Chapter 4

DIFFERENTIATION

𝒅𝒚
The derivative of a function 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) is denoted: 𝒇 (𝒙), , 𝒚 , 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆, or
𝒅𝒙
𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆. The process of finding the derivative is called differentiation.

. If 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) can be found 𝑓 is said to be differentiable at 𝑎, and 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) is called the derivative of 𝑓 at 𝑎. The
process of finding the derivative is called differentiation.

10
9
Tangent Line
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Ko x

-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6

-1

The slope of the tangent line at (𝑥 = 2) = tan(𝐾 ) = |

Rules for Differentiation

Rule (1)
𝒚 = 𝒂 (𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕)

𝒅𝒚
=𝟎
𝒅𝒙

𝒅𝒚
Example (1): Find for the following functions
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
1. 𝒚 = 𝟖 → =𝟎
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
2. 𝒚 = √𝟒𝟎 → =𝟎
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
3. 𝒚 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟐 → =𝟎
𝒅𝒙

23
Rule (2) 𝒚 = 𝒂 .𝒙

𝒅𝒚
=𝒂
𝒅𝒙

𝒅𝒚
Example (2): Find for the following functions
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
1. 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 → =𝟑
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
2. 𝒚 = 𝒙 → =𝟏
𝒅𝒙
𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝟏
3. 𝒚 = → =
𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟐
𝟓𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝟓
4. 𝒚 = → =
𝟑 𝒅𝒙 𝟑

Rule (3)
𝒚 = 𝒂. 𝒙𝒏

𝒅𝒚
= 𝒂. 𝒏. 𝒙𝒏 𝟏
𝒅𝒙

𝒅𝒚
Example (3): Find for the following functions
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
1. 𝒚 = 𝟓𝒙𝟑 → = 𝟓 × 𝟑 × 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
2. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟒 → = 𝟒𝒙𝟑
𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝟏
3. 𝒚 = 𝟖√𝒙 = 𝟖𝒙𝟐 → = 𝟖 × × 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒙 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝟐
𝟑 𝒅𝒚
4. 𝒚 = = 𝟑𝒙 𝟏
→ = 𝟑(−𝟏)𝒙 𝟐
= (−𝟑)𝒙 𝟐
𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟓 𝟓 𝟑
𝒅𝒚 𝟓 𝟏 𝟓
5. 𝒚 = √𝒙𝟓 = 𝒙𝟐 → = 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝟐
𝟒 𝟒 𝟕
𝟐 𝟐 𝒅𝒚 𝟒 𝟏 𝟖
6. 𝒚 = 𝟑 = 𝟒 = 𝟐𝒙 𝟑 → =𝟐 𝒙𝟑 = 𝒙𝟑
𝒙 𝟒 𝒅𝒙 𝟑 𝟑
𝒙𝟑

Rule (4)
𝒚 = 𝒇𝟏 (𝒙) ± 𝒇𝟐 (𝒙)

𝒅𝒚
= 𝒇 𝟏 (𝒙) ± 𝒇 𝟐 (𝒙)
𝒅𝒙

𝒅𝒚
Example (4): Find for the following functions
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
1. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓 → = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
2. 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟓 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏 → = 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒
𝒅𝒙

24
Rule (5)
𝒚 = 𝒇𝟏 (𝒙) × 𝒇𝟐 (𝒙)

𝒅𝒚
= 𝒇𝟏 ×𝒇 𝟐
+ ( 𝒇 𝟐 × 𝒇 𝟏)
𝒅𝒙

𝒅𝒚
(1) example (5): Find for the following functions
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
1. 𝒚 = (𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏) 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 → = (𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏) 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟓 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 (𝟑𝒙𝟐 )
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
2. 𝒚 = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕)(𝟏𝟎𝒙 − 𝟒) → = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕)(𝟏𝟎) + (𝟏𝟎𝒙 − 𝟒)(𝟐𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
3. 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟓 − 𝟑𝒙 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟔 → = 𝟐𝒙𝟓 − 𝟑𝒙 (𝟑𝒙𝟐 ) + 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟔 (𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟒 − 𝟑)
𝒅𝒙

Rule (6)

𝒇𝟏 (𝒙)
𝒚=
𝒇𝟐 (𝒙)

