Universidade Católica de Moçambique

Distance Education Institute

Nampula Resource Center
Bachelor's Degree in Environmental Management

Importance of public health and environment today

Nome do estudante: Tito José Calos

Code: 708237044

Nampula, September 2023

 Catholic University of Mozambique

Institute of Distance Learning

Nampula Resource Center

Bachelor's Degree in Environmental Management

Importância da saúde pública e ambiente nos dias de hoje

Nome do estudante: Tito José Calos

Code: 708237044

Course: Bachelor in Environmental Management

Discipline: Public Health and Environment
Year of attendance: 1st Year

Class: F
Teacher: Edgar Meque

Nampula, September 2023

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Evaluation criteria (theoretical subjects)

Classification

Categories Indicators Patterns Note

Punctuation
do Subtotal
maximum
tutor
Index 0.5
Introduction 0.5
Aspects
Structure Discussion 0.5
organizational
Conclusion 0.5
Bibliography 0.5
Contextualization
(Clear indication of 2.0
problem)
Introduction Description two
1.0
objectives
Appropriate methodology
2.0
to the object of work
Articulation and domination
of academic speech
Content expression writing 3.0
care, coherence
Analysis e textual cohesion
discussion Literature review
national and international
2.0
relevant in the field of
study
Data exploration 2.5
Contributions theoretical
Conclusion 2.0
practical
Pagination, type e
Aspects size of lyrics
Formatting 1.0
general paragraph, spacing
between the lines
APA Guidelines
Rigour and coherence of
References 6th edition in
citations/references 2.0
Bibliographic quotes e
bibliographic
bibliography

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Sheet for improvement recommendations: To be filled out by the tutor

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Index
1. Introductiono...............................................................................................................................6

1.1. Objectives.7

1.2. Methodology.7

2. Concepts: Public Healtha ....................................................................................................8

2.1. Brief history of Environmental Health.9

2.2. Definition of the object of study of Public Health and Environment.10

2.3. A Relationship between health and public degradation..10

2.4. Aspects Public Health Ethics.10

2.5. Model Two Modes of Public Health.11

2.5.1. Model the small man-good-young.11

2.5.2. Model of Canguilhem.11

2.6. O public health fielda .............................................................................................12

2.7. Principles from public health.12

2.8. The Field of Health Promotion.13

2.9. As essential functions of Public Health.14

3. Conclusiono ..........................................................................................................................15

4. Bibliography.16

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1. Introduction
Public Health around the world is a topic frequently discussed in society. In recent
For 20 years, there has been a mix of advances and setbacks in the public health system. What
make the results resonate at the front end of the system, that is, in the provision of public services,

often inefficient for the user. There are various reasons. However, the Brazilian state
have been trying to reverse this situation.

The essential public health functions (FESP) constitute the core of the agenda of
strengthening of the health sector in the Americas region since the 1980s. Its
conceptual development and regional measurement occurred in response to the reforms
sectors that threatened to reduce the role of the State and public health, especially the
exercise of the rectory function of the health authorities. In this context, in the year 2000, the
Member States of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) proposed to
promote a conceptual and methodological framework of public health and its essential functions,
thus emerging the regional initiative called Public Health in the Americas.

As part of the initiative, the essential functions of public health authorities were
identified, its relevance was debated and a broad regional consensus was reached (2-6),
as explained in the next section. More than 15 years later, and in response to the needs
Currently, this document presents a review and update of the conceptual framework of FESP.
for the Americas Region. This renewal is based on experiences and lessons
learned from the regional implementation and measurement of the FESP, the new challenges and
persistent for the health of the population and its social determinants and also the new ones
institutional, economic, social, and political conditions that affect the region.

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 1.1. Objectives
General Objective

Understanding the concept of Public Health

Specific Objectives

Describe Principles of public health

Understanding the Model of Public Health Modes

1.2. Methodology
For the preparation of this work, the following methodological lines were based: Consultations
Bibliographic; Reading web pages; Analysis of the contents and their respective
selection; Compilation of data; and the work is structured as follows:
Introduction, development, conclusion, and bibliography

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 2. Concepts: Public Health
The WHO defines health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not
just the absence of diseases. In Brazil, the concept of health is the result of conditions of
["food","housing","education","income","environment","work","transport","security"]
laser; access to health services and other essentials.

