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Calculus Assignment: Solutions
Here are the detailed solutions for the problems in your assignment.
Q:1 Solve the following inequalities.
1.x−3x2−9≥0
● S tep 1: Factor the numerator.
The numerator x2−9 is a difference of squares, which factors into (x−3)(x+3).
The inequality becomes: x−3(x−3)(x+3)≥0.
● Step 2: Identify restrictions.
The denominator cannot be zero, so x−3 =0, which means x =3. This is a critical point to
remember.
● Step 3: Simplify the inequality.
For all values where x =3, the term (x−3) in the numerator and denominator can be
canceled out.
This simplifies the inequality to: x+3≥0.
● Step 4: Solve the simplified inequality.
Subtract 3 from both sides: x≥−3.
● Step 5: Combine the solution and the restriction.
The solution is all numbers greater than or equal to -3, except for 3.
● Solution Set:[−3,3)∪(3,∞)
● Number Line Plot:A solid dot at -3, a line extending to the right, and an open circle at 3.
2.(x−1)(x+3)(x+2)(x−5)>0
● S tep 1: Find the critical points.
These are the values of x that make the numerator or denominator equal to zero.
○ Numerator: x+2=0⇒x=−2, and x−5=0⇒x=5.
○ Denominator: x−1=0⇒x=1, and x+3=0⇒x=−3.
The critical points are -3, -2, 1, and 5.
● Step 2: Create intervals on the number line.
These points divide the number line into five intervals: (−∞,−3), (−3,−2), (−2,1), (1,5), and
(5,∞).
● Step 3: Test a value from each interval.
○ Interval(−∞,−3):Let's test x=−4. (−)(−)(−)(−)=++=+. The expression is positive, so
this interval is part of the solution.
○ Interval(−3,−2):Let's test x=−2.5. (−)(+)(−)(−)=−+=−. The expression is negative.
○ Interval(−2,1):Let's test x=0. (−)(+)(+)(−)=−−=+. The expression is positive, so this
interval is part of the solution.
○ Interval(1,5):Let's test x=2. (+)(+)(+)(−)=+−=−. The expression is negative.
○ Interval(5,∞):Let's test x=6. (+)(+)(+)(+)=++=+. The expression is positive, so this
interval is part of the solution.
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● olution Set:(−∞,−3)∪(−2,1)∪(5,∞)
● Number Line Plot:Open circles at -3, -2, 1, and 5, with shading on the solution intervals.
3.∣2x−3∣≤5
● S tep 1: Convert the absolute value inequality.
The inequality ∣a∣≤b is equivalent to −b≤a≤b.
So, we have: −5≤2x−3≤5.
● Step 2: Isolate x.
○ Add 3 to all parts of the inequality: −5+3≤2x≤5+3, which simplifies to −2≤2x≤8.
○ Divide all parts by 2: −1≤x≤4.
● Solution Set:[−1,4]
● Number Line Plot:Solid dots at -1 and 4, with a line connecting them.
4.(x2−4)(x+1)≥0
● S tep 1: Factor the expression completely.
x2−4 factors into (x−2)(x+2).
The inequality is: (x−2)(x+2)(x+1)≥0.
● Step 2: Find the roots.
Set each factor to zero to find the roots: x=2, x=−2, x=−1.
● Step 3: Create intervals and test points.
The intervals are (−∞,−2], [−2,−1], [−1,2], and [2,∞).
○ Interval(−∞,−2]:Test x=−3: (−)(−)(−)=−. Negative.
○ Interval[−2,−1]:Test x=−1.5: (−)(+)(−)=+. Positive. This is a solution.
○ Interval[−1,2]:Test x=0: (−)(+)(+)=−. Negative.
○ Interval[2,∞):Test x=3: (+)(+)(+)=+. Positive. This is a solution.
● Solution Set:[−2,−1]∪[2,∞)
● Number Line Plot:Solid dots at -2, -1, and 2, with shading on the solution intervals.
5.∣x+3∣≥4
● S tep 1: Convert the absolute value inequality.
The inequality ∣a∣≥b is equivalent to a≥b or a≤−b.
So, we have: x+3≥4 or x+3≤−4.
● Step 2: Solve each inequality separately.
○ x+3≥4⇒x≥1.
○ x+3≤−4⇒x≤−7.
● Solution Set:(−∞,−7]∪[1,∞)
● Number Line Plot:Solid dot at -7 with a line to the left, and a solid dot at 1 with a line to
the right.
Q:2 Find the domain and range of the functions.
1.y=sin(x)+2
● D
omain:The domain of sin(x) is all real numbers. Adding 2 does not introduce any
restrictions.
