TUTORIAL 4 MEMO

1. The velocity of steam leaving a nozzle is 925 m/s and the nozzle angle is 20o. The blade
speed is 250 m/s. The mass flow through the turbine nozzles and blading is 0.182 kg/s
and the blade velocity coefficient is 0.7. Calculate the following:
(i) Velocity of whirl (Cw1)
(ii) Tangential force on blades.
(iii) Axial force on blades.
(iv)Work done on blades.
(v) Efficiency of blading.
(vi)Inlet angle of blades for inflow of steam when there are no shocks.
Assume that the inlet and outlet blade angles are equal.
Solution:

Cai = 925 m/s Cb = 250 m/s i = 20o k = 0.7

Applying the cosine rule to the ABC

C2ri =C 2b +C 2ai −2 Cb C ai cos α i=250 2+ 9252−2 ( 250 ) ( 925 ) cos 20o
Cri =695.35 m/s
C ℜ=k C ri=0.7 ( 695.35 )=487 m/s
Therefore velocity of whirl:
o
C wi=C b cos α i=925 cos 20 =869.22 m/s

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 Axial component at inlet:
C fi =BD=C b sin α i=925 sin 20o =316.37 m/s
Blade angle at inlet:
C fi 316.37
tan β i= = =0.511
C wi−C b 869.22−250

β i=β e =27.06o =¿ outlet blade angle

Cwe +C b o
β e −Cb =¿ 487 cos 27.06 −250=183.69
cos β e =  m/s
Cℜ Cwe =C ℜ cos ¿
o
β e =¿ ( 250+183.69 ) tan 27.06 =221.548
m/s
C fe=FE=( C b+ Cwe ) tan¿
(i) Velocity of whirl at inlet Cwi = 869.22 m/s
Velocity of whirl at outlet Cwe = 183.69 m/s
(ii) Tangential force on blades:
β e +¿ C ri cos β i
C ℜ cos ¿
¿
FT =−ḿ ¿
FT =0.182 ( 1052.9 )=191.63 N
(iii) Axial force on blades:
∆ C f =Cri sin β i−C ℜ sin β e =C fi−C fe
∆ C f =316.37−221.548
∆ C f =94.822 m/s
Axial thrust: ¿ ḿ ∆ Cf =0.182 ( 94.822 )=17.26 N
(iv)Work done on blades or power output:
Ẃ output =tangential force on blades× blade velocity
Ẃ output =191.63 ( 250 )=47910W =47.91 kW
(v) Efficiency of blading or blading diagram:
rate of doing work per unit mass of steam 47.91 47.91
❑d= = =
energy supplied per unit mass of steam 1 2 1
ḿC ai ( 0.182 ) ( 9252 )
2 2
❑d=61.53 %
(vi)Inlet angle at blades i = e = 27.06o

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 1. The steam velocity leaving the nozzle is 590 m/s and the nozzle angle is 20o. The blade is
running at 2800 rpm and blade diameter is 1050 mm. The axial velocity at rotor outlet =
155 m/s, and the blades are symmetrical. Calculate the work done, the diagram efficiency
and the blade velocity coefficient.

Solution:

Cai = 590 m/s  = 20oCb = 2800 rpm Cae = 155 m/s

πDN π ( 1.050 ) ( 2800 )
Cb = = =154 m/s
60 60
Applying the cosine rule to the ABC
2 2 2 2 2 o
Cri =C b +C ai −2 Cb C ai cos α i=154 + 590 −2 ( 154 ) ( 590 ) cos 20
Cri =448.4 m/s

Applying sine rule on ABC

C ai C
= ri
sin ACB sin α i

But sinACB = sin (180 - i) = sin i

Substituting gives:

C αi sin α i 590 sin 20o

β i= =¿ =0.450 o
Cri 448.4  β i=26.75
sin¿

From triangle ABD:

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 o
α i=¿ 590 cos 20 =554.42
m/s
C wi=Cai cos ¿

From triangle CEF:

C ae
β i=¿ tan β e =tan26.75 o=0.504=
Cb +C we
tan ¿

155
0.504=  C we=153.54 m/s
154 +C we

And:

