pprac

Per Diem / Payment for the Architect’s personal

SSP DOC. 201: PRE-DESIGN SERVICES Honorarium time and additional expenses for
travel, etc.
1. General Definitions and Acronyms
Mixed SPP allows a combination of methods
Term Description Compensation depending on the project type
Methods
SPP Standards of Professional Practice;
required under Sec. 41 of RA 9266
4. Pre-Design Services
Architect A Registered and Licensed Architect (RLA)
under Philippine law with a valid Term Description
certificate of registration and professional
ID Consultation Oral or written advice, direction,
appraisals whether or not the project
Architectural A juridical entity authorized to practice
proceeds
Firm architecture in the Philippines
Pre-Feasibility Preliminary analysis using secondary
Interchangea Architect = Architectural Firm; Client =
Studies data to help early decisions
ble Terms Owner = Project Proponent; Contractor =
General Contractor = Builder; Bid = Tender
Feasibility Studies Detailed analysis using primary data
to assess project viability

2. Methods of Selection Site Selection and Formulating site criteria and

Analysis evaluating site options
Term Description
Site Utilization In-depth analysis of site potentials,
Direct Selection Used for small projects; Client selects and Land-Use context, and development controls
Architect based on reputation or Studies
recommendation
Architectural Primary and secondary research used
Comparative Involves committees, includes invitation, Research for design conclusions
Selection pre-qualification, interview, verification,
evaluation, and negotiation Architectural Analytical process defining spatial and
Programming functional requirements
Design Used for civic/monumental projects;
Competition various Architects submit proposals for
Space Planning Determines adequate
judging
size/configuration of spaces using
Advantage of Offers a wide range of design options for FGDs, interviews, surveys
Design the Client
Space Analyzes functional requirements and
Competition
Management interrelations of spaces
Disadvantage Expensive, time-consuming, may be Studies
of Design exploited for free ideas
Value Cost-management technique ensuring
Competition
Management functionality at lower costs

Design Brief Establishes ToR, concepts, and project

3. Methods of Compensation Preparation objectives for bidding

Term Description
Promotional Assists in project promotion to gain
Services public or government support
Multiple of Direct Based on man-hours multiplied by a
Personnel multiplier (1.5–2.5) plus reimbursables
Expenses
5. Manner of Providing Services
Professional Fee + Used in long-term relationships; fixed
Expenses sum plus reimbursables Term Description

Lump Sum (Fixed Common in government projects with Individual Architect works alone
Fee) more paperwork

Architect’s Architect works with employed personnel

Own Staff
 Association / Services provided with other professionals
Networking via partnerships or networks
4. Project Classifications

Term Description
SSP DOC. 202: REGULAR DESIGN SERVICES
Group 1 Simple buildings (e.g., warehouses, bakeries,
parking).
1. Applicability

Term Description Group 2 Moderate buildings (e.g., schools, malls, police

stations).
Individual Architect working as a natural person.
Group 3 Exceptional buildings (e.g., airports, stadiums,
Practice
hospitals).

Group Architect working as a juridical entity like a Group 4 Residences (e.g., townhouses, shophouses).
Practice partnership or corporation.
Group 5 Monumental buildings (e.g., museums,
Foreign Must secure a Temporary/Special Permit,
monuments).
Architect DOLE work permit, and local RLA partner.
Group 6 Repetitive construction using same plans.
BPO/KPO Cannot practice architecture in the Philippines
Firms unless PRC-registered. Group 7 Housing projects on a single site.

Group 8 Projects with extensive detail or built-in

features.
2. Scope of Services – Six Phases
Group 9 Renovations, retrofits, alterations.
Term Description

Group 10 Expert advice or technical opinions.

Project Consults owner, gathers data, and
Definition develops architectural program.

Schematic Prepares conceptual plans and SPPCC.

Design 5. Methods of Compensation

Term Description
Design Creates detailed plans, outline specs,
Development system layouts, updated SPPCC.
PCC (Project Fee based on building cost (differs by
Construction group).
Contract Final drawings/specs for permit and
Cost)
Documents bidding; updates SPPCC.

MDPE Based on man-hours × rate × multiplier

Bidding/Negot Assists in bidding, proposal analysis,
(non-creative work).
iation notices of award.

Professional Fee + Fixed sum + reimbursables (for

Construction Site visits, change orders, certifies
Expenses ongoing relationships).
payments, reports defects.

Lump Sum / Applied to projects with fixed work and

Fixed Fee paperwork (e.g., gov’t projects).
3. Manner of Providing Services
Per Diem / For personal time tasks (e.g., meetings,
Term Description Honorarium + R trips).

Option 1 Architect contracts other professionals as Mixed Methods Combination of methods depending on
sub-consultants. project type.

Option 2 Architect and engineers have separate

contracts with the Owner.
6. Owner’s Responsibilities
Separation of Each professional is responsible for their
Liabilities own legal/accountability. Term Description

Site Must provide site survey and project

Information requirements.
 Authorized Appoint someone for decision-making if Lighting Design Efficient and aesthetic illumination
Representative needed. planning and control.

Prompt Must pay fees, reimbursables, and taxes Site Development Planning of surrounding spaces and
Payment (except Architect’s income tax). Planning civil works coordination.

Physical Planning Composite layout of multiple buildings

Notice of Must notify architect of anything that with utilities, amenities, etc.
Issues affects the project.

Comprehensive Covers land use, transport,

Dev’t Planning environment, socio-cultural and legal
7. Other Conditions
frameworks.
Term Description
Heritage Research, assessment, and
Conservation conservation of historic/cultural
Additional Owner pays extra for specialist assets.
Services consultants, models, and design
revisions. Security Planning Evaluation of facilities for security
risks and threat mitigation.
Suspended/Aba Architect gets paid for services
ndoned Work rendered, up to 90% for DD/CD Phase. Building Systems Efficient, modular, or prefabricated
Design design for cost-effective buildings.
Fulltime Requires separate agreement; not
Supervision included in basic services. Facilities Ensures building systems operate as
Maintenance intended after project completion.
Cost Records Owner must share construction expense
records.
Testing & Validation that systems perform
Ownership of Architect retains IP rights over all Commissioning according to design intent.
Docs documents/designs.
Environmental Green building evaluation using
Signage Design Architect must approve all signs Certification credit-based systems (e.g. LEED,
during/after construction. BERDE).

Forensic Diagnoses building deterioration,

Architecture performance, and functionality.
SSP DOC. 203: SPECIALIZED ARCH. SERVICES
Building Appraisal Estimates condition, repair needs, and
1. Introduction & Overview value of building assets.

Term Description
Structural Selection and proportioning of
Conceptualization structural systems with cost and
Specialized Advanced services beyond basic safety in mind.
Architectural design, tailored to enhance
Services architecture. Preliminary Includes site analysis, programming,
Services and space planning before design.
RA 9266 Legal basis for defining architectural
services and practice in the Philippines.
Contract Review of drawings/specs/contracts
Documentation for accuracy and consistency.
Justification Special services are required due to
complexity, technology, or project
Post-Design Includes FALAR reports and oversight
scope.
Services after design phase.

Dispute ADR including arbitration, mediation,

Resolution and negotiation per RA 9285.
2. Types of Specialized Services (Overview)

Term Description Research Methods In-depth architectural research and

documentation.

Architectural Detailed interior planning, finishes,

Special Facility Tailored design for complex facilities
Interiors (AI) furniture, fittings, and layout.
Planning (e.g. hospitals, airports).

