ANTENNA EXAMPLE BY Durgham Rabie Faisal
Lec 5
Q1/ The max Radiated Intensity of 90% efficiency antenna is 200 𝑚 𝑊/Ω
Find the directivity and area (dimension and index) between
a) Input Power is 125.66 𝑚𝑊.
b) Rad power is 125.66 𝑚𝑊.
𝜼 = 𝟎. 𝟗
𝑼𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎 𝑾/Ω
1) 𝑷𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓. 𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝑾
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝜼𝑷𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟐𝟓. 𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝑾 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑. 𝟎𝟗𝟒 𝒎𝑾
𝟒𝝅𝑼𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟒𝝅 × 𝟐𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
𝑫𝒎𝒂𝒙 = = = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝟏𝟏𝟑. 𝟎𝟗𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
𝑫𝒎𝒂𝒙 |𝒅𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟒𝟕 𝒅𝑩
𝑮 = 𝜼𝑫𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟗 × 𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐 ≅ 𝟐𝟎
𝑮|𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟎𝟏 𝒅𝑩
2) 𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓. 𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝑾
𝟒𝝅𝑼𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟒𝝅 × 𝟐𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
𝑫𝒎𝒂𝒙 = = ≅ 𝟐𝟎
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝟏𝟐𝟓. 𝟔𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
𝑫𝒎𝒂𝒙 |𝒅𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟎𝟏 𝒅𝑩
𝑮 = 𝜼𝑫𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟗 × 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟏𝟖
𝑮|𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟖 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟓 𝒅𝑩
Q2/ The power radiated by a lossless antenna 10 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡 is given, and the radiation
𝜋
intensity is given by 𝑈 = 𝐵° 𝐶𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 When (0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ , 0 ≤ ∅ ≤ 2𝜋) Find the:
2
a) Max Power density in 𝑊 ⁄𝑚2 at a distance 1000 𝑚.
b) Directivity of the antenna (dimensionless and in dB).
c) Gain of the antenna (dimensionless and in dB).
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝟏𝟎
𝑼 = 𝑩° 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝜽
𝛑
𝟐𝝅
𝟐
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 = ∬ 𝑼 𝒅𝛀 = ∫ ∫ 𝑩° 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝜽 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 𝒅𝝓
𝟎 𝟎
𝛑
𝟐𝝅
𝟐
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝑩° (∫ 𝒅𝝓) (∫ 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝜽 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 )
𝟎 𝟎
1
ANTENNA EXAMPLE BY Durgham Rabie Faisal
𝟐𝝅
∫ 𝒅𝝓 = 𝟐𝝅
𝟎
Let 𝒖 = 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽 , then 𝒅𝒖 = −𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝟒 𝛑
𝛑 𝛑
𝟒
𝟐 𝒖 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜽𝟐 𝟏
∫ 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝜽 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 = − ∫ 𝒖𝟑 𝒅𝒖 = − = − |𝟐 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝟒 𝟒 𝟎 𝟒
𝟏 𝛑
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝑩° × 𝟐𝛑 × = 𝑩
𝟒 𝟐 °
𝛑 𝟐𝟎