∆ C w =C wi +C we=554.42+153.54=707.96 m/s

Relative velocity at rotor outlet is given by:

Cae 155
C ℜ= = =344.4 m/s
sin β 2 sin 26.75o

Blade velocity coefficient:

C ℜ 344.4
k= = =0.768
C ri 448.4

Work done on the blades per mass flowrate:

Ẃ output
Ẃ output =ḿC b ∆ C w =C b ∆ Cw
ḿ

Ẃ output
=154 ( 707.96 ) =109025.84 W =109 kW
ḿ

Diagram efficiency:

2 Cb ∆ C w 2 ( 154 )( 707.96 )
❑d= 2
= 2
C ai 590

❑d=62.64 %

2. In one stage of an impulse turbine the velocity of steam at the exit from the nozzle is 460
m/s, the nozzle angle is 22o and the blade angle is 33o. Find the blade speed so that the

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 steam shall pass on without shock. Also find the stage efficiency and end thrust on the
shaft, assuming velocity coefficient = 0.75, and blades are symmetrical.
Solution:

Cai = 460 m/s  = 22oi = e = 33o k = 0.75

From triangle ABC:
α i=¿ 460 cos 22 o=426.5
m/s
C wi =Cai cos ¿
and
o
α i=¿ 460 sin 22 =172.32
m/s
C fi =C ai sin ¿

Now from triangle BCD:

C fi 172.32
BD = = =265.5 m/s
tan βi tan33 o
Hence blade speed is given as:
Cb =C wi−BD=426.5−265.5=161 m/s
From triangle BCD, relative velocity at blade inlet is given by:
C fi 172.32
Cri = = =316.2 m/s
sin β i sin 33o

Velocity coefficient:

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 Cℜ
k=  C ℜ=k C ri=0.75 (316.2 ) =237.2 m/s
C ri

From triangle BEF:

o
BF=C ℜ cos β e =237.2cos 33 =198.9 m/s
C we= AF=BF−C b=198.9−161=37.9 m/s
o
C fe=C ℜ sin βe =237.2 sin 33 =129.2 m/s
The change in velocity of whirl:
∆ C w =C wi +C we=426.5+37.9=464.4 m/s

Diagram efficiency:

2 Cb ∆ C w 2 ( 161 ) ( 464.4 )
❑d= 2
= 2
C ai 460

❑d=70 .6 7 %
End (Axial) thrust on the shaft per unit mass flow rate:
Axial thrust
Axial thrust =ḿ ∆ C f  =∆C f =C fi −C fe
ḿ
Axial thrust
=172.32−129.2=43.12 N
ḿ
3. In a stage of an impulse turbine provided with single row wheel, the mean diameter of the
blade ring is 800 mm and the speed of rotation is 3000 rpm. The steam issues from the
nozzle with a velocity of 300 m/s and the nozzle angle is 20o. The rotor blades are
equiangular and the blade friction factor is 0.86. What is the power developed in the
blading when the axial thrust on the blades is 140 N.
Solution:
Cai = 300 m/s  = 20oCb = 3000 rpm D = 800 mm k = 0.86
Axial thrust = 140 N

πDN π ( 0 . 80 0 ) ( 30 00 )
Cb = = =12 5 .6 m/s
60 60

C ai sin α i 300 sin 20

o
tan β i= = =0.6565
C ai cos α i−C b 300 cos 20o−125.6

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 o
β i=33.3 =β e

C αi sin α i=C ri sin β i

o o
300 sin 20 =C ri sin 33.3
Cri =187 m/s
C ℜ=k C ri=0.86 ( 187 )=161 m/s

Axial thrust:
Axial thrust =ḿ ∆ C f = ḿ ( C ri sin β i−C ℜ sin β e )

140= ḿ ( 187 sin 33.3o−161sin 33.3o )

ḿ=9.7456 kg/s
o o
β i+ ¿C ℜ cos β e =187 cos 33.3 +161 cos 33.3
∆ C w =C wi +C we=C r i cos ¿
∆ C w =290.71 m/s

Power output delivered:

Ẃ output =ḿC b ∆ C w =9.7456 ( 125.6 ) ( 290.71 )=355842.8 W =355.84 kW

4.

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