Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Michoacan University

of San Nicolás de Hidalgo

Machine Element Design

INTRODUCTION
TO THE

MACHINERY ELEMENTS
• Definitions of Machine Elements
• Machine designer profile
• Classification of machine elements
 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Michoacán University of San Nicolás de Hidalgo Definitions

The Machine Element

In analogy with the chemical element, the element

machine can be understood as an element of
construction of smaller machines, which
subdivision no longer makes sense

The machine element is a component.

standardized mechanic that is applied in a way
repetitive, composing the function of the machine.

A machine element is:

• A simple mechanical component: Screw,
Wedge, Arrow, Gear,…
• A logical set of individual parts:
Bearing Clutch, Coupling,
Reductor (Caja de engrane), Válvula
pneumatic / hydraulic…

Machine Element Design

 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Michoacán University of San Nicolás de Hidalgo Definitions

Mechanical design and machine elements

Each device or machine consists of a set of different machine elements in order for
the machine safely fulfills its function or functions.

The functional characteristics of each element

of the machine and its optimal interaction with others

mechanical elements enable compliance

of the main function of a machine, a device
or a device.

The optimal and robust operation of a machine is

consequence of a careful selection of the types
of machine elements based on their
specific characteristics, the optimal arrangement among them
and the correct sizing taking into account the
operating conditions of the machine (Forces,
potencia, aceleración, torque, vibraciones, temperatura
operation, loads, impacts, corrosion, etc.).

Machine Element Design

 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Michoacán University of San Nicolás de Hidalgo Definitions

Profile of the Machine Designer

The machine designer, usually a mechanical engineer, has very broad knowledge and
deep in the following branches of engineering:
• Technology and mechanics of materials: Properties
physicochemical, technological properties,…
• Material selection methodology
• Manufacturing processes and their attributes (finish
Tolerance, Residual stresses etc..): Forming,
Machining, Finishing, and Heat Treatment
• Solid fundamentals of statics and dynamics.

• Calculation of stresses due to dynamic and static loads on the component

• Fatigue resistance calculation of machine elements
• Profound knowledge of the tolerance system: dimensional tolerances, geometric tolerances, finish.
• Deep knowledge of the characteristics of machine elements
• Mastery of engineering analysis systems: CAD-CAM, FEM, etc.
• Creativity and Flexible Thinking
• Ability for continuous learning
• Three-dimensional imagination.

Design of Machine Elements

 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Michacan University of San Nicolás de Hidalgo Definitions

How to achieve the specific function of a machine?

Design requirements
• Power to transmit
• Force to transmit
• Rotation / translation speed Form
(Geometry)
• Size / weight circular
• Operating temperature Prismatic
no circular
• Movement
plan
• Cost Laminar
• …… Characteristics molding
geometric
achievable solid
3D
hollow
Function
Physical properties Component
chemical-mechanical Tolerance range Thickness range
Rugosity
Mass range

Technological properties
Machinability, Malleability, ... Processes of
Material Manufacturing
(Properties) (Attributes)
Processable materials

Machine Element Design

 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Michoacan University of San Nicolas de Hidalgo Machine element and mechanical design

Selection and design approach of machine elements

In a vehicle's transmission box, a large number of machine elements are observed that,
in interaction, they fulfill the main function.

The characteristics of each element (the shape, the material of each component, the static resistance and
dynamic, dimensional and geometric tolerance etc.) and the interaction effects between them (force of
reaction, friction, acceleration, ...) are decisive and impact the functioning of the machine.

Machine Element Design

 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo Machine Element and Mechanical Design

Selection and design of machine elements Union elements

• Connecting elements (Screw,
Arrow / Axis
• Design: Geometry, Assembly / Disassembly Rivet, Adhesive
• Torque transmission size / forces Welding etc.)
• Seal and Packaging
• Deflections and Twisting
• Retention rings
• Static / dynamic resistance
• Bras
• Dimensions (diameters)
• Couplings
• Material, Tratamiento térmico, Corrosión
• Clutches
• Manufacturing Ease
• Springs
Arrow-Cube Union
• Torque transmission element: Wedge,
Pin, Striated, Polygon..
• Dimensional tolerance and Fit selection:
interference, game, indefinite.
• Detachable / fixed joint
• Ease of manufacturing cost
Transmission elements
Support • Power transmission (Gear,
• Feature of the support: Correa, Chain, Arrow
Sliding bearing, Bearing. • Transmission characteristics:
• Assembly and Disassembly Atenuación de vibración, Distancia
• Axial / Radial Support • Static and dynamic resistance
• Load (Axial, Radial, Axial and Radial) • Variable / Fixed Ratio (Reduction)
• Dimensiones (Diámetro, Longitud) • Type of gear (helical, straight)
• Lifespan conical, screw
• Characteristic and design of the bearing: Balls, Rollers, Single and double row • Type of bands (Flat, V type,
• Arrow adjustment - bearing. Synchronized
• Lubrication (oil, grease, hydrodynamic) • Material and heat treatment

Machine Element Design

 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Michoacan University of San Nicolás de Hidalgo Machine Element and Mechanical Design

Machine elements in a bevel gear reducer

Machine Element Design

 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Michoacán University of San Nicolás de Hidalgo Machine element and mechanical design

Selection and design of machine elements

The nature of each element and its interaction with other elements leads to the fulfillment of the
main function of the machine.
In analogy with the chain, the robustness of a machine is determined by the weakest machine element.
weak used in the set.
An inadequately used, designed, calculated, sized, or assembled element can
sooner or later cause a complete machine failure

It is of great importance that the designer knows.