𝒅𝒚 𝒇 𝟐
×𝒇 𝟏
−(𝒇 𝟏
×𝒇 𝟐)
=
𝒅𝒙 (𝒇𝟐 )𝟐

𝒅𝒚
Example (6): Find for the following functions
𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 𝒅𝒚 (𝟒𝒙 𝟐)(𝟐𝒙 𝟏) (𝒙𝟐 𝒙 𝟏)(𝟒)
1. 𝒚 = → = (𝟒𝒙 𝟐)𝟐
𝟒𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝒙

𝟓𝒙 𝟏 𝒅𝒚 𝟐𝒙𝟑 𝟓 (𝟓) (𝟓𝒙 𝟏) (𝟔𝒙𝟐 )

2. 𝒚 = → = 𝟐
𝟐𝒙𝟑 𝟓 𝒅𝒙 𝟐𝒙𝟑 𝟓

𝟓𝒙𝟐 𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒚 (𝟒𝒙)(𝟏𝟎𝒙 𝟑) (𝟓𝒙𝟐 𝟑𝒙) (𝟒)

3. 𝒚 = → = (𝟒𝒙)𝟐
𝟒𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝒙𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 𝒅𝒚 (𝒙 𝟏)(𝟐𝒙 𝟏) (𝒙𝟐 𝒙 𝟏) (𝟏)

4. 𝒚 = → = (𝒙 𝟏)𝟐
𝒙 𝟏 𝒅𝒙

Rule (7)
𝒚= [𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏

𝒅𝒚
= 𝒏 . [𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏 𝟏
. 𝒇′ (𝒙)
𝒅𝒙

25
 𝒅𝒚
Example (7): Find for the following functions
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
1. 𝒚 = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟑) 𝟒
→ = 𝟒 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟑 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝒅𝒙
𝟓 𝒅𝒚
2. 𝒚 = 𝟑 = 𝟓 (𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝟑
→ = 𝟓(−𝟑)(𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝟒 (𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓) =
𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝟓𝒙 𝟏 𝒅𝒙

(−𝟏𝟓)(𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝟒 (𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟒
𝟐 𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
3. 𝒚 = 𝟑 = 𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝟑 → =𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝟑 (𝟐𝒙) = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝟑 (𝟐𝒙)
𝒙𝟐 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝟑 𝟑

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
4. 𝒚 = √𝒙 + 𝟐 = (𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 → = 𝒙 +𝟐 𝟐
(𝟏) = 𝒙 +𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝟐
𝟖 𝒅𝒚
5. 𝒚 = = 𝟖(𝒙𝟒 − 𝟓) 𝟏
→ = 𝟖(−𝟏)(𝒙𝟒 − 𝟓) 𝟐 (𝟒𝒙𝟑 ) = (−𝟑𝟐𝒙𝟑 )(𝒙𝟒 − 𝟓) 𝟐
𝒙𝟒 𝟓 𝒅𝒙

Rule (8) 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒇(𝒙)

𝒅𝒚 𝒇 (𝒙)
=
𝒅𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)

𝒅𝒚
Example (8): Find for the following functions
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝟏
1. 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 → =
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝟐 𝟏
2. 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧(𝟐𝒙) → = =
𝒅𝒙 𝟐𝒙 𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝟐𝒙 𝟑
3. 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙) → =
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝟑𝒙
𝟏
𝒙 𝒅𝒚 (𝐥𝐧 𝒙)(𝟏) 𝒙(𝒙) (𝐥𝐧 𝒙) 𝟏
4. 𝒚 = → = =
𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 (𝐥𝐧 𝒙)𝟐 (𝐥𝐧 𝒙)𝟐

𝒅𝒚 𝟏
5. 𝒚 = 𝒙. 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 → =𝒙 + (𝐥𝐧 𝒙)(𝟏) = 𝟏 + 𝐥𝐧 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
𝟏
𝒅𝒚 𝟏
6. 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧(𝐥𝐧 𝒙) → = 𝒙
=
𝒅𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒙.(𝐥𝐧 𝒙)
𝒅𝒚 𝟐𝒙 𝟖𝒙
7. 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝟒 = 𝟒. 𝐥𝐧(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) → =𝟒× =
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝟏

8. 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧[(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟒𝒙 − 𝟔)𝟑 ] = 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝐥𝐧(𝟒𝒙 − 𝟔)𝟑 = 𝟐. 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟏) + 𝟑. 𝐥𝐧(𝟒𝒙 − 𝟔) →
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝟒 𝟐 𝟏𝟐
=𝟐× + 𝟑× = +
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝟏 𝟒𝒙 𝟔 𝒙 𝟏 𝟒𝒙 𝟔

𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 𝒅𝒚
9. 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 = 𝐥𝐧 ( )𝟐 = 𝐥𝐧 ( ) = [(𝐥𝐧 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) − (𝐥𝐧 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)] → =
𝒙𝟐 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝒅𝒙

𝟏 𝟐𝒙 𝟐𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
[ − ] = −
𝟐 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝟏

26
Rule (9)

𝒚 = 𝒆𝒇(𝒙)
𝒅𝒚
= 𝒆𝒇(𝒙) . 𝒇 (𝒙)
𝒅𝒙

𝒅𝒚
Example (9): Find for the following functions
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
1. 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 → = 𝒆𝒙 . (𝟏) = 𝒆𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
2. 𝒚 = 𝒆𝟒𝒙 → = 𝒆𝟒𝒙 . (𝟒) = 𝟒𝒆𝟒𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝒅𝒚 𝟐 𝟐
3. 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 → = 𝒆𝒙 . (𝟐𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙. 𝒆𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝒅𝒚 𝟐 𝟐
4. 𝒚 = 𝒆(𝒙 𝒙)
→ = 𝒆(𝒙 𝒙)
. (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏) = (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏). 𝒆(𝒙 𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝒅𝒚
5. 𝒚 = = 𝟐𝒆 𝒙
→ = 𝟐𝒆 𝒙 . (−𝟏) = (−𝟐). 𝒆 𝒙
𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
6. 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 . 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 → = 𝒆𝒙 . + (𝐥𝐧 𝒙). 𝒆𝒙 . 𝟏 = 𝒆𝒙 . + 𝒆𝒙 . (𝐥𝐧 𝒙) = 𝒆𝒙 + 𝐥𝐧 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒚 (𝐥𝐧 𝒙)(𝒆𝒙 .𝟏) (𝒆𝒙 ) 𝒆𝒙 (𝐥𝐧 𝒙) (𝒆𝒙 ) 𝒆𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙
7. 𝒚 = → = (𝐥𝐧 𝒙)𝟐
𝒙
= (𝐥𝐧 𝒙)𝟐
𝒙
= (𝐥𝐧 𝒙)𝟐
𝒙
𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝟏
8. 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 𝟏 . 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 − 𝟏) → = 𝒆𝒙 𝟏
. + (𝐥𝐧(𝒙 − 𝟏)). 𝒆𝒙 𝟏
. 𝟏 = 𝒆𝒙 𝟏
. +
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝟏 𝒙 𝟏

𝒆𝒙 𝟏
. (𝐥𝐧(𝒙 − 𝟏))
𝒅𝒚 𝟏
9. 𝒚 = 𝒆𝟐 + 𝒙𝒆 − 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 → = 𝟎 + 𝒆𝒙𝒆 𝟏
−
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒆𝟒𝒙 𝟏 (𝟒)
10. 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒆𝟒𝒙 𝟏
→ = =𝟒
𝒅𝒙 𝒆𝟒𝒙 𝟏

27
 APPLICATIONS of Differentiation

1- Finding an Equation of a Tangent line:

𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
Example (13):
a) Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 , When 𝒙 = 𝟑
y f(x)=x^2-2x +3
y=4x -6
14
Series 1

13

b) Find the value of 𝒙 where the tangent is horizontal. 12

11

10

Solution:
7

a) 4

𝒅𝒚
1. = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐
1

𝒅𝒙
-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

𝒅𝒚
2. The slope is 𝒎 = at 𝒙 = 𝟑, 𝒎 = 𝟐(𝟑) − 𝟐 = 𝟒
𝒅𝒙
3. The 𝒚 − 𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 = 𝒇(𝟑) = 𝒚 = (𝟑)𝟐 − 𝟐(𝟑) + 𝟑 = 𝟔 . Then the point is (𝟑, 𝟔)
4. An equation of the tangent line is: 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
𝒚 − 𝟔 = 𝟒(𝒙 − 𝟑)
𝒚 − 𝟔 = 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐
𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟔

b) At the horizontal tangent line: the slope m=0 5

𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐 = 𝟎 4

𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐 2

1
𝒙=𝟏 x

-1 1 2 3

Example (14): y

5
Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve 4

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒚 = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 , When 𝒙 = 𝟏 3

