Structure of Thinking: Concepts Explained
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ScribdTranslationsStructure of Thinking: Concepts Explained
Translated by
ScribdTranslationsSTRUCTURE OF THINKING
In the real definition of general logic, it was established that it aims to
material object the thoughts, which are analyzed from the perspective of
its structure:
concept
trial and
reasoning
General elements of thought that will be developed below.
CONCEPT:
Benlloch Ibarra, Campomanes and Mario Mor:
The concept is the intellectual representation of an object, abstract and universal;
Eduardo García Máynez:
Define the concept as the elemental meaning referred to objects.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONCEPT
1. Essentials: These are those that must necessarily possess the elements.
of a class.
3 sides, 3 angles: Class of triangles.
2. Accidental: Those that are not necessary for their belonging to the class.
For example, 3 equal sides, 3 equal angles. It doesn't matter if the triangle is isosceles,
equilateral or scalene.
3. The judgment is also a signification in which a concept is affirmed or
denies to another.
The concept is a general element of thought that represents
intellectually an object in an abstract form, without affirming or denying something about it
same.
UNDERSTANDING AND EXTENSION
The understanding of the concept is also referred to by Mario Moro as
"content" or by Sergio Custodio as "extension".
Benlloch Ibarra and Campomanes define the understanding of the concept as the
set of notes or properties that constitute the essence represented by a
concept.
Example: the concept referred to by the term 'man' contains the notes:
● substance
● body
● animated
● sensitive
● animal and
● rational
At this point, Eduardo García Máynez, following Wundt, and Luis Alberto Padilla
They add that the concept has another essential characteristic, which is its connection.
with other concepts, which is evident in its understanding. In the example
cited: "substance", "body", "living", etc., are words that refer to others
concepts.
However, if another characteristic is added to the concept manifested with the
expression 'man', for example: the concept of 'white' will only be predicated
to individuals who meet the aforementioned notes with the words 'substance',
["body","animated","sensitive","animal","rational","white color"]
By virtue of the above, we speak of the inverse relationship between understanding and the
extension of the concept, because greater understanding of the concept corresponds
smaller length, and, to larger length, lesser understanding
In the cited example, it is clear that the concept signified by the words
"white man" has greater comprehension, but lesser extension than the concept.
indicated by the term 'man', because it will apply only to men
with white skin, excluding anyone else with a different skin color.
PROPERTIES
The concept is an intellectual representation of an object, abstract and universal.
This definition highlights that one of the properties of the concept is its
universality, by which the concept is fulfilled or realized in several individuals.
And from this property arises the second: its predicability, by which the concept
it can be preached, said, or attributed to each of the individuals in which it
meets.
DIVISION OF CONCEPTS:
The concepts are divided for the following reasons:
Its Extension,
Your Understanding and
Relationships between them.
FOR ITS EXTENSION:
UNIVERSALS: They are the concepts that refer to all individuals of a
species, genus or class, for example: the concepts expressed with the words
"all men", "the woman" and "the trees" are universal despite their
differences: the first is preceded by the quantitative adjective 'all', the second by
the article that agrees with the singular of its noun: 'the', and the third by the
article that agrees with the plural of its noun: 'the'; the above is due to
that the extent of the concept is not modified even by terms or words
in singular, without there being another concept that changes it.
● Univocal: the universal concept is attributed or predicated in an identical manner to
various concepts-subjects. For example: the concept referred to with the words
"irrational animal" is said in the same way as the concepts expressed with the
words "lion", "leopard" and "whale", because they have the same nature.
● Analogous: The universal concept is attributed in a way that is not
totally identical nor different, but analogous. For example: the concept meaning
with the expression 'healthy' it is predicated in an analogous way to the concepts
indicated with the terms 'man', 'food' and 'habit', because it is not said in
a completely different way (the three are healthy) nor identical (since the
a man is healthy, food is good for health and habit is a reason for
health).
● Particular: They are the concepts that express many or several.
individuals of a species, genus, or class, for example, indefinitely:
the concepts referred to with the words 'some man', 'several vehicles',
"some women", and in a determined manner: the concept expressed with the
these animals
● Singulares:Son los conceptos que se refieren a un individuo o ser,
for example: the concepts indicated with the expressions 'Aristotle', 'this table'
Javier's car
FOR YOUR UNDERSTANDING:
SIMPLE: Benlloch Ibarra and Campomanes determine that they are simple
concepts that express 'one single essence'. An example of a simple concept by
your understanding refers to the word 'man'. Such a general element of
thought, even though it contains several notes, the concepts declared with the
términos "substancia", "cuerpo", "animado", "sensitiva", "animal" y "racional", todas
and each of them constitutes an essence, represented by the concept of
man
COMPOUNDS: Benlloch Ibarra and Campomanes state that they are compounds
concepts that "comprise" several essences, for example: the aforementioned concept with
the words "white man". In this example, the concept is signified with the
the expression "man" represents an essence, and the concept indicated by the term
white
FOR THEIR RELATIONS BETWEEN EACH OTHER:
1. IDENTICALS: They are concepts that mean the same, for example: the
The concept referred to by the word 'man' means the same as the concept.
alluded to with the expressions "rational animal", or the concept of "pentagon"
it means the same as the concept of 'five-sided polygon'.
2. SUBORDINATES: In the relationship between concepts, one is contained in
the extension of another, for example: the concept represented by the word
"man" is contained in the extension of the concept indicated by the word
animal," or the concept of "even number" in the extension of the concept of "number".
TASK:
Hacer 5 ejemplos de cada uno de ellos.
FOR ITS EXTENSION:
Universals
Unambiguous
Analogues
Individuals
Singular
FOR YOUR UNDERSTANDING:
Simple
● Compounds
FOR THEIR RELATIONS WITH EACH OTHER:
Identical
Subordinates