• The characteristic of machine elements
• Its correct application
• The optimal material
of each element

The correct selection of the machine element involves

• Get more information than possible about the conditions of
operation of the machine (vibrations, power, loads...)
• Know the conditions of the environment in which the machine will operate.

Machine Element Design

 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Michoacán University of San Nicolás de Hidalgo Machine Element and Mechanical Design

Interrelationships in the selection and design of machine elements

Materials resistance
Load and stress analysis:
Shear forces and moments
Deflections, bending,
dynamic and static forces, fatigue
Failure prevention

Machine elements

Types of machine elements

Tecnología de materiales Mechanical design
Characteristics of the elements of
Material properties: Function and subfunctions
machines
Resilience and Stiffness, Hardness, Design process
Dimensional tolerances and
Impact properties Design principles (flow of
geometric
Technological properties: torque / force……
Design and Regulations
Manufacturing processes Shape / Geometry
Material selection Modular design
Assemble / Disassemble

Machine Element Design

 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Michoacan University of San Nicolas de Hidalgo Classification of machine elements

General classification of machine elements

The general classification divides the set of machine elements into three groups:

Machine Elements

Elements of Transmission elements

Joining elements
transmission and support of fluids and gases:

• Screws • Bearings • Pipes and their accessories

• Rivets • Sliding contact bearings • Valves
• •
{"Cuña":"Wedge","Pasador":"Pin","Estría":"Groove","Polígono":"Polygon"}
Axes and Arrows, • Taps and garnishes,
• Resort • Clutches • Pneumatic cylinders
• Permanent union (Welding, • Brakes • Hydraulic cylinders.
soft soldering, Adhesives, • Transmission elements of
Interference adjustment power (chain, bands,
gears
• Couplings

Machine Element Design

 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Michoacan University of San Nicholas of Hidalgo Bibliographic sources

Textbook on Machine Element Design

In the subject of machine element design, the following bibliography is used.

Textbook Reference book

Robert L. Norton Machine Design Shingely Mechanical Engineering Design
Pearson 4th Edition 8th / 9th Edition McGraw Hill

Both books are available at the University Bookstore and several copies in the Library of the
Faculty
They can also be requested in PDF format with the teacher.
Machine Element Design
 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Michoacan University of San Nicolás de Hidalgo Activity
Research 1: Machine elements

• Investigate the different types of machine elements and look for real applications.
• Generate a ppt presentation mainly with images/photos, possibly videos with little
written description
• Presentation of the work in front of the group
• The presentation should last around 15 minutes (maximum limit 20 minutes)
• The group work of 4 members
Team 1: Screws / Nuts Team 2: Packaging Team 3: Union Axis-Pulley Team 4: Union Axis-Pulley,
Union by form Union by friction,
• Type of screws • O-Ring
• Oppressive screws, • Union for adjustment of
• Type of threads (shape of the • Lip seal (seal
• Wedges; interference
string rules and commercial
• Laces • Cones
applications • Ring T
• Stretch marks • Mechanical oppressors and
• Type of head • Felt stamp
• Polygons hydraulic.
• Nuts: Type of nuts • Labyrinth seal (seal
Advantages and disadvantages of Advantages and disadvantages of each
Screw/nut safety: no contact
each union mentioned above mentioned union above
• Washer • Packaging materials
Elements for the axial position:
• Spring washer (general)
• Retaining rings
• Nut
• Collars
• Washer / Nut of
subjugation

Machine Element Design

 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Michoacan University of San Nicolás de Hidalgo Activity
Research 1: Machine Elements

• Investigate the different types of machine elements and look for real applications.
• Generate a ppt presentation primarily with images/photos, possibly videos with little
written description
• Presentation of the work in front of the group
• The presentation should last around 15 minutes (maximum limit 20 minutes)
• The group work of 4 members

Equipo 1: Tornillos Team 2: Insurance and Equipo 3: Empaques Equipo 4: Unión Eje- Team 5: Union Axis–
Nuts Fixations: Pulley: By shape Pulley: By friction,
• O-Ring
• Type of screws • Washer • Oppressive screws, • Union for adjustment of
• Lip seal (Seal
• Type of threads • Spring washers • Wedges; interference
commercial)
(shape of the cord • Locknut • Laces • Cones
• Ring T
standards and applications• Washer / Nut of • Stretch marks • Mechanical oppressors and
• Felt seal
• Type of head subjecting • Polygons hydraulic.
• Labyrinth seal
• Type of nuts Axial fixation in arrows Advantages and disadvantages Advantages and disadvantages of
(contactless seal)
/ejes: from each union above each union above
• Material for
• Retaining rings mentioned mentioned
packaging (general)
• Collars

Design of Machine Elements