The concept of public health, according to George Rosen (1994), refers to awareness
developed, by the community, the importance of its role in promoting health,
prevention and treatment of the disease. This awareness begins from the
the need to address health issues stemming from the human condition. From the
the nature of life in community (Berridge, 2000) derives health problems, and its
interrelation gave rise to public health, as it is known today. But health
The public sector is under threat and needs to be strengthened in such a way that it is at the center of efforts.

human at the local, national, and global level.

Public health is defined by Philippi Jr (2005) as the science and art of promoting,
protect and restore health through measures of collective reach and motivation of
population. For this, the participation of different professionals is necessary – engineers,
sanitarians, doctors, nurses, biologists, sociologists, social workers, among others–
therefore, the socio-cultural systems are considered simultaneously.

Public Health is the set of measures implemented by the State to ensure well-being.
physical, mental and social of the population.

At the international level, public health is coordinated by the World Health Organization.
WHO, currently composed of 194 countries. The body consists of a specialized agency.
from the UN (United Nations) that works side by side with the governments of the countries
to enhance the prevention and treatment of diseases, as well as to improve air quality,
water and food.

In addition to the political-administrative context, public health is also the branch of science that
seeks to prevent and treat diseases through the analysis of health indicators and their application in
fields of biology, epidemiology and other related fields.

For Luis David Castiel (1994), "(...) the connotation conveyed by the instance of Public Health
refers to forms of political/governmental agency (programs, services, institutions)

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in the sense of directing interventions aimed at the so-called 'social health needs'.
These health actions, with collective reach, express a tension between the state and society.
between individual freedoms and collective responsibilities, between private interests and
public (Paim, 1992). The extent and depth of them depend on the dynamics of each
society, especially in light of the connections it establishes concretely with the
economic, political, and ideological instances. Public health is, therefore, a social practice,
a historical construction (Paim & Almeida-Filho, 1998).

Environmental health: it encompasses all aspects of human health, including quality of life,
that are determined by physical, chemical, biological, social, and psychological factors in
environment. It also refers to the theory and practice of valuing, correcting, controlling, and preventing

those environmental factors that may potentially harm health

current and future generations” (WHO, 1993).

2.1. Brief history of Environmental Health

At the beginning of the 5th century BC, in Greece, writings from the Hippocratic school, especially On the

Ares, as Waters and the Places highlight the relationship between diseases, especially the
endemic, and the location of their foci.

The recognition of the influence of place on the onset of diseases allowed the
development of a new intellectual vision of medicine that studied, reflected, and created
hypotheses about the role of the environment in the health conditions of populations (Barret,
2000).

It was recognized that geographical differences resulted in different patterns of diseases, but
some geographical elements were more valued, such as the climate, the vegetation and the
hydrography. Rosen (1958) states that this work constituted the first systematic effort to
present a causal relationship between environmental factors and diseases, which for 2000 years was the

basis of epidemiology, providing the fundamentals for understanding endemic diseases and
epidemics. In addition, the Greek City-State provided health services for the poor and the
slaves and city workers were assigned to check the public drainage and the
water supply. Tulchinsky and Varavikova (2000) state that Hippocrates gave to
medicine has a scientific and ethical meaning that endures to the present.

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According to Lemkow (2002), hygienism and subsequent sanitarian movements were
strongly influenced by the work of Hippocrates, and his followers see the environment as
basis for identifying the origin and solution of health problems.

When Rome conquered the Mediterranean world and inherited the legacy of Greek culture, it
also accepted the Greek concepts of health, but enriched them with works of
engineers and administrators in the construction of sewage collection systems, toilets
public and water supply network, for a city that once had a million of
inhabitants in the 2nd century AD (Carcopino, 1975).

2.2. Definition of the object of study of Public Health and Environment

The subject of study of Public Health and Environment is the improvement of health quality of
people based on the improvement of environmental conditions.

2.3. The Relationship between Health and Public Degradation

Sanitary practices emerged when the first relationships between the environment were established.
environment and human health. The writings of the Hippocratic school, in Greece, early 5th century BC
they formulated questions concerning the air, the waters, and the places, and that relate these
elements with diseases, primarily endemic diseases, and the location of
your focuses (RIBEIRO, 2004).

In England, in the seventeenth century, the application of statistical methods to Public Health began.
enabling the understanding of the dynamics of preventive health action. The evaluation of
health indicators demonstrated the relationship between health conditions and the environment and the

importance of health and its workforce as a factor of production (RIBEIRO, 2004,

p.73).