Acoustic Design Sound control design to meet acoustic Building Focus on materials, cladding,
performance requirements. Components fenestration, and fixtures.
 Practice Covers office ops, finance, legal Term Description
Management compliance, and marketing strategies.
Physical Arranging structures, open spaces, and
Planning circulation in a cohesive layout.

3. Sample Service – Architectural Interiors Examples Campuses, industrial parks, tourist

estates, sports complexes.
Term Description
Compensation Based on land area (hectares) and project
Scope Includes floor plans, finishes, furniture, type.
equipment, and fittings.

Dual Role May serve as both architect-of-record and

consulting interior architect. 8. Sample Service – Comprehensive Development Planning

Compensation 15% of AI cost (can range from 12–20% Term Description

based on complexity).
Components Physical, economic, socio-cultural,
transport, and legal/admin.

4. Sample Service – Acoustic Design Compensation Based on man-months (22 days × 8 hours ×
multiplier).
Term Description
Lead Role Architect may lead the interdisciplinary
Scope Sound insulation, reflection, transmission, planning team.
and reinforcement planning.

Deliverables Specs, drawings, inspections, and

evaluations. 9. Support & Technical Services

Compensation Based on work complexity; SCs paid Term Description

separately by client.
Testing/Commi Verifies if systems function as designed.
ssioning

5. Sample Service – Lighting Design Environmental Rating based on green compliance and
Certification operational sustainability.
Term Description
Forensic Investigates defects, failures, and
Scope Illumination design, energy efficiency, Architecture performance of buildings.
fixture specs and layout.
Appraisal Evaluates condition and repair cost/value
Cost of Work Total cost of installed/used fixtures and of building.
accessories.
Building Covers materials, cladding, envelopes,
Compensation Based on complexity and scope. Components and detailed architectural elements.

6. Sample Service – Site Development Planning (SDP) 10. Professional Practice & Legal

Term Description Term Description

Scope Includes softscape, hardscape, and utility Contract Docs Accuracy check of specs, drawings, and
coordination. Review quantity takeoffs.

Complexity Fee increases if the architect is also a Post-Design Oversight, reporting, and legal
Factor licensed Landscape Architect. Services requirements like FALAR.

Compensation Based on civil/landscape work cost and Dispute Includes arbitration/mediation under
complexity. Resolution ADR Law (RA 9285).

Practice Office operations, marketing, labor law,

Management and project dev’t.
7. Sample Service – Physical Planning
SSP DOC. 204-A: FULL-TIME SUPERVISION Lump Sum Fixed amount for fulltime supervision.
SERVICES
Fee + Professional fee plus reimbursables (e.g.,
Expenses travel, lodging).
1. Introduction & Rationale

Term Description Per Diem + R For services requiring temporary

assignments.

Architect-in-Charge Professionally liable for construction Mixed A combination depending on project nature.
of Construction supervision of the project. Methods
(AiCC)

Construction Supervision team hired by the

Supervision Group Owner, recommended by the 5. Legal Responsibility & Authority
(CSG) Architect.
Term Description
Clerk-of-Works Traditional term for construction
inspector assisting the Architect.
Limited CSG cannot replace contractor’s
Authority superintendent or AoR decision-making.
Role of Architect Best equipped to interpret their own
drawings and ensure proper
Admin vs. CSG reports administratively to Owner,
implementation.
Technical technically to the AoR.
Role

Civil Code Holds AoR, EoRs, and Contractor liable;

2. Scope of Services
Art. 1723 CSG may be liable by contract clause.
Term Description
Cross Claims AoR/EoRs may file claims against CSG if
found responsible for damages.
Quality Ensuring construction complies with
Control drawings and specs.

Evaluation Checking actual construction work for

of Work adherence to standards. 6. Qualifications

Daily Preparing daily inspections and Term Description

Reports documentation.
Education Must have a B.S. in Architecture.
Filing Organizing and filing site-related Requirement
documents and records.

Experience Requires extensive design and

construction experience.

3. Manner of Providing Services

Skill Set Must be highly knowledgeable in
Term Description materials, detailing, and methods.

Dual Architect may be both Architect-of-Record

Capacity and fulltime supervisor.
SSP DOC. 204-B: CONSTRUCTION
Independent Architect may also work only as consulting MANAGEMENT SERVICES
CSG architect or lead the CSG.
1. Rationale

Term Description
4. Methods of Compensation
Construction Introduced to meet the need for
Term Description Management Services better cost control and faster
project implementation due to
increasing project complexity.
Percentage Fee ranges from 1% to 1.5% of the Project
of PCC Construction Cost.
Construction Manager Can be part of the owner's staff,
(CM) an independent professional, or
MDPE Multiple of Direct Personnel Expenses
a firm hired to manage a project.
(salaries × multiplier).
 6. Compensation
Architect as CM An architect is qualified due to
training in coordinating various Term Description
specialties for supervision and
monitoring of construction. Method of Compensation CM services are considered
special services and are paid
separately from the architect’s
regular professional services.
2. Functions / Tasks

Term Description

SSP DOC. 205: POST CONSTRUCTION

CM Responsibilities Include coordination and
supervision, cost and time
control, quality control, and 1. Rationale
record-keeping.
Term Description
Construction Supervision Group that may be hired by
Post-Construction Services Go beyond basic
Group (CSG) the CM or directly by the
maintenance; require
owner; works under CM's
professional oversight for
guidance.
efficient, economical
operation of buildings.

3. Limitation of Authority Architect as Administrator An architect may serve as

building administrator or
Term Description property manager to
extend building lifespan and
CM Limitations Cannot assume contractor’s ensure economic returns.
liability under Article 1723 of
the Civil Code or impose
changes that disrupt
schedule or design. 2. Scope of Services

Term Description

4. Legal Responsibility Building Maintenance Ensures all structural,

electrical, plumbing, and
Term Description interior elements are in
good condition; enforces
CM Legal Responsibility CM is directly accountable facility rules.
to the owner for
programming, coordination, Security & Upkeep Oversees cleanliness,
quality, cost, and time. Monitoring orderliness, and security of
common areas and
CM Liability Exclusion CM is not liable for facilities.
equipment failure or
structural collapse if not Grounds & Landscaping Supervises landscape and
involved in design review Supervision gardening tasks; maintains
and if duties were properly outdoor areas like ramps,
discharged. walkways, and parking.

Building Equipment Assists third-party providers

Maintenance in maintaining HVAC,
5. Qualifications sprinklers, telecom,
generators, and similar
Term Description
systems.

CM Qualifications Can be an individual or firm,

Business Development & Encourages tenant
led by a state-regulated
Management occupancy; manages billing
professional (preferably an
for rent and utilities.
architect) with construction
experience.

Architect as CM Architects with contracting 3. Post-Construction Evaluation

or construction management
experience are usually Term Description
capable of becoming CMs.
 Design Program Evaluation Compares the intended Term Description
design with actual facility
usage. Consultation Initial meetings with clients
to understand objectives.
System Performance Assesses the effectiveness
Analysis of building systems and Feasibility & Pre-feasibility Determines viability of the
materials. Studies project.

Forensic Investigation Researches and resolves Site Analysis Studies site suitability,
post-construction issues like zoning, environment.
shrinkage and seepage;
examines Space Planning & Organizing spaces
design/construction flaws. Management efficiently and effectively.

Design Brief & Value Defines goals and balances

Management costs and value.
4. Manner of Providing Services

Term Description Regular Design Services

Term Description
Dual Role Architect may serve both as
Architect-of-Record and as
Project Definition Defines goals, scope, and
Consulting Architect for
project parameters.
post-construction services.
Schematic & Design Develops concepts into
Consulting Role Architect is hired only for
Development detailed plans.
post-construction consulting
services. Contract Documents & Prepares drawings/specs
Bidding and assists bidding.

