CHAPTER – 15

PROBABILITY
Definition:
1. Probability: The Chance Of Occurring An Event is called Probability
For example: a) Probably it may win today.
b) Probably he is right.
2. Experiment: Any kind of activity which gives a set of well-defined out-comes is called experiment
Types of Experiment:
1) Deterministic Experiment
2) Random/Probabilistic Experiment
1. Deterministic Experiment: An experiment which gives same outputs when performed under
identical conditions.
For example: a) Measuring the boiling point of water.
b) Measuring the diameters of a Rs 1 coin.

2. Random Experiment: An Experiment in which whose exact output is not known, but it is possible
to list all possible outcomes.
For example: a) Throwing fair coin once
b) Rolling a fair dice once
3. Sample space [S]:A set containing all possible outcomes of a random experiment is called
Sample space.
For example: When a coin is tossed once.
⇒ 𝐒 = [𝐇, 𝐓] ⇒ 𝐧[𝐒] = 𝟐
Note – 1: Sample Spaces Of Few Random Experiments
1) When a coin is tossed once.
⇒ 𝐒 = [𝐇, 𝐓] ⇒ 𝐧[𝐒] = 𝟐
2) When a coin is tossed twice/ When two fair coins are tossed Simultaneously
⇒ 𝐒 = [𝐇𝐇, 𝐇𝐓, 𝐓𝐇, 𝐓𝐓 ] ⇒ 𝐧[𝐒] = 𝟒
3) When a coin is tossed thrice/ When three fair coins are tossed Simultaneously
⇒ 𝐒 = [𝐇𝐇𝐇, 𝐇𝐇𝐓, 𝐇𝐓𝐇, 𝐇𝐓𝐓, 𝐓𝐓𝐇, 𝐓𝐇𝐓, 𝐓𝐇𝐇, 𝐓𝐓𝐓 ] ⇒ 𝐧[𝐒] = 𝟖
4) When a coin is tossed for n times
⇒ 𝐧[𝐒] = 𝟐𝐧 𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐬, (𝐧 = 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐟𝐜𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐬)
5) When an unbiased dice is rolled once.
⇒ 𝐒 = [𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔] ⇒ 𝐧[𝐒] = 𝟔
Note – 1: Probability of sure event is 1 or 100%
Note – 2: The probability of an impossible event is ZERO
Note – 3: 𝐏[𝐀] + 𝐏[𝐀 ̅] = 𝟏
𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐎𝐟 𝐟𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐬 𝐧(𝐀)
𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞 − 𝟒: 𝐏[𝐀] = =
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐬 𝐧 (𝐒)
6) When an unbiased dice is rolled twice.

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 (𝟏, 𝟏), (𝟏, 𝟐), (𝟏, 𝟑), (𝟏, 𝟒), (𝟏, 𝟓), (𝟏, 𝟔)
(𝟐, 𝟏), (𝟐, 𝟐), (𝟐, 𝟑), (𝟐, 𝟒), (𝟐, 𝟓), (𝟐, 𝟔)
(𝟑, 𝟏), (𝟑, 𝟐), (𝟑, 𝟑), (𝟑, 𝟒), (𝟑, 𝟓), (𝟑, 𝟔)
𝐒 = ⇒ 𝐧(𝐒) = 𝟑𝟔
(𝟒, 𝟏), (𝟒, 𝟐), (𝟒, 𝟑), (𝟒, 𝟒), (𝟒, 𝟓), (𝟒, 𝟔)
(𝟓, 𝟏), (𝟓, 𝟐), (𝟓, 𝟑), (𝟓, 𝟒), (𝟓, 𝟓), (𝟓, 𝟔)
{(𝟔, 𝟏), (𝟔, 𝟐), (𝟔, 𝟑), (𝟔, 𝟒), (𝟔, 𝟓), (𝟔, 𝟔)}
7) Sample Space for Playing Cards

