■ LINES
✏■ Slope from Two Points
**Formula:**
m = (y■ - y■) / (x■ - x■)
**Example:**
Through (2,-3) and (5,-1):
m = (-1 - (-3)) / (5 - 2) = 2/3
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✏■ Slope-Intercept Form
**Formula:**
y = mx + b
**Example:**
x+5y=10 → y = -1/5x + 2
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✏■ Point-Slope Form
**Formula:**
y - y■ = m(x - x■)
**Example:**
m=7, (1,2):
y - 2 = 7(x - 1)
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✏■ Parallel Lines
Same slope.
**Example:** Parallel to y=7x-1 through (1,2) → y=7x-5
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✏■ Perpendicular Lines
Negative reciprocal slope.
**Example:** Perp. to y=4/3x-5 through (3,-1) → y = -3/4x + 5/4
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■ QUADRATICS
✏■ Quadratic Formula
x = [-b ± √(b²-4ac)] / 2a
**Example:** 5a²-10a-11=0 → a = 1 ± 4√5/5
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✏■ Complete the Square
**Steps:** Move constant, add (b/2)², square root.
**Example:** n²-12n+19=9
n²-12n=-10 → add 36 → (n-6)²=26 → n=6±√26
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✏■ Square Root Method
Use when only x² and constant.
**Example:** 7r²-9=61
7r²=70 → r²=10 → r=±√10
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✏■ Factoring by Grouping
**Example:** 7a²+19a-6
7×-6=-42 → 21 and -2 → 7a²+21a-2a-6 → (7a-2)(a+3)=0
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■ FUNCTION OPERATIONS
(f+g)(x)=f(x)+g(x), (f-g)(x)=f(x)-g(x)
(f·g)(x)=f(x)g(x), (f/g)(x)=f(x)/g(x)
**Example:** (2x²-4)(3x-5) = 6x³-10x²-12x+20
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■ COMPOSITION & INVERSE
✏■ Composition
(f■g)(x)=f(g(x))
**Example:** f(t)=t+1, g(t)=t²-4t
(f■g)(-6)=f(60)=61
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✏■ Inverse
1. y=f(x) 2. swap x & y 3. solve y
**Example:** g(n)=(n+2)³+3
x-3=(y+2)³ → y=³√(x-3)-2
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✏■ Check Inverses
If f(g(x))=x and g(f(x))=x → inverses
**Example:** f(x)= -x-4, g(x)= -x-4 → both give x
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■ RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
Steps
- VA: denominator=0 (not cancelled)
- Hole: factor cancels
- HA:
- deg top < deg bottom → y=0
- deg top = deg bottom → ratio
- deg top > deg bottom → no HA
- Domain: x ≠ denominator zeros
**Example 1:** (x³+x²-12x)/(-3x²+6x+9)
→ hole at x=3, VA x=-1, no HA, domain x≠-1,3
**Example 2:** (x+1)/(-4x-12)
→ VA x=-3, HA y=-1/4, domain x≠-3