Control of flow

• We learned that default flow of Read b and c

instructions is sequential.
a = b+c

Display a

• Then, we learned how to control

Read age

age<
T F

the flow using "if" and "switch."

=25 ?

Message: "You Message: "You

are young" are mature"

Rest of the program

• Now, we will learn how to repeat Any

students
left?

a group of instructions.
F
T

Read score of the student

Add it to the overall sum

Display sum

CSE1145 - Introduction to Computer Programming 0

Types of loops
• There are three types of loops:
– "for" loop
– "while" loop
– "do-while" loop
• You can implement anyone of these loops
using the others (and possibly an
additional if statement and duplication of
some statements).
– The idea is to use the type of loop that is
best suited for your problem.
CSE1145 - Introduction to Computer Programming 1
General structure of a loop
• A loop is typically composed of three
parts:
– the statement block which is to be repeated;
– a control mechanism to decide whether the
statement block should be repeated once
more (based on an expression);
– an update mechanism that affects the value
of the control expression (to avoid infinite
loops).
• The update mechanism may be embedded
in the statement block.
CSE1145 - Introduction to Computer Programming 2
General structure of a loop
• One execution of the statement block is
called an iteration.
• Thus, a loop iterates the statement block
several times.
• Make sure:
– it is possible to enter the loop;
– it is possible to get out of the loop, once you
enter it.

CSE1145 - Introduction to Computer Programming 3

For loop
• Use for loop if you know the number of
iterations.
– You don't have to know the exact number of
iterations; it is enough if you can express it.

CSE1145 - Introduction to Computer Programming 4

For loop
• Syntax:
for (initial_stat(s);int_expr; final_stat(s))
stat_block
initial_stat(s)

F
int_expr
final_stat(s)
T

stat_block

Rest of the program

CSE1145 - Introduction to Computer Programming 5

For loop
• Note that initial and final statements as
well as the integer expression are
optional according to the syntax.
– If initial_stat(s) is missing, start
directly with the comparison.
– If final_stat(s) is missing, go directly to
the comparison after the execution of the
statement block.
– If int_expr is missing, the comparison is
always true.
• Make use of the break statement (to be
discussed later).
CSE1145 - Introduction to Computer Programming 6
for: Example 1
Write a code segment that prints the text "I didn't do
my homework" 100 times with every line enumerated.
printf("1. I didn't do my homework.\n");
printf("2. I didn't do my homework.\n");
printf("3. I didn't do my homework.\n");
printf("4. I didn't do my homework.\n");
printf("5. I didn't do my homework.\n");
printf("6. I didn't do my homework.\n");
printf("7. I didn't do my homework.\n");
printf("8. I didn't do my homework.\n");
printf("9. I didn't do my homework.\n");
printf("10. I didn't do my homework.\n");
printf("11. I didn't do my homework.\n");
printf("12. I didn't do my homework.\n");
printf("13. I didn't do my homework.\n");
printf("14. I didn't do my homework.\n");
printf("15. I didn't do my homework.\n");
printf("16. I didn't do my homework.\n");
printf("17. I didn't do my homework.\n");
printf("18. I didn't do my homework.\n");
printf("19. I didn't do my homework.\n");
printf("20. I didn't do my homework.\n");
.
.
.
printf("91. I didn't do my homework.\n");
printf("92. I didn't do my homework.\n");
printf("93. I didn't do my homework.\n");
printf("94. I didn't do my homework.\n");
printf("95. I didn't do my homework.\n");
printf("96. I didn't do my homework.\n");
printf("97. I didn't do my homework.\n");
printf("98. I didn't do my homework.\n");
printf("99. I didn't do my homework.\n");
printf("100.I didn't do my homework.\n");

CSE1145 - Introduction to Computer Programming 7

for: Example 1 (cont'd)
Lazy student's solution ☺

int i;

for (i=0; i<100; i++)

printf("%d. I didn't do my homework.\n", i);