2.4. Ethical Aspects of Public Health

In a strand more concerned with social aspects, ethical principles are based on
the concept of environmental justice, explained by Martinez-Alier (1999), which describes some
environmental movements of the poor. Martinez-Alier and Jusmet (2001) demystify the relationship
what is done between poverty and environmental degradation, showing that it is wealth and not poverty
what causes the exhaustion of natural resources.

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However, wealth allows one to escape degradation by exporting it to other places. On the other hand,
the poor depend more on local resources because they do not have the purchasing power to participate in

international trade, nor to live in conditions of lower risk to your health due to
of environmental contamination and degradation.

2.5. Public Health Model

2.5.1. Kleinman-Good-Young Model

Kleinman, Eisenberg, and Good (1978), from Harvard Medical School, with the aim of
deepen and enrich the analysis of the non-biological components of health phenomena
disease, they systematized a model that granted special theoretical importance to the notion of
sickness, with an emphasis on the social and cultural aspects that paradoxically had been
desprezados pelas abordagens sociológicas anteriores. Essa proposição baseava-se na
distinction between the biological and cultural dimensions of disease, corresponding to two
categories: pathology and disease (Good & Good, 1980; Kleinman, 1986). Young (1982)
he presented a pertinent criticism of this model, in two aspects.

On one hand, because it considers only the individual as the object and arena of events.
significant of the illness, not reporting the ways in which social relations to
they form and distribute it. On the other hand, recognizing its advance in relation to the model
biomedical, this author considered that the distinction between pathology and illness is evident.
insufficient to handle the social dimension of the illness process.

To overcome these limitations, Young (1980) advocated for the replacement of the scheme [disease =
pathology + illness] by a triple series of categories of equivalent hierarchical level
[disease, illness and pathology], even giving greater theoretical relevance to
component "disease". In the present text, I propose to designate the Kleinman-Good model.
Young as Complex DEP [Disease-Illness-Pathology], as outlined in
Figure 1, which highlights the (implicit) negative definition of health as the absence of disease.

2.5.2. Canguilhem Model

The disease is not just the disappearance of a physiological order, but the emergence of
a new vital order (...). The pathological implies pathos, a direct and concrete feeling of
suffering and impotence, feeling of thwarted life (...). (Canguilhem, 2006).
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Health, in turn, involves much more than the possibility of living in accordance with
the external environment implies the ability to establish new norms. Canguilhem criticizes the
reductionism of the mechanistic biomedical conception: "it is understandable that medicine

requires an objective pathology, but research that makes its object disappear is not
objective. (...) The clinic puts the doctor in contact with complete and concrete individuals,
"and not with their organs or functions" (Canguilhem, 2006).

2.6. The field of public health

Initially, public health was posited as essentially a scientific field.
(Paim, 1982; Donnangelo, 1983; Teixeira, 1985; Ribeiro, 1991), where they are produced
knowledge and disciplinary understandings about the object 'health'. In this sense, the character
interdisciplinary of the object suggests a dominant integration in the academic field and not in
plan for intervention-transformation strategies for health reality.

2.7. Principles of public health

Public health in Brazil revolves around the following principles established in the Organization Law.
of Health:

Universality of access to health services at all levels of care

Integrality of assistance
Preservation of people's autonomy in defending their physical and moral integrity
Equality of health assistance
Right to information for the assisted individuals about their health
Disclosure of information
Use of epidemiology for establishing priorities
Community participation
Political-administrative decentralization, especially in municipalities
Integration between health, environment, and basic sanitation
Conjugation of resources from the Union, the States, the Federal District and the Municipalities
Resolution capacity of services at all levels of care
Organization of specific and specialized public assistance for women and
victims of domestic violence in general, which ensures, among other things, assistance,
psychological support and reconstructive plastic surgeries

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With the exception of the last principle (which was added to the law only in 2017), these are the
the foundations of public health in the country since 1990, when the Organic Health Law came into effect.

2.8. The Field of Health Promotion

The field of health promotion (Carvalho, 2004), in the name of eradicating risks, under the
flexenerian paradigm allows the environment to be examined in its dimensions
physical, psychological and social and that propose many interventions and prescriptions, on bases
probabilistic, classifying people into these categories, whether or not they have symptoms of
danger or abnormality. According to Petersen and Lupton (cited in Carvalho, 2004: 674), these
practices also produce identities, and "medical, scientific, epidemiological, and social knowledge
becomes regarded as the 'truth' to construct 'public' health 'problems' and
propose interventions.