Construction Phase Architect monitors and

5. Method of Compensation
assists construction.
Term Description
Specialized Architectural Services
Percentage-Based Architect may be paid
Compensation 4%–6% of gross rentals and Term Description
other fees (maintenance,
security). Architectural Interiors (AI) Interior design for
functionality and aesthetics.
Fixed Salary Alternatively, architect may
receive monthly salary or Site Development Planning Layout of open spaces,
fixed fee. (SDP) walkways, landscape.

CDP & Urban Design Planning for cities, towns, or

subdivisions.
SSP DOC. 206: COMPREHENSIVE ARCH.
Heritage & Environmental Conservation, certifications,
1. Rationale Services forensic studies.

Term Description Other Services Security planning,

appraisal, testing, dispute
Comprehensive Full range of architectural resolution, post-design
Architectural Services (CAS) services from pre-design to services, etc.
post-construction, evolved
due to complex modern
Construction & Post-Construction Services
projects.
Term Description
Role of the Architect Serves as prime
professional, creator, Construction Services Includes full-time
author, and coordinator of supervision or management
design, and agent of the (see SPP 204).
client in managing other
services. Post-Construction Services Facilities admin and
evaluation after project
2. Scope of Services
completion (see SPP 205).

Predesign Services
3. Project Management (PM)
Benefits Simplifies project delivery,
Term Description enhances efficiency, and
enables cost-effective
Project Management Coordinating the full range solutions.
of CAS with a focus on time,
cost, and quality control. Liability Architect assumes both
professional responsibility
Role of PM PM advises on materials, and civil liability for the
schedules, costs; works with whole project.
the design and construction
teams but does not replace
their roles.
2. Scope of Services

Team Approach PM operates alongside

A. Design-Build by Administration
Owner, Architect, Engineers,
Contractors; each retains Term Description
authority in their expertise.
Design Phases Includes all phases of SPP
202: Project Definition,
Schematic Design, Design
4. PM Scope of Services
Development, Contract
Documents, Construction
Term Description
Phase.
Pre-construction Phase PM coordinates planning
Construction Scope Architect prepares
with owner and designers
schedules, estimates, hires
early in design stages.
personnel, contracts
Construction Phase PM (possibly as CM too) suppliers, manages permits,
oversees time, cost, and and oversees project
quality, following SPP accounts.
204A/B.
Administrative Role Manages records, accounts,
and liaises with government
and private entities.
5. Method of Compensation

B. Design-Build with Guaranteed Maximum Project

Term Description
Construction Cost (GMPCC)
PM Compensation Paid separately on a Term Description
percentage basis (2%–5% of
estimated project cost). If GMPCC Architect guarantees the
also performing regular project will not exceed a set
design, separate pay as per construction cost, with a 10%
SPP 202. margin.

Savings Sharing Any savings from the

estimated cost are split 50/50
SSP DOC. 207: DESIGN BUILD SERVICES
between architect and client.

1. Rationale Cost Overruns Architect is liable for excess

beyond 10%, but only up to the
Term Description amount of his administration
fee.
Design-Build Services A method that allows the
Architect to manage both Allowable Additions Cost increases due to variation
design and construction, orders or market escalation
balancing time, cost, and (e.g. NEDA-certified) are
quality. client’s responsibility.

Architect’s Role Architect becomes 3. Manner of Providing Services

responsible for both the Term Description
creative design and the
actual project As Member of Entity Architect works in tandem
implementation. or authorizes a construction
entity.
 As Licensed Contractor Architect personally acts as Jury Group (mostly architects + 1
the licensed contractor of lay juror) appointed by the
his (or another’s) design. owner and approved by
IAPOA to assess entries.

2. Key Participants & Roles

Term Description

4. Ethical Notes Professional Advisor Oversees ADC conduct,

ensures schedule
Term Description
compliance, maintains
anonymity, and prepares
Professional Identity Architect must retain
conditions.
professional identity and
adhere to SPP 200 (Code of
Technical Advisors Provide expert input to the
Ethics) and SPP 202.
jury.

Conflict of Interest Architect must disclose any

Secretariat Admin staff who help the
potential conflicts of
advisor and jury with
interest and avoid
logistics.
compromising client
interests.
IAPOA ADC Committee Supervises and approves
ADCs nationwide.

5. Method of Compensation
3. Classifications and Approval
Term Description
Term Description
Progress Payment Architect is paid
progressively based on
Project ADC For actual implementation
construction milestones.
projects. Can be
open/limited,
Client-funded Costs Client pays all costs—labor,
single/two-stage.
materials, permits, etc.; no
advance by architect.
Ideas Competition Conceptual exploration for
planning/design.
Revolving Fund A fund is provided by the
client and managed by the
IAPOA Approval Required before
architect with audits.
announcement, covering
conditions, schedule, fees,
Personnel Compensation Client pays for staff hired
and jury members.
(e.g., purchasing agent,
superintendent), not
deducted from architect’s
fee. 4. ADC Conditions

Term Description

SSP DOC. 208: ARCH. DESIGN COMPETITION Conditions Content Must state objectives,
requirements, evaluation
1. Rationale and Objectives rules, and maintain
competitor anonymity.
Term Description
Submission Details Must be specific and
Purpose of SPP 208 Guides promoters and standardized (scale, size,
participants in etc.).
organizing/judging ADCs
fairly and professionally. Cost Estimates If required, must follow a
standard format.
Owner Initiates and finances the
competition to obtain
design excellence.
5. Jury Rules and Conduct
 Term Description Term Description

Jury Composition Odd number (max 7), mostly Registration Required for all
architects, includes IAPOA participants; implies
representative. acceptance of Conditions.

Jury Role Reviews, disqualifies Documentation Must be provided by owner;

non-compliant entries, deposits (if any) returned
makes final award for valid submissions.
decisions.

Confidentiality Jurors must not participate

in or influence competition 10. Insurance and Exhibits
outcomes improperly.
Term Description

Insurance Owner must insure entries

6. Ineligibility while under their custody.

Term Description Exhibition All entries must be publicly

displayed for at least two
Disqualified Participants Jurors, organizers, or weeks, including
anyone involved in ADC disqualified ones.
prep cannot join or assist
competitors. Return of Works Non-winning
designs/models returned or
destroyed after exhibit.

7. Prizes, Honoraria, and Mentions

Term Description 11. Disputes and ADR

Prize Amounts Must match complexity and Term Description

expenses incurred by participants.
ADR Requirement Disputes must first go
Payment Owner must pay prizes within 1 through Alternative Dispute
month of results. Resolution (ADR) before
litigation.
Honoraria Required for invitees or
second-stage participants. Arbitration Only disputes outside jury
decisions may proceed to
Commission In project ADCs, the 1st prize arbitration, subject to
Obligation winner is to be awarded the IAPOA rules.
project.

Non-execution If no contract is signed within 12

Clause months, winner gets compensation SSP DOC. 209: PROFESSIONAL ARCH.
equal to prize value. CONSULTING SERVICES (PACS)

1. Foreword & Rationale

8. Copyright and Ownership
Term Description
Term Description
Letter of Instruction No. Presidential directive (1980)
Design Rights Remain with the author 1000 prioritizing Filipino
unless contracted professionals in public
otherwise. sector consultancy.

Usage Limit Owner can only use the Rationale for PACS Aims to promote national
winning design once, unless development through local
conditions specify expertise, reduce reliance
otherwise. on foreign consultants, and
protect Filipino
professionals.