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝟏𝟎 = 𝑩° → 𝑩° =
𝟐 𝝅
𝟐𝟎
𝑼= 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝜽 = 𝒓𝟐 𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒈
𝝅
𝟐𝟎
𝑼 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝜽 𝟐𝟎
a) 𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒈 = = 𝝅
= × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 × 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝜽
𝒓𝟐 (𝟏𝟎𝟑 )𝟐 𝝅
𝟐𝟎
𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒈 |𝒎𝒂𝒙 = × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑊 ⁄𝑚2
𝝅
𝟐𝟎
𝟒𝝅𝑼𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟒𝝅×
b) 𝑫𝒎𝒂𝒙 = = 𝝅
=𝟖
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝟏𝟎
𝑫𝒎𝒂𝒙 |𝒅𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟖 = 𝟗 𝒅𝑩
c) 𝑮 = 𝜼𝑫𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏 × 𝟖 = 𝟖
𝑮|𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟖 = 𝟗 𝒅𝑩
Q3/ The Radiated Intensity of an antenna is given by:
𝟏, 𝟎 ≤ 𝜽 ≤ 𝟐𝟎
𝑼(𝜽, ∅) = {𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟐𝑪𝑺𝑪𝜽, 𝟐𝟎 ≤ 𝜽 ≤ 𝟔𝟎 , 𝟎 ≤ ∅ ≤ 𝟐𝝅
𝟎, 𝟔𝟎 ≤ 𝜽 ≤ 𝟏𝟖𝟎
Find the directivity in dB and if 𝜂 = 0.85 find its gain
𝟒𝝅𝑼𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑫𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝟐𝝅 𝝅
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 = ∫ ∫ 𝑼 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝜽 𝒅𝝓
𝟎 𝟎
𝟐𝟎 𝟔𝟎
= 𝟐𝝅 [∫ 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒅𝜽 + ∫ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟐𝑪𝒔𝒄𝜽 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒅𝜽 + 𝟎]
𝟎 𝟎
𝟐𝟎 𝟔𝟎
= 𝟐𝝅 [−𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽 | + 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟐 𝜽 | ]
𝟎 𝟐𝟎
2
ANTENNA EXAMPLE BY Durgham Rabie Faisal
𝝅
= 𝟐𝝅 [(−𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝟎 + 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝟎 ) + 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟐(𝟔𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎) × ] = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟕𝟗
𝟏𝟖𝟎
𝑼𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏
𝟒𝝅𝑼𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟒𝝅
𝑫𝒎𝒂𝒙 = = = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟖𝟕
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝟏. 𝟖𝟕𝟗
𝑫𝒎𝒂𝒙 |𝒅𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟔. 𝟔𝟖𝟕 = 𝟖. 𝟐𝟓 𝒅𝑩
𝑮 = 𝜼𝑫𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 × 𝟔. 𝟔𝟖𝟕 ≅ 𝟓. 𝟔𝟖
𝑮|𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓. 𝟔𝟖 = 𝟕. 𝟓𝟕 𝒅𝑩
Q4/ A 1 − 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 dipole is excited by a 1 𝑀𝐻𝑧 current with an amplitude of 12 𝐴.
What is the average power density radiated by the dipole at a distance of 5 km in the
following directions?
a) At an angle of 30° from the dipole axis.
b) At the direction of maximum radiation.
𝒄 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝝀= = = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎
𝒇 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝒍 𝟏 𝝀 𝝀
𝒍=𝟏𝒎→ = →𝒍= <
𝝀 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝟓𝟎
∴ infinitesimal dipole (Hertzian)
𝑲𝑰° 𝒍
|𝑯𝝓 | = 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝟒𝝅𝒓
𝟏 ∗
𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝑲𝑰° 𝒍 𝟐
𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝑹𝒆 |𝑬 × 𝑯 | = 𝜼𝑯 = 𝜼 ( ) 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒𝝅𝒓
𝟐𝝅 𝝀 𝝅
a) 𝜼 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝝅 , 𝑰° = 𝟏𝟐 𝑨 , 𝒓 = 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 , 𝑲𝒍 = = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 , 𝜽 = 𝟑𝟎°
𝝀 𝟑𝟎𝟎
𝟐
𝟏 (𝝅⁄𝟏𝟓𝟎) × 𝟏𝟐 𝟏
𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒈 = ×( 𝟑
) 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝟑𝟎 = 𝟔𝟎𝝅 × 𝟏𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 × = 𝟕. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎 𝑾/𝒎𝟐
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝝅 𝟒𝝅 × 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟒
𝝅
b) for max value of 𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒈 . 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏 → 𝜽 = 𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 (𝝅⁄𝟏𝟓𝟎) × 𝟏𝟐 𝑾
𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒈 = × 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝝅 × ( 𝟑
) = 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝟐
𝟐 𝟒𝝅 × 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 𝒎
Q5/ Determine the directivity and radiation resistance of the following antennas:
𝜆
a) Infinitesimal dipole (Hertzian) 𝑙 =
50
1
b) wave dipole
2
1
c) wave monopole
4
3
ANTENNA EXAMPLE BY Durgham Rabie Faisal
d) Hertzian monopole
e)
𝑲𝑰𝚶 𝒍
a) |𝑯𝝓 | = 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝟒𝝅𝒓
𝟏 𝟏 𝑲𝑰 𝒍 𝟐
𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝟐 𝜼𝑯𝟐 = 𝟐 𝜼 ( 𝟒𝝅𝒓
𝚶
) 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
𝟏 𝑲𝑰𝚶 𝒍 𝟐
𝑼 = 𝒓𝟐 𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝟐 𝜼 ( ) 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
𝟒𝝅
𝟐𝝅 𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝝅 𝟐
𝟏 𝑲𝑰𝚶 𝒍
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 = ∫ ∫ 𝑼 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝜽 𝒅𝝓 = ∫ ∫ 𝜼( ) 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 𝒅𝝓
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟐 𝟒𝝅
𝝅
𝟒
∫ 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 =
𝟎 𝟑
𝟏 𝑲𝑰𝚶 𝒍 𝟐 𝟒
= 𝟐𝝅 𝜼 ( )
𝟐 𝟒𝝅 𝟑
𝟒 𝑲𝑰𝚶 𝒍 𝟐
= 𝝅𝜼 ( )
𝟑 𝟒𝝅
𝟏 𝑲𝑰𝚶 𝒍 𝟐
𝟒𝝅𝑼𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟒𝝅 × 𝟐 𝜼 ( 𝟒𝝅 ) 𝟑
𝑫𝒎𝒂𝒙 = = 𝟐 = = 𝟏. 𝟓
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝟒 𝑲𝑰 𝒍 𝟐
𝝅𝜼 ( 𝚶 )
𝟑 𝟒𝝅
𝟐 𝝀 𝟐
𝒍 𝟖𝟎𝝅𝟐
𝑹𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝟖𝟎𝝅𝟐 ( ) = 𝟖𝟎𝝅𝟐 ( 𝟓𝟎 ) = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟔 𝛀
𝝀 𝝀 𝟓𝟎𝟐
𝝅
𝑰 𝑪𝒐𝒔( 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜽)
b) |𝑯𝝓 | = 𝟐𝝅𝒓
𝚶 𝟐
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝝅
𝟐 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐 ( 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜽)
𝟏 𝟏 𝑰 𝚶 𝟐
𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝜼𝑯𝟐 = 𝜼 ( )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝒓 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝟐 𝝅
𝟐
𝟏 𝑰𝚶 𝟐 𝑪𝒐𝒔 ( 𝟐 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜽)
𝑼 = 𝒓 𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝜼 ( )
𝟐 𝟐𝝅 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝟐𝝅 𝝅
𝟏 𝑰𝚶 𝟐 𝝅
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 = ∬ 𝑼 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 𝒅𝝓 = ∫ ∫ 𝜼 ( ) 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐 ( 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜽) 𝒅𝜽 𝒅𝝓
