Balanced three-phase systems

3-phase transformer
4.1 Role:
A three-phase transformer allows for increasing the voltage at the output of power plants.
electric for long-distance transport to reduce
line losses and reduce the sizing of conductors, and
to lower the voltage at the arrival to adapt it to the needs of consumers.

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 Balanced three-phase systems
4.2 Constitution:
Magnetic circuit made up of a stack of silicon steel sheets that
channels the magnetic flow, it is made up of three closed cores by
two cylinder heads;
Electrical circuit that includes three primary windings and three
secondary windings;
On each core, a primary winding is concentrically mounted.
spires and a secondary winding of spires.
enrollment
BT secondary
enrollment
cylinder head HT primary

core

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

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 Balanced three-phase systems
It is possible to couple 3 identical single-phase transformers to
obtain a three-phase transformer. But this solution is more
bulky and complex (increases the mass of iron).

3 transformers
monophasic
identical
1 single transformer
three-phase (solution plus
Symbolic representation:
economic
A a
B b
C c
N n
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 Balanced three-phase systems
4.3 Coupling of the windings
Identification of the terminal block of the transformer connections:
High voltage terminals are indicated by uppercase letters A, B, C,
more often the primary) and by lowercase letters a, b, c, the bounds
low voltage (secondary).
If the neutral is out, we add a terminal N for the high voltage and n for the low voltage.

A a
A B C
C’ B b
A' B'
a b c C c
a' b’ c’
N n

The primary and secondary windings are

A
wound in the same direction and crossed by the HT
same flow. The homologous primary tensions and A’
secondary on a column ( and ) are in a
phase; it is the same for and ) and BT
a
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( and ) on the two other columns.
 Balanced three-phase systems
Usual couplings:
At the primary level, the windings can be connected either in star (Y)
let it be a triangle (D);
At the secondary level, the windings can be coupled in 3 ways.
different: star (y), triangle (d) and zigzag (z).
Six couplings between primary and secondary are possible: Yy; Yd; Yz; Dy;
Dd; Dz;
Example of coupling: Coupling
star-star Yy: A a
The star coupling of the secondary
allows the release of the neutral and of b
B
arranging simple tensions and
composed. It is very widely used in C c
low voltage distribution networks.
Note: N n
On the same line, are represented
the windings mounted on the same Normalized representation
core.
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 Balanced three-phase systems
Star-delta coupling Yd:
The delta coupling on the secondary side does not allow for the neutral output;
windings are powered by the composed voltage;
This coupling is used to reduce the value of the current in the
windings = / ).
A a

B b

C c
N n
Star-Zigzag Coupling Yz:
The windings of the zigzag coupling are divided into two half-coils;
To have a phase, we connect in series two half-coils taken from a
different columns in reverse order;
This coupling provides a better distribution of tensions on a
unbalanced BT network (it helps to reduce the imbalance on the network
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BT).
 Balanced three-phase systems
This coupling allows for a neutral point.

/ /
c’
A a

B b a’

C c b’
N n

Choice of coupling
We have an interest in choosing:
A star connection at very high voltages (each winding supports
a tension = / ;
A delta coupling for high currents (the intensity per winding is =
/ ;
A zigzag coupling to compensate for phase imbalances.

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 Balanced three-phase systems
The usual couplings of three-phase transformers are:
star/triangle lowering device for distribution;
triangle/triangle used in medium voltage;
triangle/star elevator in a production plant;
star/star used for various low imbalances < % );
star/zigzag used if the imbalance is greater;
triangle/zigzag used if the imbalance and power are significant;
In most cases, the neutral is grounded.
4.4 Transformation Report
The no-load transformation ratio is given by the ratio between the
secondary no-load composite voltage and primary composite voltage:
= =
The transformation ratio of a three-phase transformer depends on the
report of the number of turns and the coupling mode.
Note:
The core transformation report / It's the ratio of the voltage
effective at no load at the terminals of the secondary winding and the effective voltage
at the terminals of the primary winding.
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 Balanced three-phase systems
Examples:
Yy coupling: Dd Coupling:

A a A a

B b B b

C c C c
N n N n
= = = = = =

Yd coupling: Dy coupling:
A a A a
B b B b
C c C c
N n N n
= = = = = =
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 Balanced three-phase systems
Yz coupling:

c’
A a /
B b a’
C c b’
N n
A
Transformation report:
a
= = =

Tension = + ; = °
a'
The tension is in phase with ;
• is out of phase with ; b
n
• =
Where from:

/ C B
= = = c
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 Balanced three-phase systems
4.5 Hourly index:
The coupling conditions of the primary and secondary windings have
also to introduce a phase shift between primary voltages and
equivalent secondaries;
The hourly index indicates the value of the phase shift between primary voltages and
homologous secondaries of the same column: = , = ,
In practice, the phase shift which represents the delay of a low voltage (BT) over
his HT counterpart counted in the clockwise direction is always a multiple
is defined by: = ;
entire of 30°. The hourly index
The hourly index is read as the hour is an integer number between 0
et11;
One can determine the hourly index from the coupling diagram.
transformer
The primary tension vector is set at 12 o'clock (source of
phases). The hourly index is provided by the time of the corresponding voltage in the
secondary ;
The voltages across the terminals of the windings located on the same
Nuclei are in phases.
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 Balanced three-phase systems
Examples: needle of needle
placed hours minutes
Triangle-star coupling 12
onIh placed on12
11
Dyn11
A a