Technology Transfer Misuse Foreign consultants often

bring knowledge already
9. Registration and Documentation
 available locally, leading to professional fees, legal, and
unfair displacement of local administrative expenses.
experts.
Salary Cost Consultant’s compensation
including leave, incentives,
taxes, and social benefits.

4. Scope of PACS

Term Description

2. Objectives & Policy PACS Services Includes conceptualization,

technical advice, schematic
Term Description design, mentoring,
feasibility studies, planning,
PCA Qualification Must be a registered and management, evaluation,
licensed Architect (RLA), and training.
member of IAPOA.

Goal of PACS Encourage Filipino

consultants to practice 5. Qualifications & Selection
locally, ensuring equitable
treatment and fair Term Description
competition with foreign
consultants. Individual PCA Must be a Filipino RLA with
valid ID and IAPOA
Constitutional Basis Aligns with Section 14, membership.
Article XII of the 1987
Constitution promoting Juridical PCA Must be registered with SEC
Filipino professionals and or DTI and PRBoA as a
regulating tech transfer. Registered Architectural
Firm (RAF).

Selection Criteria Based on qualifications,

3. Definitions integrity, and specialization.
For government projects,
Term Description subject to RA 9184.

PACS Services rendered by a PCA

or firm involving expert
architectural advice and 6. Manner of Providing Services
support. Term Description

PCA Natural or juridical person Direct or Indirect PCA may provide services
licensed to practice independently or via
architectural consulting in partnerships as permitted
PH. by IAPOA and PRBoA.

FPCA Filipino PCA who is a

licensed architect and
IAPOA member in good
standing.
7. Compensation Methods
FC/FA Foreign consultant or
architect allowed to Term Description
practice under special
permit (TSP) in compliance Comparable Rates Compensation must match
with RA 9266. those of foreign
counterparts for the same
Consulting Agreement Contract between PCA and scope.
client for specific expert
services. Per Diem / Hourly Suitable for short-term or
intermittent engagements.
Project Cost Total cost including
construction, land,
 Retainer Basis For recurring or on-call
services, with fixed periodic
fees.

Salary × Multiplier Based on total salaries

multiplied by factor (e.g.,
3.0) plus reimbursable
expenses.

Fixed/Lump Sum For well-defined scopes,

based on cost estimate or
component breakdown.

Percentage of Project Cost Based on a set % of total

project cost; used when cost
correlations are established.

8. Seal, IP Rights, & Liability

Term Description

Use of Seal PCA must sign and seal

deliverables if acting as
Architect-of-Record (Aor).

IP Rights All documents are protected

under RA 9266; use requires
author’s written consent.

Civil Liability PCA is professionally and

civilly liable for services
rendered.

Insurance PCA must secure

professional indemnity
insurance proportional to
project scope.

9. Legal & Procedural Matters

Term Description

ADR Clause Disputes must undergo

negotiation, mediation, or
arbitration (RA 9285) before
litigation.

Penalties Unauthorized PACS practice

subject to criminal, civil,
and administrative
penalties under RA 9266.

Applicability IAPOA shall adopt and

implement these standards
via official guidelines and
manuals.
Tab 3
 Education & Center of ideas, scholarship, festivals,
What is a City? Culture and heritage.

Term Description Housing Basic function; shifts toward outskirts in

modern cities.

City A settlement with permanent structures

and population, facilitating trade and
services. Urban Form – City Shapes
Urban Area Cities/municipalities with density ≥1000 Shape Description
(NSO) people/km² and visible street patterns.

Rectilinear Grid-like blocks; efficient for movement

RA 7160 - City ≥ P20M income, ≥ 150,000 population, ≥ (e.g., Chandigarh).
Definition 10,000 ha area.
Radiocentric Circles and radials (e.g., Moscow);
Highly ≥ P50M income and ≥ 200,000 population. center-focused, good flow but
Urbanized City congestion-prone.

Component Below HUC standards. Linear Growth constrained by geography; spreads

City along a spine (e.g., Mumbai).

Independent Chartered city not under provincial Ring Development around a central open space.
Component supervision.
City Branch Linear main spine with offshoots.

Constellation Cluster of equal cities close together.

Hierarchy of Settlements Star Radiocentric form with spaces in between.

Settlement Description
Sheet Broad, undivided area.
Type

Hamlet Smallest rural cluster. Articulated Sheet with clusters and nodes.
Sheet

Community Socially cohesive group, larger than

hamlet. Satellite Main city with surrounding dependent cities.

City Urban settlement with governance and

infrastructure.
Kevin Lynch’s Image of the City
Conurbanization Fusion of cities and towns due to
growth. Element Description

Metropolis Very large city including surrounding

Paths Channels of movement; streets, walkways.
suburbs.

Megalopolis Cluster of several metropolitan areas. Edges Linear boundaries or barriers (e.g., rivers, walls).

Districts Areas with distinct identity/character.

Functions of a City Nodes Strategic spots for activity and direction (e.g.,
intersections).
Function Description
Landma Visible reference points; towers, monuments.
rks
Economic Production, market exchange of
goods/services.

Worship & Historical centers around temples and

Ian Bentley’s Responsive Environments
Government governance buildings.
Term Description
Defense & Fortified towns in history for safety.
Protection
Permeability Ease of movement through spaces.
Transportation Dependent on geography; affects size
and form. Variety Choices in uses and activities.
Legibility How easily users understand Gentrification Physical upgrading → higher property value
layout/form. and new residents.

Robustness Flexibility of spaces for multiple Block Boosting Pushing out original population, often for
functions. racial or economic reasons.

Visual Visual cues align with user expectations

Appropriateness and function.
Environmental Considerations
Richness Sensory experiences and contrasts.
Term Description
Personalization User ability to mark and modify spaces.
Preservation Preventing development in sensitive
areas.

Urban Design Controls Environmental Analysis of project effects, including

Impact Statement alternatives and long-term impact.
Term Description (EIS)

Floor Area Ratio of building floor area to lot area.

Ratio (FAR)
Noted Urban Planners
Floor Space Total floor space divided by site area.
Planner Contribution
Index (FSI)

Zoning Legal land use regulation to control Patrick Geddes Cities in Evolution; regional planning.
growth and density.
Camillo Sitte Artistic principles in city design.
Incentive Bonus floor area for public amenities
Zoning (e.g., plazas). Jane Jacobs "Death and Life of Great American
Cities"; critique of modern planning.
Cluster Zoning Special rules for large, controlled
developments. Edmund Bacon “Design of Cities”; redevelopment of
Philadelphia.
Design Rules on height, setback, bulk, and
Guidelines architectural character. Walter Gropius Linear slab residential layouts.

Tony Garnier Cité Industrielle, functional zoning.

Urban Redevelopment Strategies
Kenzo Tange Urban form analysis.
Strategy Description
Lewis Mumford Cities and utopias.
Conservation Preserving original features during
upgrades. Victor Gruen Pedestrian malls and city centers.

Urban Clearing slums and redeveloping Christopher Wren Rebuilt London post-1666 fire.
Renewal deteriorated areas.

Adaptive Repurposing old buildings for new

Reuse functions. Garden Cities
Rehabilitation Restoring structurally sound buildings for Term Description
modern use.