𝟎 𝟎 𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝒓 𝟐
𝝅
𝝅
∫ 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐 ( 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜽) 𝒅𝜽 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟏𝟖𝟖
𝟎 𝟐
𝟏 𝑰° 𝟐 𝑰𝚶 𝟐
= 𝟐𝝅 𝜼 ( ) 𝟏. 𝟐𝟏𝟖𝟖 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟏𝟖𝟖𝝅𝜼 ( )
𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝒓 𝟐𝝅𝒓
𝟏 𝑰𝚶 𝟐
𝟒𝝅𝑼𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟒𝝅 × 𝜼 ( )
𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝒓
𝑫𝒎𝒂𝒙 = = = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟒
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝑰𝚶 𝟐
𝟏. 𝟐𝟏𝟖𝟖𝝅𝜼 ( )
𝟐𝝅𝒓
𝑹𝒓 = 𝟕𝟑 𝛀
𝝅
𝑰𝚶 𝑪𝒐𝒔( 𝟐 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜽)
c) |𝑯𝝓 | = 𝟐𝝅𝒓 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽
4
ANTENNA EXAMPLE BY Durgham Rabie Faisal
𝟐 𝝅
𝟐
𝟏 𝑰𝚶 𝟐 𝑪𝒐𝒔 ( 𝟐 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜽)
𝑼 = 𝒓 𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝜼( )
𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝒓 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝝅
𝟐𝝅 𝟐
𝟐𝟏 𝑰° 𝝅
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 = ∫ ∫ 𝜼( ) 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐 ( 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜽) 𝒅𝜽 𝒅𝝓
𝟎 𝟎 𝟐 𝟐𝝅 𝟐
𝝅
𝟐 𝝅
∫ 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐 ( 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜽) 𝒅𝜽 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟗𝟒
𝟎 𝟐
𝟏 𝑰𝚶 𝟐 𝑰𝚶 𝟐
= 𝟐𝝅 𝜼 ( ) 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟗𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟗𝟒𝝅𝜼 ( )
𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝒓 𝟐𝝅𝒓
𝟏 𝑰𝚶 𝟐
𝟒𝝅𝑼𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟒𝝅 × 𝜼 ( )
𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝒓
𝑫𝒎𝒂𝒙 = = = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟖
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝑰𝚶 𝟐
𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟗𝟒𝝅𝜼 ( )
𝟐𝝅𝒓
𝟏
𝑹𝒓 = × 𝟕𝟑 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟓 𝛀
𝟐
𝑲𝑰𝚶 𝒍 𝝅
d) |𝑯𝝓 | = 𝟒𝝅𝒓 𝑺𝒊𝒏 , 𝜽: 𝟎 → 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝑲𝑰 𝒍 𝟐
𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝟐 𝜼𝑯𝟐 = 𝟐 𝜼 ( 𝟒𝝅𝒓
𝚶
) 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
𝟏 𝑲𝑰𝚶 𝒍 𝟐
𝑼 = 𝒓𝟐 𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝟐 𝜼 ( ) 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
𝟒𝝅
𝟐 𝑲𝑰° 𝒍 𝟐
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝝅𝜼 ( )
𝟑 𝟒𝝅
𝟒𝝅𝑼𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑫𝒎𝒂𝒙 = =𝟑
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝟏
𝑹𝒓 = × 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟖 𝛀
𝟐
Q6/ A magnetic field strength of 1𝜇𝐴/𝑚 is required at 𝜃 = 𝜋/2 and 3𝑘𝑚 from an antenna in air
How much power must the antenna transmit if:
𝜆
a) Hertzian dipole of length 50
1
b) wave dipole
2
1
c) wave monopole
4
𝜆
d) 8 turn loop antenna of radius 𝑎 = 50
𝑲𝑰° 𝒍
a) |𝑯𝝓 | = 𝑺𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔
𝟒𝝅𝒓
𝟐𝝅 𝝀
× 𝑰𝚶 ×
𝝀 𝟓𝟎 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝝅 = 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 → 𝑰 = 𝟎. 𝟑 𝑨
