scanbedonebygr
indi
ng,
sedi
ment
ati
onand
f
loccul
ati
on