ig System: Android OS and Features ~ Android development framework; Installing and running applications on Android Studio, Creating AVDs, Types of Android application; Creating Activities, Activity Life Cycle, Activity states, monitoring state changes; Introduction To Android Android is an open source and Linux-based Operating System for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. Android was developed by the Open Handset Alliance, led by Google, and other companies. Android offers a unified approach to application development for mobile devices which means developers need only develop for Android, and their applications should be able to run on different devices powered by Android Android has come a long way from its humble beginnings, as the product of a small start up, all the way to becoming the leading mobile operating system worldwide, Google's introduction of Project Treble in Android Oreo should make it easier for phone makers to update their devices faster. One challenge for Android device owners that has been an issue for the OS ever since it launched is updating it with the latest security patches, for major feature updates. Google's supported Nexus and Pixel devices consistently receive regular monthly security updates, and the latest version of the OS. Operating Systems Different OS run on different types of hardware and are designed for different types of applications. For example, iS is designed for iPhones and iPad tablets, while Mac desktops and laptops use macOs. Microsoft Windows : Initial versions of Windows worked with MS-DOS, providing a modern graphical interface on top of DOS's traditional text-based commands. The Windows Start menu helps users find programs and files on their devices. APPLE 10S Apple's iOS is one of the most popular smartphone operating systems, second only to Androi runs on Apple hardware, including iPhones, iPad tablets and iPod Touch media players. GOOGLE'S ANDROID OS ‘Android is the most popular operating system in the world judging by the number of devices installed. Users can download custom versions of the operating system. ‘APPLE MAC OS Apple's macOS, successor to the popular OS X operating system, runs on Apple laptops anddesktops. MacOS is known for its user-friendly features, which include Siri and FaceTime. LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM Linux can be run on a wide variety of hardware and is available free of charge over the internet. Features ofAndroid Android is a powerful operating system competing with Apple 46S and support great features. Few of them are listed below: Feature Description Beautiful UI Android OS basic screen provides a beautiful and intuitive user interface. Connectivity GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LTE, NFC and WiMAX. Storage SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage purposes. Media support _H.263, H.264, MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB, AAC, HE-AAC, AAC 5.1, MP3, MIDI, Ogg Vorbis, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, and BMP Messaging SMS and MMS Web browser Based on the open-source Webkit layout engine, coupled with Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine supporting HTMLS and CSS3. Multi-touch Android has native support for multi-touch which was initially made available in handsets such as the HTC Hero. Multi-tasking User can jump from one task to another and same time various application can run simultaneously. Resizable widgets Widgets are resizable, so users can expand them to show more content or shrink them to save space Multi-Language Support single direction and bi-directional text.Google Cloud Messaging (GCM) is a service that let developers send short message data to their users on Android devices, without needing a proprietary sync solution. Wi-Fi Direct A technology that let apps discover and pair directly, over a high- bandwidth peer-to-peer connection. ‘Android Beam A popular NFC-based technology that let users instantly share, just by touching two NFC-enabled phones together. ‘THE DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK: ANDROID ARCHITECTURE Android operating system is a stack of software components which is roughly divided into five sections and four main layers as shown below in the architecture diagram Applications rranapee Cee) ‘Caen ) systom 2} Android Runtime ‘a Cine a Android is structured in the form of a software stack comprising applications, an operating system, run-time environment, middleware, services and libraries. Each layer of the stack, and the corresponding elements within each layer, are tightly integrated and carefully tuned to provide the optimal application development and execution environment for mobile devices. THE LINUX KERNEL Positioned at the bottom of the Android software stack, the Linux Kernel provides a level of abstraction between the device hardware and the upper layers of the Android software stack. Based on Linux version 2.6, the kernel provides pre-emptive multitasking, low-level core system services such as memory, process and power management in addition to providing a network stack and device drivers for hardware such as the device display, Wi and audio.ANDROID RUNTIME - ART When an Android app is built within Android Studio it is compiled into an intermediate byte- code format (DEX format). When the application is subsequently loaded onto the device, the Android Runtime (ART) uses a process referred to as Ahead-of-Time (AOT) compilation to translate the byte-code down to the native instructions required by the device processor. This format is known as Executable and Linkable Format (ELF). Each time the application is subsequently launched, the ELF executable version is run, resulting in faster application performance and improved battery life This section provides a key component called Dalvik Virtual Machine which is a kind of Java Virtual Machine specially designed and optimized for Android. The Dalvik VM makes use of Linux core features like memory management and multi- threading, which is intrinsic in the Java language. The Dalvik VM enables every Android application to run in its own process, with its own instance of the Dalvik virtual machine. The Android runtime also provides a set of core libraries which enable Android application developers to write Android applications using standard Java programming language. ANDROID LIBRARIES In addition to a set of standard Java development libraries (providing support for such general purpose tasks as string handling, networking and file manipulation), the Android development enviranment also includes the Android Libraries. These are a set of Java-based libraries that are specific to Android development. C/C++ LIBRARIES The Android runtime core libraries are Java-based and provide the primary APIs for developers writing Android applications. It is important to note, however, that the core libraries do not perform much of the actual work and are, in fact, essentially Java urappers|] around a set of C/C++ based libraries: APPLICATION FRAMEWORK The Application Framework is a set of services that collectively form the environment in which Android applications run and are managed. This framework implements the concept that Android applications are constructed from reusable, interchangeable and replaceable components. This concept is taken a step further in that an application is also able to publish its capabilities along with any corresponding data so that they can be found and reused by other applications APPLICATIONS Located at the top of the Android software stack are the applications. These comprise both the native applications provided with the particular Android implementation (for example web browser and email applications) and the third party applications installed by the user after purchasing the device.INSTALLING AND RUNNING APPLICATIONS ON ANDROID STUDIO. Step 1 - System Requirements ‘The required tools to develop Android applications are open source and can be downloaded from the Web. Following is the list of software's you will need before you start your Android application programming. ‘+ Java JDKS or later version ‘+ Java Runtime Environment (JRE) 6 + Android Studio Step 2 - Setup Android Studio Android Studio is the official IDE for android application development. It works based on IntelliJ IDEA, You can download the latest version of android studio from Android Studio 2.2 Download, If you are new to installing Android Studio on windows,you will find a file, which is named as android-studio- [Link] just download and run on windows machine according to android studio wizard guideline. If you are installing Android Studio on Mac or Linux, You can download the latest version from Android Studio Mac Download or Android Studio Linux Download, check the instructions provided along with the downloaded file for Mac OS and Linux. This tutorial will consider that you are going to setup your environment on Windows machine having Windows 8.1 operating system. Installation So let's launch Android [Link],Make sure before launch Android Studio, Our Machine should required installed Java JDK. To install Java JOK,take a references of Android environment setup Welcome to Android Studio Setup 1p wil auc you through the instalation of Anckid Sud, Ts recommended that you dose allother applications fe siatna Setup. zhis wllmake tpossble te update relevant ayetam fee withouthaving te reboot your computer, (Gk Next to contrue,