Applications of Spirometry (Very Important)
✔ Diagnosis of Respiratory Diseases
✔ Monitoring Lung Function
✔ Pre-operative Assessment
⭐ 6. ADVANTAGES
✔ External AEDs:
• Easy to use
• Saves lives within minutes
• Requires no medical training
• Gives automatic voice guidance
✔ ICDs:
• Work 24/7
• Treat arrhythmias instantly
• Reduce sudden cardiac death
• Can act as pacemakers
• Useful for high-risk patients
✔ WCD:
• Non-surgical temporary protection
⭐ 7. DISADVANTAGES
✔ External Defibrillators:
• Shock can cause burns or muscle injury
• Misuse or delay reduces survival
• Requires good skin contact
✔ ICDs:
• Requires surgery
• Battery replacement needed every 5–10 years
• Risk of infection
• Possible inappropriate shocks
• May interfere with MRI (older devices)
✔ WCD:
• Bulky
• False alarms possible
• Continuous wearing needed
⭐ 8. APPLICATIONS
✔ Emergency Use
• Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA)
• Ventricular fibrillation
• Pulseless ventricular tachycardia
✔ Hospital Use
• Operating rooms
• ICU
• Emergency medicine
• During anesthesia
• Monitoring arrhythmias
✔ Home Use
• For high-risk cardiac patients (AEDs & ICDs)
✔ Long-Term Protection
• Genetic heart disorders
• History of cardiac arrest
Disability
Definition (Simple) Examples of Aids & Devices
Type
Canes, crutches, walkers, rollators, manual/electric
Devices that help a person move,
Mobility wheelchairs, prosthetic limbs, orthotic braces, ramps,
walk, or travel independently.
stairlifts
Visual Tools that help people with low vision Braille books/writers, screen readers, screen
Impairmen or blindness to read, see, or access magnifiers, white cane, talking calculators, portable
t information. digital note-takers
Hearing Hearing aids, assistive listening systems, closed
Devices that improve hearing or help
Impairmen captioning, vibrating/flashing doorbell or alarm
detect sounds through alerts.
t systems
Communic Tools that help people communicate AAC devices, speech-generating apps, voice
ation & or support memory, speech, and recognition software, communication boards, memory
Cognitive thinking. aids
Devices that help with everyday tasks Special eating utensils, dressing aids, pencil grips,
Daily Living like eating, dressing, bathing, and raised toilet seats, bath seats, smart home devices
using the bathroom. (voice-controlled lights, fans)
Safety Parameters:-
Category Parameter Short Explanation
Electrical Safety Grounding Prevents shock by guiding leakage current to earth.
Unwanted current; must be very low (especially patient
Leakage Current
leakage).
Insulation & Prevents contact with live parts; isolation transformer protects
Isolation patient.
GFCI Cuts power during fault to avoid shock.
Mechanical Safety No sharp edges Prevents cuts/injuries.
Stable structure Prevents equipment from falling or moving.
Safe cables Avoids tripping and cable damage.
Performance
Calibration Ensures accurate readings.
Safety
Alarms Warn about abnormal conditions.
Fail-safe design Device goes to safe mode during faults.
Environmental
EMC Avoids interference with other devices.
Safety
Temperature/Hum
Must operate safely in hospital conditions.
idity