Professionals in the field would start to map social life, and based on 'reports, statistics
the charts would support the government's social actions. There would be a change from one model

anterior direct coercion over individuals for the adoption of control based on
abstract risk calculations, with the aim of preventing diseases and risky behaviors.

As seen, the subjectivity that health promotion induces is based on an 'individual of

middle class, rational, civilized, disciplined, and aware of their health.
subjectivity that is believed to be able to be constructed, however, for the author, it would have its emphasis

in individual choice and self-determination, but through the manipulation of 'information'

preconceived by professionals or by the guidelines of the mentioned public policies
"healthy" (Lupton45 apud Carvalho, 2004: 674).

The health promotion movement, if taken positively, could enable the

building a critical awareness about health on the part of people, regardless of any
social classes, as it is not a privilege of poor people to not incorporate the problems of
health as an important life concern. The manipulated use of information by
of governments is always possible, and the governments, under the aegis of neoliberalism, with its

priority interest in lowering costs, do not necessarily invest in developing the

critical consciousness of citizenship, in improving the living conditions of populations.

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According to Seedhouse (2000), there are five ways to exercise health promotion, namely
only three particularly significant:

1) Medical promotion of health, which should work against disease, illness, and harm;
2) Social promotion of health, which should change the world socially, would challenge the
social injustices that cause health-illness;
3) Promotion of good life, which would seek to bring the 'positive state of health' or state of
well-being, to create 'good lives';
4) Go for health promotion, which is a matter of doing what obviously needs to be done.
it is necessary to act, for too much thinking takes the place of action;

A mix of health promotion with thinking and doing, which is a matter of being.
theoretically flexible in the sense of providing most practical possibilities.

2.9. The essential functions of Public Health

Public Health: a social practice of interdisciplinary nature, while a collective action
both from the State and from civil society, aimed at protecting and improving the health of
people.
It includes the responsibility of ensuring access to healthcare and its quality.

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 3. Conclusion
Public Health is the set of measures implemented by the State to ensure welfare.
physical, mental and social aspects of the population. The object of study of Public Health and Environment is the

improvement of people's health quality based on the improvement of environmental conditions.

Sanitary practices emerged when the first relationships were established between the environment
environment and human health. The writings of the Hippocratic school in Greece, early 5th century BC
they formulated questions regarding the air, the waters, and the places, and that relate these
elements with diseases, mainly endemic diseases, and the location of
your focuses.

Initially, public health was proposed as essentially a scientific field.

(Paim, 1982; Donnangelo, 1983; Teixeira, 1985; Ribeiro, 1991), where they are produced
knowledge and disciplinary understandings about the object 'health'. In this sense, the character
interdisciplinary of the object suggests a dominant integration in the academic plan and not in
plan of intervention-transformation strategies for health reality.

The health promotion movement, if taken positively, could enable the

construction of a critical awareness about health by individuals, regardless of any
social classes, as it is not the privilege of poor people to not incorporate the problems of
health as an important concern of life. The manipulated use of information by part
it is always possible for governments, and the governments, under the aegis of neoliberalism, with its

priority interest in reducing costs, they do not necessarily invest in developing the
critical awareness of citizenship, in improving the living conditions of populations.

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 4. Bibliography
ARNILDO KORB (2009), Environmental health: conceptions and interpretations about the environment

environment and its relationship with human health, Brazil.

CARVALHO, A. I. (1995). Health Councils in Brazil: citizen participation and control

social. Rio de Janeiro: FASE / IBAM.

MISAU (2008), Guidelines on safety and health in the workplace, Maputo

PAIM, J. & ALMEIDA FILHO, N. (2000). The crisis of public health and the utopia of health
collective. Salvador, House of Quality Publisher.

PHILIPPI Jr, A., (2005). Sanitation, Health and Environment: Fundamentals for a
Sustainable Development.–Barueri, SP: Manole.

RIBEIRO, P.T. (1991). The establishment of the scientific field of Collective Health in Brazil. Rio
of January.

Teixeira, S.F. (1993). The Social Sciences in Health in Brazil. In: Nunes, E.D. (org.) The
social sciences in health in Latin America. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION.
Definition of Environmental Health developed at WHO consultation in Sofia, Bulgaria.

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