Three Concept by Ebenezer Howard: Town (folk),

Magnets Country (work), and Town-Country (ideal)
Urban Ecological Processes
Garden City A self-sufficient city with 32,000 population on
Process Description 6,000 acres arranged in concentric circles with
parks and radial boulevards
Invasion New population/facilities enter an existing
area. Letchworth First Garden City (1902), designed by Raymond
Unwin and Barry Parker, with 3,000 acres for
Centralization Population density increases at a center. agriculture, 1,500 acres for city proper
 Welwyn Second Garden City (1920), designed by Louis de The Neighborhood Unit
Soisson, known for formal and Georgian taste
Term Description

Neighborhood Concept by Clarence Perry and Clarence

City Beautiful Movement Unit Stein; neighborhood centered around
elementary school with all facilities within
Term Description walking distance

City Urban reform emphasizing grand boulevards,

Beautiful civic spaces, and beautification to inspire social
Radical Urban Ideas
Movement order
Term Description
Daniel Key figure in the movement; believed in making
Burnham no little plans
Linear Concept by Soria y Mata; city in elongated
Champs Example of formal design under Baron City formation parallel to rivers and wind direction to
d’Elysee Haussmann separate residential and industrial areas

1960s Manila Influenced by City Beautiful principles Arcology Paolo Soleri’s concept of 3D, high-density cities
with walkability, no cars, and multi-use buildings

Motopia Edgar Chambless’s idea of cities with vehicle roads

New Capitals on rooftops, and pedestrian-friendly streets below

Term Description Science Proposed by Metabolism Group; futuristic designs

Cities including underwater or biologically adaptive cities
Brasília Planned capital of Brazil (1960), designed by
Lucio Costa, with public buildings by Oscar Floating Kiyonori Kikutake’s idea of an ocean-based city
Niemeyer and landscaping by Roberto Burle City with submerged residential towers and
Marx self-sustaining infrastructure

Chandigarh Only realized plan of Le Corbusier; grid road Barbican A 63-acre multi-use development responding to car
system with residential superblocks (800x1200m) City dominance, with planned vertical and multi-level
circulation

City of Towers
Contemporary World Urbanization
Term Description
Term Description

Le Proposed high-density vertical living (e.g., Unité

Corbusier d’Habitation, Le Contemporaine) with greenbelts Industrial Brought population growth due to improved
Revolution infrastructure, construction, medicine, and
transportation
Unité “Super building” concept with 337 units in 10
d’Habitation acres
Megalopolis Coined by Jean Gottmann; large urban
complexes with physically linked cities

Notable Patrick Geddes (Cities in Evolution), Oswald

Broadacres
Authors Spengler (Decline of the West), Lewis Mumford
Term Description (The Culture of Cities)

Broadacres Proposed by Frank Lloyd Wright; every US family

gets 1 acre, car-oriented urban/suburban model Urban Models

The Mile A proposed 1-mile high skyscraper by Wright with Term Description
High Tower 528 stories and mixed-use design
Concentric By Ernest Burgess (1923); zones expand
Zone Theory outward with a central CBD

Central Place Walter Christaller (1933); settlements serve as

Theory central hubs for surrounding areas
Sector Model Homer Hoyt (1939); cities grow outward in Site Planning Art and science of arranging land uses via site
sectors, especially toward high-income areas (Rubenstein) selection, land use planning, circulation design,
grading, drainage, and construction details.
Multiple Harris & Ullman (1945); cities develop with
Nuclei Model multiple centers of activity

Urban James Vance (1964); shows suburban realms Methods of Establishing a Site
Realms becoming independent urban areas
Model Term Description

Site Selection Chooses the most suitable site from a list of

Process potential sites based on project requirements.
Emerging Theories – Transit-Oriented
Development (TOD) Development Chooses the best use and development for a
Suitability given site.
Term Description

TOD Concept Mixed-use development within 600–700m of a

transit stop; promotes walkability, reduces car Site Analysis - Natural Factors
dependence
Term Description
Urban TOD Located on trunk lines (LRT/BRT), developed
with commercial, job clusters, and medium to
Geology Study of Earth’s materials and processes.
high residential densities
Types: igneous, sedimentary, and
metamorphic rocks.
Neighborhood Within 10-minute transit to trunk line;
TOD moderate density housing and services
Geomorphology Branch of geology focusing on landforms
and terrain.
TOD Design Includes pedestrian-friendly streets,
Guidelines distributed spacing of retail centers, and Hydrology Study of water on Earth including surface
efficient transit station locations water, groundwater, water cycle,
watersheds, aquifers, and water tables.

Vegetation Involved in climatic control, environmental

New Urbanism engineering (e.g., air purification),
aesthetics, and erosion control.
Term Description
Wildlife Divided into openland, woodland, and
New Promotes walkable neighborhoods, local identity, wetland wildlife depending on habitat and
Urbanism mixed-use zoning, and traditional street grids plant community.

Climate Involves solar orientation, wind, and slope

Region Hierarchy of spaces with neighborhoods, districts,
direction in site planning. Classified as
and corridors
COLD, TEMPERATE, HOT ARID, and HOT
Urban Streets (as communal spaces), blocks (urban HUMID climates.
Elements fabric), buildings (define character)

Contextual Neighborhood centers, mixed dwelling types, Soil Properties & Geomorphology
Features playgrounds, schools, tree-lined streets, and
hidden parking Term Description

Composition The mineral, organic, water, and air content of

soil; affects bearing capacity.
Fundamentals of Site Planning

Term Description Texture Describes particle sizes; 12 classes, with loam as

the ideal balance.
Site Planning The art of arranging structures on land and
Drainage Good drainage has high infiltration,
(Lynch) shaping spaces between; linked to architecture,
permeability, and percolation. Poor drainage
engineering, landscape architecture, and city
causes waterlogging.
planning.

Topography Includes slope forms (straight, S-shaped,

& Slope concave, convex), angle of repose, slope maps,
and topographic contour analysis.
 Soil Erosion Movement of soil due to wind, water, etc. Aesthetic Factors
Influenced by vegetation, soil type, rainfall, and
Term Description
slope. Prevention through ground cover and
grading.
Natural Rocks, water bodies, trees, and terrain that
Features enhance the site when integrated into design.

Hydrology Terms Spatial Arrangement of site elements to promote

Patterns flow and functional interaction.
Term Description

Visual Includes views (open scenes from vantage

Water Upper boundary of groundwater.
Resources points) and vistas (framed, directional scenes
Table
with foreground, station, and terminal
features).
Aquifer Underground layer of water-bearing rock or
material.

Watershed Land area draining into a common water body;

critical in water management.

Vegetation Roles

Term Description

Climatic Plants control solar radiation, wind, and

Control precipitation impact.

Environmental Plants purify air, reduce noise, control

Engineering glare, and prevent erosion.

Aesthetic & Define space, control views, enhance

Architectural mood, and improve site composition.

Cultural Factors

Term Description

Existing Land Must follow official land use plans.

Use

Traffic & Transit Analyze access and circulation for

Systems vehicles and pedestrians.

Density & Zoning Density measured in families/hectare

or FAR; zoning regulates land use,
building height, coverage, and open
space.

Socio-economic Studies community structure and

Factors economy to ensure compatibility with
proposed development.

Utilities Includes availability of water, power,

drainage, and communication services.

Historic Factors Considers preservation of historic

buildings, landmarks, and
archeological sites.
Tab 2
 Hippod First urban planner, proposed grid and Agora in
Ancient Times amus Miletus.

Term Description Roman Adopted Greek forms, emphasized hierarchy and

Cities public works like forums and aqueducts.
Natural Includes natural calamities, fertile soil,
Factors water sources, terrain, and climate that
influence urban development.
Medieval Ages
Rectilinear Farming method with straight lines that led
Farming to rectilinear land division and urban Term Description
planning.
Feudalism Influenced town layout with fine, winding
Circular/Radi Early planning method for defense and
roads.
ocentric herding purposes.
Planning Mercantilis Cities like Florence and Paris grew with trade,
t Cities leading to congestion.