𝚶
𝟒𝝅 × 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝒍 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝑰𝚶 𝑹𝒓 = 𝑰° 𝟖𝟎𝝅 ( ) = (𝟎. 𝟑) 𝟖𝟎𝝅 ( ) = 𝟏𝟒𝒎𝑾
𝟐 𝟐 𝝀 𝟐 𝟓𝟎
𝝅
𝑰 𝑪𝒐𝒔( 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜽)
b) |𝑯𝝓 | = 𝟐𝝅𝒓
𝚶 𝟐
= 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽
5
ANTENNA EXAMPLE BY Durgham Rabie Faisal
𝑰𝚶
𝟑
= 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 → 𝑰𝚶 = 𝟔𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑨
𝟐𝝅 × 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝑰𝚶 𝟐 𝑹𝒓 = (𝟔𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ) × 𝟕𝟑 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟗𝟕 𝒎𝑾
𝟐 𝟐
c) The same 𝑯𝝓 and 𝑰𝚶 = 𝟔𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑨
𝟏
𝑹𝒓 = × 𝟕𝟑 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟓 𝛀
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝑰𝚶 𝟐 𝑹𝒓 = (𝟔𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 )𝟐 × 𝟑𝟔. 𝟓 = 𝟔. 𝟒𝟖 𝒎𝑾
𝟐 𝟐
(𝒌𝒂)𝟐 𝑰𝚶 𝑵
d) |𝑯𝝓 | = = 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔
𝟒𝒓
𝟐
𝟐𝝅 𝝀
( × ) × 𝑰𝚶 × 𝟖
𝝀 𝟓𝟎 = 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 → 𝑰𝚶 = 𝟗𝟓 𝒎𝑨
𝟒 × 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝝅 𝝅 𝟐𝝅
𝑹𝒓 = 𝜼 (𝒌𝒂)𝟒 𝑵𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝝅 × ( )𝟒 (𝟖)𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟓 𝛀
𝟔 𝟔 𝟓𝟎
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝑰𝚶 𝑹𝒓 = (𝟗𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 )𝟐 × 𝟑. 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟐 𝒎𝑾
𝟐 𝟐
𝜋
Q7/ An electric field strength of 10𝜇𝑉/𝑚 is measured at an observation point 𝜃 = 2 , 500 𝑘𝑚 from half
wave dipole resent antenna operating in air at 50𝜇𝐻𝑧
a) What is the length of dipole
b) Calculate current must be for the antenna
c) Find the average power radiated by the antenna
d) If the line with 𝑍Ο = 75 Ω is connected to the antenna, determine VSWR
𝝀 𝒄 𝟑×𝟏𝟎𝟖
a) 𝒍 = 𝟐 , 𝝀 = 𝒇 = 𝟓𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟔 = 𝟔𝒎
𝟔
∴ 𝒍= = 𝟑𝒎
𝟐
𝝅
𝑰° 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝟐 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜽)
b) |𝑬| = 𝜼𝑯 = 𝜼 = 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔
𝟐𝝅𝒓 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝝅 × 𝑰𝚶 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝟎
= 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 → 𝑰𝚶 = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝑨
𝟐𝝅 × 𝟓𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝝅
𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
c) 𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝟐 𝑰𝚶 𝑹𝒓 = 𝟐 × (𝟖𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 𝒎)𝟐 × 𝟕𝟑 = 𝟐𝟓𝟑. 𝟓 𝒎𝑾
𝒁 −𝒁 |𝟕𝟑−𝟕𝟓|
d) |𝚪| = 𝒁𝒊𝒏 +𝒁𝒐 = |𝟕𝟒+𝟕𝟓| = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟓
𝒊𝒏 𝒐
𝟏 + 𝚪 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟓
𝑽𝑺𝑾𝑹 = = = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟑
𝟏 − 𝚪 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟓
6
ANTENNA EXAMPLE BY Durgham Rabie Faisal
Lec 10
Q1/ It is necessary to detect a target with a Radar Cross Section (RCS) of 1𝑚2 at a range
of 150 𝑘𝑚. A monostatic radar is used. The gain of the antenna employed is 40 𝑑𝐵 at a
frequency of 3 𝐺𝐻𝑧. The received power at the terminals of the antenna in receiving
mode is −100 𝑑𝐵𝑚.