Event
✓ An event is a subset of sample space
✓ They are always represented with Capital letters like A, B, C, D, E, F--- etc.
Types of Events
1. Simple/ Elementary Event: An event containing exactly one outcome of the sample space is called
simple event.
For example: When a coin is tossed once.
⇒ 𝐒 = [𝐇, 𝐓] ⇒ 𝐧[𝐒] = 𝟐
✓ Let ‘A’ be an event to getting a head:
⇒ 𝐀 = [𝐇] ⇒ 𝐧[𝐀] = 𝟏
2. Impossible Event: An event whose outcome will not occur in sample in any number of trials.
For example: When an unbiased dice is rolled once.
⇒ 𝐒 = [𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔] ⇒ 𝐧[𝐒] = 𝟔
✓ Let ‘M’ be a number getting more than 6.
⇒ [𝐌 = (∅) → 𝐧(𝐌) = 𝟎]

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3. Compound Event: An event containing two or more outcomes of the sample space is called as
Compound event
For example: When a coin is tossed twice
⇒ 𝐒 = [𝐇𝐇, 𝐇𝐓, 𝐓𝐇, 𝐓𝐓 ] ⇒ 𝐧[𝐒] = 𝟒
✓ Let ‘B’ be an event of getting at least one head
⇒ 𝐁 = [𝐇𝐇, 𝐓𝐇, 𝐇𝐇] ⇒ 𝐧[𝐁] = 𝟑
4. Sure | Certain Event: An event whose outcome occurs in sample space in any number of trials
For example: When an unbiased dice is rolled once.
⇒ 𝐒 = [𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔] ⇒ 𝐧[𝐒] = 𝟔
✓ Let ‘C’ be a number getting less than 7.
⇒ 𝐂 = [𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔] ⇒ 𝐧[𝐂] = 𝟔
Probability Scale

̅]
Complementary/ Negation Of an Event: The complementary element A is denoted by 𝐏[𝐀

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 PROBLEMS
Type – 01: When a coin is tossed Once
1. When a fair coin is tossed once find the probability of getting:
a) Head b) Tail
Type – 02: When a coin is tossed Twice
2. A fair coin is tossed twice find the probability of getting:
a) All heads d) At least one head
b) Exactly one tail e) Almost two tails.
c) Exactly two tails f) At least one head
Type – 03: Where Three Coins Are Tossed.
3. A Far coin tossed thrice find the probability of getting ______
a) At most two tai c) At least one head
b) All heads d) At least two tail
4. A Far coin tossed thrice find the probability of getting ______
a) Exactly two heads c) At least one head
b) No tails d) At least two tails
Type – 04: When An Unbiased Dice Throwed Dice
5. When an unbiased dice thrown once, what is the probability of getting:
a) An even no. f) A triangular no.
b) A prime no. g) An even no multiple of 3
c) An odd no. h) A composite no.
d) A no Between 3 & 6 i) No. greater than 6
e) Multiple of 5 j) A no. less than 7
Type – 05: When An Unbiased Dice Throwed Dice
6. When two unbiased dices are thrown once, what is the probability of getting:
a) Sum greater than 10 d) Multiple of 3 appears
b) A doublet e) A doublet of odd appears
c) No. 2 will come at least once f) Sum of 9 or 11 appears

7. When two unbiased dices are thrown once, what is the probability of getting:
a) A sum is a multiple of 3 c) Product greater than 25
b) Sum of 7 or 11 d) Sum less than 11
Type – 06: Problems Based On Cards
8. From a well shuffled pack of 52 cards a card is drawn at random find the probability of getting:
a) An Ace card e) Not a Club card
b) A jack of hearts f) A numbered Card
c) A Diamond card g) A face card
d) A Red face card h) A Black queen
9. From a well shuffle deck of 52 cards a card is drawn at random find the probability of getting:
a) A king b) A black face card

