Mathematics Formulas, Definitions, and
Theorems (Class 10)
1. Linear Equations in Two Variables
Definition: An equation of the form ax + by + c = 0 , where a, b, c are real numbers and a, b 0 . =
Forms: - Standard form: ax + by + c = 0 - Two-variable form: y = mx + c
Methods to Solve: 1. Substitution Method 2. Elimination Method 3. Cross-Multiplication Method
Graphical Representation: Intersection point of two straight lines represents the solution.
2. Quadratic Equations
Definition: An equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 , where a 0 .=
Forms: - Standard form: ax2 + bx + c = 0 - Factorized form: (x − p)(x − q) = 0
Methods to Solve: 1. Factorization Method 2. Completing the Square 3. Quadratic Formula:
−b ± b2 − 4ac
x=
2a
Nature of Roots: - If b2 − 4ac > 0 → Real and distinct roots - If b2 − 4ac = 0 → Real and equal roots -
If b2 − 4ac < 0 → No real roots (complex)
3. Arithmetic Progressions (AP)
Definition: A sequence of numbers where each term after the first is obtained by adding a fixed
number (common difference, d ).
Formulas: - nth term: an = a + (n − 1)d - Sum of first n terms:
Sn = n2 [2a + (n − 1)d] = n2 (a + l)
where l is the last term.
4. Triangles
Key Theorems: 1. Basic Proportionality Theorem (Thales Theorem): If a line is drawn parallel to one
side of a triangle, it divides the other two sides in the same ratio. 2. Pythagoras Theorem: In a right
1
triangle, (Hypotenuse)2 = (Base)2 + (P erpendicular)2 . 3. Similarity of Triangles: Two triangles
are similar if their corresponding angles are equal and corresponding sides are in the same ratio.
Area Theorem: If two triangles are similar, the ratio of their areas = square of the ratio of their
corresponding sides.
5. Coordinate Geometry
Distance Formula:
d= (x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2
Section Formula:
If point P divides line joining (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) in ratio m:n, then
mx2 + nx1 my2 + ny1
P (x, y) = ( , )
m+n m+n
Midpoint Formula:
2 y1 +y2
M (x, y) = ( x1 +x
2 , 2 )
Centroid of Triangle:
For vertices (x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ), (x3 , y3 ) :
x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3
G( , )
3 3
6. Introduction to Trigonometry
Opposite Adjacent Opposite 1 1
Ratios: - sin θ = Hypotenuse - cos θ = Hypotenuse - tan θ = Adjacent - csc θ = sin θ - sec θ = cos θ -
1
cot θ = tan θ
2
Identities: 1. sin θ + cos2 θ = 1 2. 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ 3. 1 + cot2 θ = csc2 θ
Trigonometric Values Table:
θ 0∘ 30∘ 45∘ 60∘ 90∘
1 3
sin θ 0 1/2 2 2
1
3 1
cos θ 1 2 2 1/2 0
1
tan θ 0 3 1 3 Not Defined
2
csc θ Not Defined 2 2 3 1
2
sec θ 1 3 2 2 Not Defined
2
θ 0∘ 30∘ 45∘ 60∘ 90∘
1
cot θ Not Defined 3 1 3 0
7. Applications of Trigonometry
• Height and Distance Problems using angles of elevation and depression.
• Right triangle-based calculations.
Formula:
Height
tan θ = Distance
8. Statistics
Σfi xi
Measures of Central Tendency: - Mean: ˉ=
x Σfi - Median: Middle value of arranged data (For
grouped data: use median formula) - Mode: The most frequent value (Grouped data: Mode = l+
(f1 −f0 )
2f1 −f0 −f2 ×h)
9. Probability
Definition: Probability of an event =
F avorable Outcomes
P (E) =
T otal Outcomes
Range: 0 ≤ P (E) ≤ 1 .
✅ This document covers all key formulas, definitions, theorems, and now includes the Trigonometric
Values Table for quick reference.