1. What is the transmitting power needed?
2. What is the size of the effective antenna aperture?
Given:
• Radar Cross Section (RCS), 𝜎 = 1𝑚2
• Range to target, 𝑅 = 150 𝑘𝑚 = 150 × 103 𝑚
• Antenna gain, 𝐺 = 40 𝑑𝐵 = 104 (linear scale)
• Frequency, 𝑓 = 3 𝐺𝐻𝑧 = 3 × 109 𝐻𝑧
• Received power, 𝑃𝑅 = −100 𝑑𝐵𝑚 = 10−10 𝑚𝑊 = 10−13 𝑊
𝒄 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝝀= = = 𝟎. 𝟏 𝒎
𝒇 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗
𝝈𝑮𝟐 𝝀𝟐
𝑷𝑹 = 𝑷𝑻
(𝟒𝝅)𝟑 𝑹𝟒
(𝟒𝝅)𝟑 𝑹𝟒
𝑷𝑻 = 𝑷𝑹
𝝈𝑮𝟐 𝝀𝟐
−𝟏𝟑
(𝟒𝝅)𝟑 (𝟏𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 )𝟒
𝑷𝑻 = 𝟏𝟎 ≈ 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟔 𝒌𝑾
𝟏 × (𝟏𝟎𝟒 )𝟐 × (𝟎. 𝟏)𝟐
𝑮𝝀𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟒 × (𝟎. 𝟏)𝟐
𝑨𝒆 = = ≈ 𝟕. 𝟗𝟔 𝒎𝟐
𝟒𝝅 𝟒𝝅
Q2/ A broadcasting system operates at a frequency of 100 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and employs a half-
wave dipole antenna with a gain of 2.15 𝑑𝐵𝑖. The power accepted by the transmit
antenna is 1 𝑘𝑊. The minimum required power delivered by the receiving antenna is
1 𝑚𝑊. If the maximum range is 500 𝑘𝑚,
what should be the minimum gain of the receiving antenna?
Given:
7
ANTENNA EXAMPLE BY Durgham Rabie Faisal
• Frequency, f= 100 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 100 × 106 𝐻𝑧
• Transmit antenna gain, 𝐺𝑇 = 2.15 𝑑𝐵𝑖 = 100.215 ≈ 1.64𝐺𝑇
• Transmit power, 𝑃𝑇 = 1 𝑘𝑊 = 10−3 𝑊
• Received power, 𝑃𝑅 = 1 𝑚𝑊 = 10−3 𝑊
• Range, 𝑅 = 500 𝑘𝑚 = 500 × 103 𝑚
𝒄 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝝀= = =𝟑𝒎
𝒇 𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝝀 𝟐
𝑷𝑹 = 𝑷𝑻 𝑮𝑻 𝑮𝑹 ( )
𝟒𝝅𝑹
𝟒𝝅𝑹 𝟐 𝑷𝑹
𝑮𝑹 = ( )
𝝀 𝑷𝑻 𝑮𝑻
𝟐
𝟒𝝅 × 𝟓𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝟏𝟎−𝟗
𝑮𝑹 = ( ) ≈ 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕
𝟑 𝟏𝟎𝟑 × 𝟏. 𝟔𝟒
𝑮𝑹|𝒅𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 (𝟐. 𝟔𝟕) ≈ 𝟒. 𝟐𝟕 𝒅𝑩𝒊
Q3/ Given a uniform linear array of 10 isotropic elements (N=10) with an element spacing
𝜆
of 𝑑 = , determine the directivity D and its decibel equivalent for:
4
a) A broadside array.
b) An end-fire array.
Part (a): Broadside Array
𝝀
𝟐𝑵𝒅 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟒
𝑫= = =𝟓
𝝀 𝝀
𝑫|𝒅𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 (𝟓) = 𝟔. 𝟗𝟗 𝒅𝑩
Part (b): End-Fire Array
𝝀
𝟐𝑵𝒅 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟒
𝑫= = = 𝟏𝟎
𝝀 𝝀
𝑫|𝒅𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 (𝟏𝟎) = 𝟏𝟎 𝒅𝑩
8
ANTENNA EXAMPLE BY Durgham Rabie Faisal
Q4/ Compute the gain and effective aperture area Ae of a parabolic reflector antenna
with the following specifications:
• Diameter 𝐷 = 3 𝑚
• Frequency 𝑓 = 4 𝐺𝐻𝑧
• Reflection efficiency 𝜂 = 55% = 0.55
𝝅𝑫 𝟐
𝑮 = 𝜼( )
𝝀
𝒄 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝝀= = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟓 𝒎
𝒇 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗
𝝅×𝟑 𝟐
𝑮 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 × ( ) = 𝟖𝟔𝟖𝟓
𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟓
𝑮|𝒅𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 (𝟖𝟔𝟖𝟓) = 𝟑𝟗. 𝟒 𝒅𝑩
𝟒𝝅𝑨𝒆
𝑮=
𝝀𝟐
𝝀𝟐 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟓𝟐
𝑨𝒆 = 𝑮 = 𝟖𝟔𝟖𝟓 × = 𝟑. 𝟖 𝒎𝟐
𝟒𝝅 𝟒𝝅
𝑫𝟐 𝟑𝟐
𝑨𝒆 = 𝜼𝝅 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 × 𝝅 × = 𝟑. 𝟖 𝒎𝟐
𝟒 𝟒
Q5/ A circular parabolic reflector (dish) with a diameter of 1 m operates at 3 GHz with
an efficiency of 68%. Determine:
a) The physical area of the reflector.