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Domain: (−∞,∞)
○
Range:The range of sin(x) is [−1,1]. The "+2" shifts the entire graph up by 2 units.
●
○ New range: [−1+2,1+2]=[1,3].
○ Range: [1,3]
2.y=ln(x+5)
● D omain:The argument of a natural logarithm must be strictly positive.
○ x+5>0⇒x>−5.
○ Domain: (−5,∞)
● Range:The range of the basic natural logarithm function is all real numbers, and a
horizontal shift does not change this.
○ Range: (−∞,∞)
3.y=x2−4
● D omain:The expression inside the square root must be non-negative.
○ x2−4≥0⇒x2≥4⇒∣x∣≥2.
○ This means x≤−2 or x≥2.
○ Domain: (−∞,−2]∪[2,∞)
● Range:The output of a square root function is always non-negative. The minimum value
is 0 (when x=±2). As ∣x∣ increases, y increases without bound.
○ Range: [0,∞)
4.y=9−x2
● D omain:The expression inside the square root must be non-negative.
○ 9−x2≥0⇒9≥x2⇒x2≤9⇒∣x∣≤3.
○ This means −3≤x≤3.
○ Domain: [−3,3]
● Range:This is the equation for the upper half of a circle with radius 3 centered at the
origin (x2+y2=9). The y-values start at 0 (when x=±3) and go up to the radius, 3 (when
x=0).
○ Range: [0,3]
5.y=x−12x+3
● D omain:The denominator cannot be zero.
○ x−1 =0⇒x =1.
○ Domain: (−∞,1)∪(1,∞)
● Range:To find the range, we can find the horizontal asymptote or solve for x in terms of
y.
○ The horizontal asymptote is found by the ratio of the leading coefficients: y=12=2. The
function can never equal 2.
○ Range: (−∞,2)∪(2,∞)
Q:3 Use transformations to sketch the graph of the function.
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1.y=x3+2
B
● ase Function:y=x3.
● Transformation:Shift the base graphup by 2 units.
2.y=ln(x+5)
B
● ase Function:y=ln(x).
● Transformation:Shift the base graphleft by 5 units. The vertical asymptote moves from
x=0 to x=−5.
3.y=−ex+2
B
● ase Function:y=ex.
● Transformations:
1. Reflectthe base graph across thex-axis(due to −ex).
2. Shift the resulting graphup by 2 units. The horizontal asymptote moves from y=0 to
y=2.
4.y=−2x−1+2
B
● ase Function:y=x.
● Transformations (in order):
1. Rewrite as y=−2(x−21)+2.
2. Horizontally compressby a factor of 2.
3. Shiftright by 1/2 unit.
4. Reflectacross thex-axis.
5. Shiftup by 2 units.
5.f(x)=−2∣x+2∣−1
B
● ase Function:f(x)=∣x∣ (V-shape).
● Transformations (in order):
1. Shiftleft by 2 units.
2. Vertically stretchby a factor of 2 (makes the V-shape narrower).
3. Reflectacross thex-axis(makes the V open downwards).
4. Shiftdown by 1 unit. The vertex moves from (0,0) to (−2,−1).
:4 Determine whether each function is even, odd, or neither and
Q
check for symmetry.
Reminder:
E
● ven:f(−x)=f(x). Symmetric with respect to they-axis.
● Odd:f(−x)=−f(x). Symmetric with respect to theorigin.
1.f(x)=x2+1x2−4
T
● est:f(−x)=(−x)2+1(−x)2−4=x2+1x2−4=f(x).
● Conclusion:The function isEven.
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● Symmetry:Symmetric about they-axis.
2.f(x)=x3−x
T
● est:f(−x)=(−x)3−(−x)=−x3+x=−(x3−x)=−f(x).
● Conclusion:The function isOdd.
● Symmetry:Symmetric about theorigin.
3.f(x)=∣x−2∣
T
● est:f(−x)=∣−x−2∣=∣−(x+2)∣=∣x+2∣.
● Since ∣x+2∣ is not equal to ∣x−2∣ or −∣x−2∣, the function isNeithereven nor odd.
● Symmetry:No symmetry about the y-axis or origin.
4.f(x)=sin(x)+cos(x)
● est:f(−x)=sin(−x)+cos(−x)=−sin(x)+cos(x). (Since sin is odd and cos is even).
T
● This is not equal to f(x) or −f(x).
● Conclusion:The function isNeithereven nor odd.
● Symmetry:No symmetry about the y-axis or origin.
5.f(x)=e−x2
T
● est:f(−x)=e−(−x)2=e−x2=f(x).
● Conclusion:The function isEven.
● Symmetry:Symmetric about they-axis.