Solution:
x

1 2 3 4
-1
𝒅𝒚
1. = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
2. The slope is 𝒎 = at 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒎 = −𝟐(𝟏) + 𝟒 = 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
3. The 𝒚 − 𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 = 𝒇(𝟏) = 𝒚 = −(𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟒(𝟏) = −𝟏 + 𝟒 = 𝟑 . Then the point is (𝟏, 𝟑)
4. An equation of the tangent line is: 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
𝒚 − (𝟑) = 𝟐(𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐 + 𝟑
𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏

28
 2- Economic Applications of Differentiation

 If the "Total Cost" is: 𝑪 = 𝒇(𝒒) , where 𝒒 is the output (quantity), then
𝒅𝑪 𝑪
The Marginal Cost is: 𝑴𝑪 = , and the Average Cost is: 𝑨𝑪 = . and 𝑪 = 𝑨𝑪 × 𝒒 .
𝒅𝒒 𝒒

Example (15):
𝟏
If the total cost function is 𝑪 = 𝒒𝟐 + 𝟑𝒒 + 𝟒𝟎𝟎, find the Average Cost, and the Marginal Cost at 𝒒 =
𝟒
𝟖𝟎
Solution:
𝟏 𝟐
𝑪 𝒒 + 𝟑𝒒 + 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟏 𝟒𝟎𝟎
𝑨𝑪 = = 𝟒 = 𝒒 +𝟑+
𝒒 𝒒 𝟒 𝒒
𝟏 𝟒𝟎𝟎
𝑨𝑪|𝒒 𝟖𝟎 = (𝟖𝟎) + 𝟑 + = 𝟐𝟎 + 𝟑 + 𝟓 = 𝟐𝟖
𝟒 𝟖𝟎
𝒅𝑪 𝟏 𝟏
𝑴𝑪 = = ×𝟐×𝒒+𝟑= 𝒒+𝟑
𝒅𝒒 𝟒 𝟐
𝟏
𝑴𝑪|𝒒 𝟖𝟎 = (𝟖𝟎) + 𝟑 = 𝟒𝟎 + 𝟑 = 𝟒𝟑
𝟐

 If the "Total Revenue" is: 𝑹 = 𝒇(𝒒) ,

𝒅𝑹 𝑹
The Marginal Revenue is: 𝑴𝑹 = , and the Average Revenue is: 𝑨𝑹 = .
𝒅𝒒 𝒒

Example (16):
If the total revenue 𝑹 = 𝒇(𝒒) = 𝟐𝒒𝟐 + 𝟓𝒒, find the Average revenue, and the Marginal revenue when
𝒒 = 𝟏𝟎
Solution:

𝑹 𝟐𝒒𝟐 + 𝟓𝒒
𝑨𝑹 = = = 𝟐𝒒 + 𝟓
𝒒 𝒒
𝑨𝑹|𝒒 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟐(𝟏𝟎) + 𝟓 = 𝟐𝟎 + 𝟓 = 𝟐𝟓
𝒅𝑹
𝑴𝑹 = = 𝟒𝒒 + 𝟓
𝒅𝒒
𝑴𝑪|𝒒 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟒(𝟏𝟎) + 𝟓 = 𝟒𝟎 + 𝟓 = 𝟒𝟓

29
 If the "Total Production" is: 𝒒 = 𝒇(𝑳) , where 𝒒 is the production and 𝑳 is the labor
𝒅𝒒 𝒒
The Marginal Production is: 𝑴𝑷 = , and the Average Production is: 𝑨𝑷 = .
𝒅𝑳 𝑳

Example (17):
𝟏
If 𝒒 = 𝒇(𝑳) = 𝑳𝟐 + 𝑳 is the production function, find: the Average production (AP) and Marginal
𝟐
production (MP) of Labor when L=3.
𝟏
𝒒 𝑳𝟐 + 𝑳 𝟏
𝟐
𝑨𝑷 = = = 𝑳+𝟏
𝑳 𝑳 𝟐
𝟏
𝑨𝑷|𝑳 𝟑 = (𝟑) + 𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟓 + 𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
𝟐
𝒅𝒒 𝟏
𝑴𝑷 = = ×𝟐×𝑳+𝟏 = 𝑳+𝟏
𝒅𝑳 𝟐
𝑴𝑷|𝑳 𝟑 = 𝟑 + 𝟏 = 𝟒