b) The maximum effective area of the antenna.
c) The maximum directivity (dimensionless and in dB).
d) The maximum power delivered to the TV if the incident wave power density
is 10 μW/m2
Given:
• Diameter 𝐷 = 1𝑚
• Frequency 𝑓 = 3 𝐺𝐻𝑧 = 3 × 109 𝐻𝑧
• Efficiency 𝜂 = 68% = 0.68
• Incident power density 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑐 = 10 𝜇𝑊/𝑚2
9
ANTENNA EXAMPLE BY Durgham Rabie Faisal
𝒄 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝝀= = = 𝟎. 𝟏 𝒎
𝒇 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗
𝝅𝑫𝟐 𝝅
a) 𝑨𝒑𝒉 = = 𝒎𝟐
𝟒 𝟒
𝝅
b) 𝑨𝒆,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝜼 × 𝑨𝒑𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖 × = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑 𝒎𝟐
𝟒
𝟒𝝅𝑨𝒆,𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟒𝝅×𝟎.𝟓𝟑
c) 𝑫 = = = 𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟎𝟐
𝝀𝟐 (𝟎.𝟏)𝟐
𝑫|𝒅𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 (𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟎𝟐) = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟐𝟕 𝒅𝑩𝒊
d) 𝑴𝒂𝒙 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝑷𝒊𝒏𝒄 × 𝑨𝒆,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 × 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑 = 𝟓. 𝟑 𝝁𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕
Q6/For an X-band (8.2– 12.4 𝐺𝐻𝑧) rectangular horn antenna with aperture dimensions
of 5.5 cm and 7.4 cm:
1. Calculate its maximum effective aperture (𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑚²) when its maximum gain
(over isotropic) is:
𝑎) 14.8 𝑑𝐵 𝑎𝑡 8.2 𝐺𝐻𝑧
𝑏) 16.5 𝑑𝐵 𝑎𝑡 10.3 𝐺𝐻𝑧
2. Determine the aperture efficiency (𝜂) in each case.
Given:
• 𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝐴𝑝ℎ) = 5.5 𝑐𝑚 × 7.4 𝑐𝑚 = 40.7 𝑐𝑚²
𝒄 𝟑×𝟏𝟎𝟖
a) 𝝀 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟕 𝒎
𝒇 𝟖.𝟐×𝟏𝟎𝟗
𝟏𝟒.𝟖/𝟏𝟎
𝑮𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟐
𝝀𝟐 (𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟕)𝟐
𝑨𝒆,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑮𝒎𝒂𝒙 = × 𝟑𝟎. 𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟗𝒄𝒎𝟐
𝟒𝝅 𝟒𝝅
𝑨𝒆,𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟑𝟐. 𝟗
𝜼= = = 𝟖𝟎. 𝟖%
𝑨𝒑𝒉 𝟒𝟎. 𝟕
𝒄 𝟑×𝟏𝟎𝟖
b) 𝝀 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟗 𝒎
𝒇 𝟏𝟎.𝟑×𝟏𝟎𝟗
𝟓
𝑮𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟔.𝟏𝟎 =
𝟒𝟒. 𝟕
𝝀𝟐 (𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟗)𝟐
𝑨𝒆,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑮 = × 𝟒𝟒. 𝟕 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟐
𝟒𝝅 𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟒𝝅
𝑨𝒆,𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟑𝟎
𝜼= = = 𝟕𝟑. 𝟕%
𝑨𝒑𝒉 𝟒𝟎. 𝟕
2025/05/06
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