Church Town views and paths focused on cathedrals

Early Settlements Influence and fortifications.

Term Description

Jericho 9000 B.C. settlement in Israel with 3,000 Renaissance & Baroque
people, circular wall, overrun by 6500 B.C.
Built around a reliable source of freshwater Term Description

Khirokitia 5500 B.C. Cyprus settlement with streets, Geometric Formal shapes and avenues introduced.
social terminal. 1st documented settlement Planning
with streets
Vienna First university town with cultural
Catalhoyuk 7000 B.C. Turkey; 13 hectares, no streets, development.
focus on trade, crafts.
Versailles Baroque garden city.

Ancient River Valley Cities

Term Description
Settlement in the Americas

Term Description
Mesopotamia Eridu (oldest), Babylon (largest),
Damascus (oldest inhabited).
Medieval Based on military and citizen towns.
Organic
Nile Valley Cities like Thebes and Memphis with
monumental architecture.
Spanish Laws 3 towns: Pueblo (civil), Presidio (military),
of Indies Mission (religious).
Tel-el-Amarna Typical Egyptian city with segmented
planning.
Savannah First planned city in U.S., historical
district.
Indus Valley Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa, 2500 B.C., with
sewage systems and urban organization. Speculators e.g., Philadelphia, planned for speculation.
Town
Yellow River 1900 B.C. Anyang was its largest city;
precursor to linear city.

Industrial Revolution

Term Description
Classical Cities

Term Description Machine Era of mechanization; manpower replaced with

Age machines.
Polis Greek city-state.
Robert Designed New Lanark Mills with integrated
Owen facilities.
Acropol Religious and defensive hill structure with no
is geometric plan.
 Tony Proposed "Une Cité Industrielle", precursor to Urban Models
Garnier zoning.

Term Description

Theories and Practices

Term Description Concentric Burgess' model with zones radiating from

Zone Model CBD, includes transition zone.

Garden City Howard's plan with green spaces and

satellite towns.
Sector Model Hoyt's model, growth sectors follow
City Beautiful Movement focusing on aesthetics and transportation lines and income levels.
civic pride.

Chandigarh Only realized Le Corbusier plan in India.

Multiple Harris and Ullman’s concept of cities
Broadacres Wright's idea of one acre per family. Nuclei Model growing around multiple centers.

Arcology Soleri’s 3D city concept.

Urban James Vance's model of self-sufficient

Motopia Chambless’ plan with rooftop roads.
Realms sectors impacted by automobile.

Neighborhood Clarence Perry’s idea with school as

Unit center.

Megalopolis Term by Gottmann for city clusters.

Urban Design Controls

Term Description
Philippine Settlement Planning
Floor Area Ratio between built floor area and total
Term Description
Ratio (FAR) lot area; also called Plot Ratio or Floor
Space Index (FSI).
Barangay Pre-colonial community unit of 30–100
families. Land Use Legal regulation of land allocation for
Planning various uses.
Laws of the 1573 Spanish planning law defining town
Indies layout. Incentive Allows extra building space in exchange
Zoning for public amenities.
Plaza Central open space surrounded by key
Complex buildings. Cluster Zoning Special zoning for large developments
allowing flexible use.
Intramuros Walled city of Manila built by the Spanish.
Urban Design Standards for heights, setbacks, bulk,
Daniel Planned Manila and Baguio under American Guidelines and architectural character.
Burnham rule.
Environmental Document analyzing project effects on
Quezon City New capital with "City Beautiful" planning. Impact the environment.
Statement
Philamlife Middle-class suburban model developed
Homes post-war. Environmental Restricting urban growth to protect
Preservation sensitive areas.
Metro Manila Includes Manila, Makati, Ortigas, and
CBDs Cubao business districts.
Conservation Retaining historic character while
allowing modern adaptation.

(To be continued with Urban Models, Design Controls, Urban Restoration Returning a building to a previous state
Form, and Famous Planners...) by reconstruction.

Adaptive Reuse Converting historic structures for new

uses.

Rehabilitation Repairing and upgrading old buildings to

modern standards.
Urban Renewal Redevelopment and rehabilitation of Daniel Advocate of City Beautiful; designed Chicago
deteriorated urban areas. Burnham and Manila.

Patrick Introduced "Cities in Evolution"; regional

Geddes planning.
Urban Form and Function
Tony Designed the Cité Industrielle; early zoning
Term Description Garnier ideas.

Le Proposed Radiant City and vertical living.

Radiocen Circular city with radial development corridors.
Corbusier
tric

Frank Broadacre City concept and Mile High Tower.

Rectilinea Grid-based form often seen in smaller cities.
Lloyd
r
Wright
Star Radiocentric city with open space between
Jane Critic of modernist planning; wrote "Death
corridors.
Jacobs and Life of Great American Cities".
Ring City built around a central open space.
Kevin Identified elements of city image (paths,
Linear Growth along a topographic or transport axis. Lynch edges, districts, nodes, landmarks).

Branch Linear form with connecting arms. Ian Wrote on responsive environments
Bentley (permeability, legibility, robustness, etc.).
Sheet Vast, continuous urban area without
articulation. Andres Co-founder of New Urbanism and CNU.
Duany
Articulate A sheet form with accent clusters.
d Sheet Peter Promoted Transit-Oriented Development
Calthorpe (TOD).
Constellat Group of cities of near-equal size close
ion together.

Satellite Cities orbiting a dominant central city.

Density People, housing, or floor area per unit of land.

FAR Floor Area Ratio - total floor space divided by

site area.

Urban Plazas, parks, playgrounds, and other public

Spaces realms.

Movemen Pedestrian and vehicular circulation, including

t channelization.

City Include economic, defense, worship, transport,

Functions education, and housing roles.

Famous Planners

Planner Contribution

Vitruvius Ancient Roman; wrote principles on town

planning.

Hippodam Father of urban planning; introduced grid

us planning.

Ebenezer Creator of the Garden City movement.

Howard
Tab 4
Ebenezer Howard Conceptualized Garden City 3 Magnets - Town (folk), Country (work),
Town-Country (ideal)

Albert Mayer - Chandigarh - Only realized project of Le Corbusier

- Differentiation without Division

Daniel Burnham City Beautiful Movement Civic spaces, wide boulevards,

Make no little plans beautification

Baron Hausmann Champs d’ Elysee Ex: City Beautiful Movement

Clarence Stein Radburn Principle Separation of pedestrian and vehicular

Clarence Perry & Stein Neighborhood Unit School is center

Kevin Lynch Image of the City Path - primary spatial element

Edges - lateral references not dominant
but important
Nodes - strategic spot, can enter
Districts - observer can mentally enter
“inside of”

Raymond Unwin and Barry Parke Designed Garden City of Letchworth

Louis De Soisson Welwyn (2nd Garden City)

Lucio Costa Brasilia Influence by Oscar Niemeyer & Roberto

Le Corbusier City of Towers 337 dwellings in 10 acres

Radiant City Ex: Unite d’ Habitation, Le
Contemporaine, greenbelt, New York City

Ian Bentley Responsive Environment​

Visual Appropriateness of envi

Jean Gottmann Megalopolis Great City

Jane Jacobs The death and life of great american

cities

Tony Garnier Cite Industrielle

Christopher Wren Rebuilt by fire London (1666)