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 c) A card of clubs e) Not an ace card
d) A queen of diamonds f) Not a black queen
Type – 07: Word Problems
10. A bag contains a red ball, a blue ball, a green ball. All the balls being of same size Manish takes
out a ball from the bag without looking into it what in the probability that she takes out
a) Yellow ball b) Blue ball c) Red ball
11. A Bag contains 5 `red` marbles, & 8 while marble14green marbles, one is marble is taken out
of the Box randomly what is the probability that the both marbles taken out will be ______.
a) Red b) White c) Not green
12. A Bag contains 8 red, 6 white & 4 Black balls. A Ball is drawn at random from the bag. Find the
probability that the drawn ball is:
a) Red or white ball b) Not Black ball c) Neither White nor Black
13. Find the probability that a number selected from the numbers 1 to 25 is a a prime number.
14. Ticket numbered from 1 to 20 are mixed up together & then a ticket is drawn at random what
is the probability that ticket has number is a multiplied by 3 or 7.
15. A two-digit number is formed from the numbers 2, 5 & 7 such that no digit is repeated
if number is selected at random. Find the probability that it is:
a) A Perfect Square b) Less Than 25 c) Divisible By 3
16. Two customers are visiting a particular shop in the same week from Monday to Saturday. Each
is equally likely to visit the shop on any one day as on another. what is the probability that both
will visit the shop on:
a) The same day b) Different days c) Consecutive days
17. A Bag contains lemon flavour candy's only Prabhu takes out one candy without looking into the
bag. What is the probability that he takes out
a) An orange flavoured candy
b) A lemon flavoured candy
18. A Game of Chance consists of spinning an arrow which is equally likely to come to rest pointing
to one of the Numbers as shown in the figure. What is the probability of getting:
a) An odd no.
b) Multiple of 3
c) An even no.
d) A prime number
19. A cartoon consists of 100 shirts of which 88 are good, 8 have minor damage. 4 have shirts have
major damage. Janavi is a traders will accept the shirts which are good but another trader
Gagana will only reject the shirts which have minor damage. One shirt is drawn at random from
the cartoon what is the probability that it is acceptable to
a) Janavi b) Gagana
20. In a class there are 18 girls & 16 boys. The class teacher wants to choose one
pupil for class monitor what she does, she writes the name of each pupil on
the card & put them into a box & mixes thoroughly. A child is asked to pick
one card from the basket, what is the probability that the name written on the
cards is:
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 a) The name of the boy
b) The of the girl
21. A child has a block in the shape of a cube with one letter A, B, C, D, E, F, one each face. The cube
is thrown once. Find the probability of getting:
a) A c) C
b) B d) G
22. A no. X is chosen at random from the numbers −𝟐, −𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐. What is that probability that 𝐱 𝟐 is
less than 0. (𝐱 𝟐 < 𝟐)
23. If the probability of winning a game is 0.3, what is the probability of losing it?
24. Two players Meenakshi & Reshma play tennis match. It is known that the probability that
Sangeetha winning the match is 0.62, what is the probability of Rashma winning it?
25. A letter is chosen at random from the letter of the word “ASSASSINATION” find the probability
that the chosen letter is:
a) A Vowel b) A Consonant
26. A letter is chosen at random from the letter of the word “MATHEMATICS” find the probability
that the chosen letter is:
a) M or A b) S or T
27. A Jar contains 24 marbles. Some are green & other are blue. If a marble is drawn at random
𝟐
from the jar, The probability that it is green is 𝟑. Find the no. of blue marbles in the jar.
28. A Jar contains six marbles each of which is blue, green or white. The probability of selecting a
𝟏 𝟒
blue marble is 𝟑 & that of green marble is 𝟗 how many white marble's does the jar contains
29.
a) A Bag contain 12 balls out of which each x are white. If one ball is drawn at random, what is
the probability that it will be a white ball.
b) If 6 more white balls are added? The probability of drawing a white ball will be doubled
than in Question a). Hence find x
30. Swapna & Ankitha are friends, what is the probability that both will have birthdays
a) On the same days b) On different days
31. Find the probability that a week selected at random will contain 53 Sundays in a leap year

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