30
 Solved Problems

𝒅𝒚
Find for the following functions:
𝒅𝒙

1) 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
𝒅𝒚
= 𝟐𝒙 – 𝟐
𝒅𝒙

2) 𝒚 = (𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝒅𝒚
= (𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)(𝟏) + (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝟒𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 = 𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏
𝒅𝒙

𝒙𝟐 𝒙
3) 𝒚 =
𝒙 𝟏
𝒅𝒚 (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏) − (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙)(𝟏)
=
𝒅𝒙 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐

4) 𝒚 = (𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙)𝟑
𝒅𝒚
= 𝟑(𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙)𝟐 (𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑)
𝒅𝒙

𝟐
5) 𝒚 = 𝟑
(𝒙 𝟏)𝟐
𝟐
𝒚 = 𝟐(𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝟑
𝒅𝒚 −𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 −𝟒 𝟓
= (𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝟑 (𝟏) = (𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 𝟑 𝟑

6) 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 𝟏 . 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒆𝒙 𝟏 . + (𝐥𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟏)). 𝒆𝒙 𝟏
. 𝟏 = 𝒆𝒙 𝟏
. + 𝒆𝒙 𝟏
. (𝐥𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟏))
𝒅𝒙 𝒙+𝟏 𝒙+𝟏

7) 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙)𝟑
𝒚 = 𝟑. 𝐥𝐧(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙)
𝒅𝒚 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟑(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)
=𝟑× 𝟐 =
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 +𝒙 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙

𝒙 𝟏
8) 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧
𝒙 𝟏
𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟏) − 𝐥𝒏(𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝟏
= −
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟏

9) 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙) at x= -1

31
 𝟏 𝟏
𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙)𝟐 = 𝐥𝐧(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙)
𝟐
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
= × 𝟐 =
𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝒙 +𝒙 𝟐(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙)
𝒅𝒚 𝟐( 𝟏) 𝟏 𝟏
At x= -1, = = = −∞ (𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅),
𝒅𝒙 𝟐(( 𝟏)𝟐 ( 𝟏)) 𝟎
so the function is not differentiable at x =-1.

10) 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟕
Differentiate both sides with respect to 𝒙 , we have
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝟐𝒚 − [𝒙 + 𝒚(𝟏)] + 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝟐𝒚 −𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
Factoring from the left side, we have
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
(𝟐𝒚 − 𝒙) = 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
Solve for
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙
=
𝒅𝒙 𝟐𝒚 − 𝒙

11) Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒚 = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 , When 𝒙 = 𝟏

𝒅𝒚
1. = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
2. The slope is 𝒎 = at 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒎 = −𝟐(𝟏) + 𝟏 = −𝟏
𝒅𝒙
3. The 𝒚 − 𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 = 𝒇(𝟏) = 𝒚 = −(𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟏 = −𝟏 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 . Then the point is (𝟏, 𝟎)
4. An equation of the tangent line is: 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
𝒚 − (𝟎) = −𝟏(𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝒚 = −𝒙 + 𝟏

𝟏
12) If the total cost function is 𝑪 = 𝒒𝟐 + 𝟐𝒒 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎, find the fixed cost, Average Cost, and the
𝟐
Marginal Cost at 𝒒 = 𝟐𝟎.

𝑭𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏 𝟐
𝑪 𝒒 + 𝟐𝒒 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑨𝑪 = = 𝟐 = 𝒒 +𝟐+
𝒒 𝒒 𝟐 𝒒
𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑨𝑪|𝒒 𝟐𝟎 = (𝟐𝟎) + 𝟐 + = 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟐 + 𝟓 = 𝟏𝟕
𝟐 𝟐𝟎
𝒅𝑪 𝟏
𝑴𝑪 = = ×𝟐×𝒒+𝟐 = 𝒒+𝟐
𝒅𝒒 𝟐
𝑴𝑪|𝒒 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟐𝟎 + 𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐

32
 Exercises

Find 𝒅𝒚/𝒅𝒙 :
𝟐
(1) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒙 . 𝐥𝐧(𝒙𝟐 )
(2) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒙 . 𝐥𝐧(𝒙)
(3) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆(𝒙 𝟏)
. 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 − 𝟏)
(4) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆𝟐𝒙 . 𝐥𝐧(𝒙𝟐 )
(5) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐧(𝟐𝒙)𝒆𝟐𝒙
(6) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆𝟑𝒙 . 𝐥𝐧(𝟐𝒙)
(7) 𝒚 = (𝒆𝒙 )𝐥𝐧(𝒙)
(8) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐧 { (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟑 . (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 }
(9) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐧(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏)
(10) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐧(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟒
(11) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐧{(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 . (𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟑 }
(12) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐧(𝐥𝐧 𝐱 𝟐 )
(𝟏 𝒙)
(13) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐧
𝒆(𝟏 𝒙)

𝟐
(14) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙𝟐 𝒙

𝟑
(15) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙
(16) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙
(17) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙

(18) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙−𝒙𝟐 )𝟑

(19) 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒍𝒏 𝒚 − 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎
(20) (𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚)𝟐 = 𝟎
𝟐
(21) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒙 . 𝐥𝐧(𝒙𝟐 )
𝟐
(22) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙𝟐 𝒙

(23) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆𝟐𝒙 . 𝐥𝐧(𝒙𝟐 )

(24) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐧 { (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟑 . (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 }

33
 Homework (4)
Find dy/dx:
1. 𝒚 = 𝟓
2. 𝒚 = 𝟗𝒙
3. 𝒚 = 𝟗𝒙𝟐
4. 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙𝟑
5. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 − √𝒙
6. 𝒚 = −𝟖𝒙𝟒 + 𝐥𝐧 𝟐
𝟏𝟑 𝒙𝟒
7. 𝒚 =
𝟑
𝟒
8. 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐 √𝒙
𝟏
9. 𝒚 =
𝒙
𝟏
10. 𝒚 = 𝟑
𝟖𝒙𝟐
𝟐
11. 𝒚 =
√𝒙

12. 𝒚 = (𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝟔𝒙 + 𝟑)

13. 𝒚 = (𝟓 − 𝟑𝒙)(𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 )
14. 𝒚 = (𝟑 + 𝒙)(𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐)
15. 𝒚 = (𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒)(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏)
16. 𝒚 = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟑)
17. 𝒚 = (𝟑𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 )(𝟑 − 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 )
𝟐𝒙 𝟑
18. 𝒚 =
𝟒𝒙 𝟏
𝟓𝒙
19. 𝒚 =
𝒙 𝟏
𝟔 𝟐𝒙
20. 𝒚 =
𝒙𝟐 𝟒
𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟐 𝟏
21. 𝒚 =
𝒙𝟐 𝟏
𝒙𝟑 𝟖
22. 𝒚 =
𝒙
𝟏
23. 𝒚 =
𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟕
𝒙𝟒 𝟒
24. 𝒚 =
𝟑𝒙
𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝟓𝒙 𝟐
25. 𝒚 =
𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝟓𝒙 𝟑

26. 𝒚 = (𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟔

27. 𝒚 = (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒)𝟒
28. 𝒚 = 𝟐(𝒙𝟑 − 𝟖𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙)𝟏𝟎𝟎

34
 (𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝟏)𝟒
29. 𝒚 =
𝟐

30. 𝒚 = (𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 𝟑

31. 𝒚 = √𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙
𝟒
32. 𝒚 = √𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
𝟓
33. 𝒚 = 𝟐 (𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏)𝟐
𝟑
34. 𝒚 =
(𝒙𝟒 𝟐)
𝟒
35. 𝒚 =
𝟗𝒙𝟐 𝟏

36. 𝒚 = 𝟒 𝐥𝐧 𝒙
37. 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧(𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)
38. 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )
39. 𝒚 = 𝒙 𝐥𝐧(𝒙)
40. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 𝐥𝐧(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓)
41. 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )
42. 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐)𝟐 (𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝟐𝒙 𝟑
43. 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧( )
𝟑𝒙 𝟒

𝟑 𝒙𝟑 𝟏
44. 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧
𝒙𝟑 𝟏
𝟐
45. 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒆𝒙 + 𝒆𝟐 + 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒙𝒆
46. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒆𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐
𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒆𝒙
47. 𝒚 = +
𝒆𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙

𝒙𝟐
48. 𝒚 = 𝒆 𝟐𝒙 𝟏

49. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙
50. 𝒚 = 𝒆𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙
51. Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒚 = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 , When 𝒙 = 𝟏.
52. Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑 , When 𝒙 = 𝟏.
53. Find the value of 𝒙 where the tangent is horizontal if 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑.

35