John Wood Royal Crescent

Frank Lloyd Wright Broadacres Ex: Mile High Tower

RADICAL IDEAS:
Soria Y Mata Linear City Elongated urban formation
Paolo Soleri Arcology Concept (3D) - Urban Implosion than explosion
- walking main form of transpo
Edgar Chambless Motopia Rooftops, streets as pedestrian only
Metabolism Group Science Cities Underwater cities, biological cities
Kiyonori Kikutake Floating City Float free in the ocean
Barbican City Mixed used, PUD

URBAN MODELS:
Erness Burgess Concentric Zone Theory (bulls eye) Central business surrounding transition
Walter Cristaller Central Place Theory (honeycomb) Ex: Polders
Homer Hoyt Sector model (pizza) Chicago Ex: Gandhinagar
Chauncy Harris & Pullman Multiple Nuclei (abstract) Several nodes and focal points, Ex: Delhi
James Vance Urban Realms (bubble diagram) Diminish importance of CBD, Ex:
Francisco bay area

THEORIES:
Suburban Sprawl Dominated by parking lots, strip malls
Cluster Zoning PUD
TOD (Peter Calthorpe)​ 600m to 700m, 5min walk Ex: Curitiba, Brazil , Vancouver Canada
Neighborhood TOD​ 10mins
Traditional Neighborhood
Rectilinear 2 corridors, crossing the center Ex: Chandigarh

Ring City bulit around large open space

Linear Constrained by natural features (river) Ex: Mumbai

Soria Y mata

Articulated Sheet Sheet with central clusters

Radiocentric - Radiates from common center Ex: Moscow

- rings and radiating roads

Sheet Sheet with no articulation/center

Constellation Equal sized cities, close proximity

Robustness Supports multiple uses

permeability Public and private access

Highly Urbanized City (RA 7160) 200,000 population

Adaptive Reuse Old bldg to new uses

Rehabilitation Restoring properties

Incentive Zoning More space for amenities (plaza)

Cluster Zoning Ex: PUD

New Urbanism - Human centric, walkability, discernible Region - similar urban principle
center Neighborhood - mix of activity
Districts - single activity
Corridors - connectors or separators​
Streets - communal rooms
Blocks - field which unfolds
Buildings - smallest increment

3 PARADIGMS OF URBANISM:
Post Urbanism Techno-flow
New Urbanism Utopian
Everyday Urbanism Non-utopian

Urban Realms Corridors as connectors or separators

Multiple Nuclei Activities around multiple cores

Tab 5
SPP SEC.21 RA 9266

201: Pre-Design MDPE - Arch. Programming

- Schematic design

202: Regular Design Project Definition Phase Conceptual Framework, arc. prog
15% Schematic Design Phase Conceptual plans, line drawing
35% = 50% Design Development Phase Construction
35% = 85% Contract Document Phase Complete tech drawings, Specs
5% = 90% Bidding Or Negotiation Phase
10% or 15% Construction Phase
= 100%

203: Specialized Allied 15%, 12-20% Physical Planning Architect of record, consulting arc

204-A: Full Time Supervision​ 1%-1.5%

204-B: Construction Construction management
Management

205: Post-construction 4%-6% Building and equipment maintenance

206: Comprehensive Arch. 2%-5% Project Financing

Services Project Management

207: Design Build Services 10% Construction phase

208: ADC 1 month to pay, if no contract 12 months

209: PACS 3.0

Alteration from G1-5 50%

Liability of Architect 10%, 15 Yrs

Arch. as Project Manager 2%-5%

Arch. fee if owner fails 85%

Add. fee of regular services 10%

under GMC (SPP 207)

Multiple of Direct Personnel 1.5-2.5 Non-creative work

Guarantee Bond Guarantee The Quality Of Mats & Equip

General Conditions Procedural And Administrative

15 Days Breakdown Of Work, Value, Sched

Submitted To Contractor

Liquidated Damages Delay In Construction Time Paid By A

Contractor To The Owner

Specifications Describing Qualities Of Mats Part Of Contract Document

Schedule Of Mats & Finishes Type Or Trade Names Of Mats

Furnish Purchase And Or Fabricate

5 Sets Of Drawing Arch. To Owner

Conceptual Plans Graphical Studies

Estimate Probable cost

Proposal Offer of a bidder to perform the work

Proposal Bond Cashiers check or

Quotation Price given by a contractor, sub-contract

Lien Legal right to pay blahblah

Arbitration Binding resolution of dispute RA 9285

Time limit Period of time

Appraisal Estimating value

Mediation Voluntary process

CSG Construction supervision group

Consortium/Association Coalition of Filipino collab foreign

Surety Guarantee for contractor

Architect - Approval Of Samples

- Certificates Of Payments
- Pays For Surveys
- Awards of Contract
- Verification of As Built Plans

Contractor - Protection Of Adjacent Property C-A 3 sets of shopdrawing

- As Built Drawings
- Field And Test Results
- Shop Drawings
- PERT CPM

Board Of Arch. Complaints For Unethical And

Unprofessional

RA 9514 FALAR

RA 9285 Dispute

Omwer Promotes ADC

Jury Assess the entries

Professional Advisor Organize the ADC Conditions includes program,

instructions

Technical Advisor Consulted by jurors, all necess info

Comptetiion Secretariat Body formed

Group 1 6%, > 50m Simple buildings (e.g., warehouses, bakeries, parking).

Group 2 7%, > 50m Moderate buildings (e.g., schools, malls, police stations).

Group 3 8%, > 50m Exceptional buildings (e.g., airports, stadiums, hospitals).

Group 4 10% Residences (e.g., townhouses, shophouses).

Group 5 10% Monumental buildings (e.g., museums, monuments).

Group 6 1st - min. basic fee Repetitive construction using the same plans.
2nd - 80%
3rd - 60%
—--- 40%

Group 7 1 unit: min. basic Housing projects on a single site.

fee
2-10: 60%
11— 30%
Group 8 15% AI, Projects with extensive detail or built-in features.

Group 9 150% Renovations, retrofits, alterations.

Group 10 200/hr, 500/hr Expert advice or technical opinions.

Tab 6
BU_ELECTRICAL
REVIEWER: ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS Watt-hour Unit of energy over time.

Ohm's Law I = V / R, current is directly proportional to

voltage, inversely to resistance.
I. ELECTRICITY AND SOURCES

Term Description
III. LOAD CONTROL & CONSUMPTION
Electricity A form of energy resulting from friction,
induction, or chemical change. It involves Term Description
the motion of free electrons.
Electric Load Control Efficient use of energy by limiting
Battery Device used to supply emergency lighting peak loads.
and energize alarm systems. Comes in
primary (ready) and secondary (charging) Load Scheduling Shifts large loads to off-peak hours.
types.
Demand Metering Sets alarms when demand level is
Generator Converts mechanical energy into electrical
Alarm exceeded.
energy. AC types provide most of today’s
energy needs. DC types serve elevators,
Automatic “Rate control” Automatically
intercoms, etc.
Instantaneous disconnects/reconnects loads.
Demand Control
Motor Converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy.
Ideal Curve Control Compares actual vs ideal usage;
regulates demand.
Rotary Converts AC to DC and vice versa.
Converter
kWh Meter Measures electric consumption in
kilowatt-hours.
Transformer Changes one voltage level to another.
Step-Up increases voltage, Step-Down
reduces voltage, Isolation keeps equal
voltage levels. IV. BUILDING ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

Indoor Dry type, uses air cooling, safer for indoor Term Description
Transformer use.
Circuit A complete electrical path.
Outdoor Oil-filled, for outdoor use due to leakage
Transformer risks. Two-Wire Basic system: live + return
Circuit (neutral/grounded).

Open Circuit Incomplete circuit where flow is stopped.