B b 9 3

C c

N n
6
Diagramme de Fresnel
• is in line with (carried by the same core);
• indicate 11 o'clock;
The phase shift is: = × = °;
The hourly rate is: = ;
The designation of the transformer coupling is given by the symbol
normalized Dyn11; with the secondary neutral output.
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 Balanced three-phase systems
Star-Zigzag Coupling

Yzn11
c'
A a /

B b a

C c b’
n 12
N 11

• = + ; =
• is in line with ;
9 3
• is out of phase with
;
The hourly rate is: = ;
This coupling is designated by Yzn11

77 6
 Balanced three-phase systems
Triangle-triangle coupling 12
11
Dd0
A a

B b
9 3
C c =0°
N n

Star-delta coupling 6
Yd1 12
11
A a

B b
9 3
C c 30°

N n
78 6
 Balanced three-phase systems
Note:
Any circular permutation of the connections at the primary terminals or to the
secondaries correspond to an increase of 4 in the value of the index
schedule
The most commonly encountered couplings are as follows: Yy0, Yd1,
Yz11, Dy11, Dd0.
Ph3
Ph2
Ph1
A B C A B C A B C
a b c a b c a b c
L3
L2
L1
12 12 12
11 11 11
Group
of indices
9 3 9 3 9 3
schedules:
2, 6, 10
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6 6 6
 Balanced three-phase systems
Common couplings and corresponding diagrams

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 Balanced three-phase systems
Nameplate:
The nameplate of a three-phase transformer provides the main information
electrical and connection characteristics:
Apparent or assigned power ( = in KVA).
Primary and secondary assigned voltages (in V or kV).
Primary and secondary assigned currents (in A or KA).
The frequency of use;
The couplings on the high voltage and low voltage sides.

The hourly index.

The short-circuit voltage expressed as a percentage of the primary voltage
assigned to obtain the nominal current at the secondary, when the
secondary is short-circuited %= / (about 5% for the
distribution transformers).
Cooling mode:
AN: type of transformer cooling;
ONAN: natural oil circulation (ON) + natural air circulation (AN);
ONAF: natural oil circulation (ON) + forced air circulation (AF).

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 Balanced three-phase systems
Example of a nameplate

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 Balanced three-phase systems
Main parameters of the nameplate
Nominal apparent power ( = );
High tension: Value of possible primary nominal voltages , ;
; , between phases);
Low voltage: Value of the nominal secondary voltage ( between
phases);
Primary and secondary nominal currents , and , of line).
The frequency of use );
Coupling of the transformer windings ).
•Hourly index (11);
Short-circuit voltage %= , %;
Cooling mode: (ONAN: natural oil circulation (ON) +
natural air circulation (AN)).

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 Balanced three-phase systems
4.6 Parallel operation of three-phase transformers
To meet a growing demand for electric energy, we prefer.
having several transformers operating in parallel;
Transformers are in parallel when their primaries are
powered by the same network and their secondaries connected to the same
line or discharge in the same load.
Ph3
Ph2
Ph1

A B C A B C
a b c a b c

Usage
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 Balanced three-phase systems
Conditions for parallel coupling
Transformers are supplied at the same voltage.
The empty transformation reports are identical.
If the powers of the transformers are different, the power of the strongest
large transformer must not exceed twice the power of the smallest.
(so that the distribution of burdens is acceptable);
Short-circuit tensions equal to within 10%.
Same coupling time index or compatible indices (same group).
Time index groups
In practice, one can modify the hourly index of a transformer by performing
a circular permutation of the letters assigned to the endpoints;
Transformers with the same hourly ratios can be connected in parallel.
different from 4. We define four groups of transformers:
Group Time indices Couplings
I 0, 4, 8 Yy, Dd, Dz
II 2, 6, 10 Yy, Dd, Dz
III 1, 5 Dy, Yz, Yd
IV 7,11 Dy,Yy,Yd
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 Balanced three-phase systems
4.7 Modèle électrique d’un transformateur triphasé
The three-phase transformer supplying an balanced load is
equivalent to 3 single-phase transformers;
The study of a three-phase transformer can be reduced to the study of a
single-phase transformer equivalent by the Kapp method.

Equivalent single-phase diagram:

We consider the data by phase (single voltage, line current,
power and losses per phase.

′ = ′ = =

TP

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 Balanced three-phase systems
The perfect single-phase transformer of each core and the windings
that it relates to a transformation report: = which depends on the report
of the number of turns of the windings and the coupling mode;
The winding coupling mode introduces a phase shift. of
in relation to it introduces the same phase shift between the input currents
and exit of the TP;
The relationship between the primary and secondary voltages and currents of the
TPest:
=
=

Determination of the elements of the equivalent circuit

Empty test:
The transformer is powered in three-phase at its nominal voltage.
measure ; ; ; ;
We deduce:
= =
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 Balanced three-phase systems

= = = = ⇒ =

= = = ⇒ = =

= −
Short-circuit test:
We supply the transformer with three-phase power at a reduced voltage.
measure ; ; ; = ;
We deduce:
= = ⇒ =

= ⇒ = =

= −
= = = + .
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 Balanced three-phase systems
Voltage drop on the secondary under load:
The simple voltage drop∆ = − ;
The mesh law applied to the secondary gives:
= + +
The voltage drop depends on the power factor. of the charge:
∆ ≈ +
The composed voltage drop∆ est:
∆ = ∆
Vector diagram of tensions:

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 Balanced three-phase systems
Efficiency of the three-phase transformer:
The yield east
. . . ( )
= =
+ + . . . + +
The yield is maximum for the value of = who makes the losses
joules equal to iron losses: = .

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