CSE1145 - Introduction to Computer Programming 8

for: Example 2
Find ab. (a and b integers)
int a, b, result=1, i;

scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);

for (i=0; i<b; i++)
result *= a;

CSE1145 - Introduction to Computer Programming 9

for: Example 2 (cont'd)
Same question, solved with fewer variable
(but the value of b changes).
int a, b, result=1;

scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);

for (; b; b--)
result *= a;
printf("result=%d", result);
CSE1145 - Introduction to Computer Programming 10
for: Example 3
Find the average of the midterm scores of
the students in CSE1145.
int i, sum, no_stu, score;
float avg;

scanf("%d", &no_stu);
for (sum=i=0; i<no_stu; i++)
{
What is wrong here?
scanf("%d", &score);
sum += score;
What else?
}
What if "no_stu" is zero?
avg = sum/no_stu;

CSE1145 - Introduction to Computer Programming 11

for: Example 4
Calculate BMI (Body Mass Index) of all
students in class 
• weight/height
for (i=0; i<100; i++)
{
scanf("%d %d", &weight, &height);
printf("BMI: %f\n", (float)weight/height);
}

What if "height" is zero?

CSE1145 - Introduction to Computer Programming 12

for: Example 5
What are the differences between these code segments?
for (i=0; i<5; i++) for (i=0; i<=5; i++) for (i=1; i<5; i++)
printf("%d;", i); printf("%d;", i); printf("%d;", i);
printf("{%d}",i); printf("{%d}",i); printf("{%d}",i);
0;1;2;3;4;{5} 0;1;2;3;4;5;{6} 1;2;3;4;{5}

for (i=1; i<=5; ++i) for (◼; i<5; i++) for (i=0;◼; i++)
printf("%d;", i); printf("%d;", i); printf("%d;", i);
printf("{%d}",i); printf("{%d}",i); printf("{%d}",i);
Starts from anything ...;3;4;{5}
1;2;3;4;5;{6} OR MAYBE SOMETHING LIKE {795} 0;1;2;...∞

for (i=0; i<5;◼) for (i=0; i<5;◼) for (i=0; i++<5;◼)

printf("%d;", i); printf("%d;",i++); printf("%d;", i);
printf("{%d}",i); printf("{%d}",i); printf("{%d}",i);
0;0;0;0;...∞ 0;1;2;3;4;{5} 1;2;3;4;5;{6}

CSE1145 - Introduction to Computer Programming 13

for: Example 6
Now, compare these code segments.
for (i=7; i<5; i++) for (i=7;++i<5;◼) for (i=7;i++<5;◼)
printf("%d;", i); printf("%d;", i); printf("%d;", i);
printf("{%d}",i); printf("{%d}",i); printf("{%d}",i);
{7} {8} {8}

for (i=7; ++i<5; ++i) for (i=0; i<5; ++i)

printf("%d;",++i); printf("%d;",++i);
printf("{%d}",i); printf("{%d}",i);

{8} 1;3;5;{6}

CSE1145 - Introduction to Computer Programming 14

for: Example 7
• What if Carl Friedrich Gauss knew how to
program when he was in elementary school?
– Let's be more generic; add numbers from 1 to n.
scanf("%d", &n);
for (sum=0, i=1; i<=n; i++)
sum += i;
• Of course Gauss would be clever enough to
do
scanf("%d", &n);
sum = n * ((n+1)/2);
– What he right?
CSE1145 - Introduction to Computer Programming 15
for: Example 8
Find whether a number is perfect or not.
(A number is perfect if sum of its positive divisors except
itself is equal to itself. Eg: 6=1+2+3; 28=1+2+4+7+14)
int number, i, sum = 0;

scanf("%d",&number);
for (i = 1; i <= number / 2 ; i++)
if (number % i == 0)
sum += i;
if (number == sum)
printf("%d is a perfect number",number);
else
printf("%d is not a perfect number",number);

CSE1145 - Introduction to Computer Programming 16