II. TYPES & UNITS OF CURRENT
Short Circuit Direct low-resistance path; dangerous.
Term Description
Series Circuit Components connected in tandem. Equal
Alternating Current changes direction periodically. current throughout.
Current (AC) Flexible but may have surges.
Parallel Circuit Loads arranged to divide current.

Direct Current flows in a constant direction.

Current (DC) Branch Circuit Extends from overcurrent device to
outlets.
Coulomb Quantity of electricity; 1 coulomb = 6.25 x
10^18 electrons. Distribution Distributes power to other circuits or
Panel motors.
Ampere Unit of current; 1 amp = flow of 1 coulomb
per second. General Feeds lighting and appliances.
Purpose Circuit
Volt Unit of electric potential; moves one
coulomb between two points. Appliance Dedicated to one or more appliances.
Circuit
Ohm Unit of resistance; 1 ohm allows 1 amp at 1
volt. Individual Serves one specific equipment.
Circuit
Watt Unit of power.
 VIII. ELECTRICAL MATERIALS AND
V. CIRCUITING GUIDELINES
EQUIPMENT
Term Description
Term Description

General 30 watts/m^2 load requirement.

Conductor Allows free flow of electrons. Examples:
Load
wires, cables, bus bars.
Appliance Requires 2 x 20A circuits in kitchens, etc.
Wire Single insulated conductor No. 14 to No. 8
Circuit Min.
AWG.

Receptacle Should be on 2 different circuits. Cable Insulated conductor No. 6 AWG or larger;
Circuiting may include multiple wires.

Circuit General-purpose rated at 20A (No. 12 AWG); Bus Bar Large conductor, non-circular cross-section,
Ratings lighting may use No. 14 AWG. for main switchboards.

Conductor Measured in AWG or MCM (thousand

Size circular mils).
VI. PHASE SYSTEMS
Ampacity Current capacity a conductor can carry
Term Description continuously without damage.

Single Phase 2-wire or 3-wire for small bldgs. Insulator Prevents electron flow; may be
thermoplastic (T, TW), nylon-jacketed
Three Phase 3 or 4-wire, for large industrial use. (THHN, THWN).

Conduit Circular raceway (metal or plastic) for

enclosing wires. Provides protection and
VII. COMPONENTS OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM support.

Term Description Rigid Steel Heavy-duty threaded steel conduit.

Conduit
Equipment Devices and materials for electrical (RSC)
installation.
IMC Lighter than RSC, same fittings, larger
Appliance Current-consuming equipment. diameter.

EMT Thin-wall conduit, not threaded; for

Fittings Accessories like locknuts or bushings.
non-hazardous areas.

Transformer Changes voltage levels. Outlet Point in wiring where current is supplied.

Substation Converts/steps voltage up/down. Receptacle Device where plug-in equipment connects
to power.
Service Connect building to power supply.
Conductors Switch Device to open/close a circuit. Types: LD,
ND, HD based on use.
Service Entrance Point of electricity delivery to a
building. Service Disconnects all building power (except
Switch emergency).
Main Panel for controlling major circuits.
Switchboard Circuit Automatically trips circuit during overload
Breaker without damage.
Panelboard/Subp Controls branch/sub-feeder circuits.
anel GFCI Breaker with ground fault protection.

Feeder Circuit Main line to panels. Fuse Melts to cut current during overload. Types:
plug, cartridge, open link.
Sub-Feeder Secondary feeder line.
Circuit Wall Plate Covers for switches/outlets; metal or
bakelite.
Utilization Devices used by occupants.
Equipment
IX. WIRING METHODS XI. ELECTRICAL REGULATIONS FROM PD 1096

Regulation Description
Term Description

Pole Clearance Poles should not obstruct sidewalks or

Knob and Tube Obsolete system using porcelain
drainage and must be <500mm from
Wiring supports and tubes.
property line.
Rigid Metal Fireproof and moisture-proof;
Power Line Primary: min 10m crossing highway;
Conduit mechanically strong.
Clearance Secondary/Neutral: min 7.5m side install.
Flexible Metal Easier to install; comes in 25–250 ft
Conduit lengths. From Hydrants No closer than 5m.

Armored Cable Thermoplastic-covered wire with steel From Curbs Minimum 150mm.
(BX) armor.
Roof Clearance Service drops min 2.5m above roof (1m min if
Surface Raceway Thin steel casing installed on
<300V and sloped >100mm:300mm).
walls/ceilings.

Flat Cable Plug-in busways in structural channels. Horizontal 1m minimum from windows, doors, or similar
Assembly Clearance openings.

Lighting Track Pre-wired channels for lighting circuits. Pool No overhead wiring within 3m horizontal of
Restrictions pool edge, diving structures, or stands.
Cable Tray Open support for protected jacketed
cables. Communication Must be 5.5m above roads and 3m above
Lines ground at attachment.
Underfloor Duct Ducts embedded beneath or flush with
floors.

Cellular Floor Structural system with integrated

raceways.

Ceiling Raceway Header ducts for flexible layout

changes.

Pre-Wired Ceiling Factory-prepared ceiling raceways.

System

X. ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS

Symbol/Term Description

⊖ or ⊕ Ground or Earth connection

∿ Alternating Current (AC)

— Direct Current (DC)

∆ Delta connection (3-phase system)

Y Wye or Star connection (3-phase system)

⬜ Lighting outlet or fixture

⬤ Receptacle outlet

▭ Switch (varies by type: SPST, SPDT, etc.)

BU_PLUMBING
REVIEWER: PLUMBING SYSTEMS Alkaline Water Higher pH; less acidic.

Tap Water Comes directly from plumbing fixtures.

I. OVERVIEW & HISTORY Polluted Water Contains pollutants.

Term Description
Contaminated Contains harmful contaminants.
Water
Plumbing System of pipes, valves, fixtures for water
supply and sewage.

R.A. 1378 Plumbing Law of the Philippines, signed in IV. WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
1955.
Term Description
NAMPAP National Master Plumbers Association of the
Philippines, founded in 1935. Normal Water Uses pressure from the main line.
Pressure
NPC National Plumbing Code. First issued 1959,
revised 1999. Pneumatic System Uses compressed air and storage
tanks.
Building R.A. 6541 passed during Martial Law in 1972,
Code includes plumbing provisions. Gravity System Elevated tanks provide pressure via
gravity.

PPR Pipe Durable, cost-effective plastic pipe.

II. COMPONENTS & FLOW OF WATER SYSTEM

Term Description Copper Pipe Best for hot/cold water;

corrosion-resistant.

Supply Comes from water mains or storage tanks.

Distribution Network of pipes and pressure mechanisms. V. PLUMBING FIXTURES

Use Plumbing fixtures where water is consumed. Term Description

Collection Gravity-based piping system. Water Closet Toilet fixture for urination/defecation.

Disposal Sanitary or storm sewers. Flush Valve Fast flush using pressurized water.

Treatment Through sewage plants or natural Flush Tank Stores water for flushing.
purification.
Floor Traditional, fixed to the floor.
Mounted

III. TYPES OF WATER Wall Mounted Suspended, space-saving, cleaner look.

Term Description
Lavatory Sink for hand/face washing.

Freshwater From lakes, rivers, reservoirs. Not salty.

Bathtub Large basin for bathing.

Saltwater From seas and oceans.

Shower Overhead nozzle for spraying water.

Hard Water Water with high mineral content.

Kitchen Sink Scullery fixture for food prep & cleaning.

Soft Water Lightly treated or naturally low-mineral

Urinal Types Wall-hung, stall, trough — designed for
water.
male urination.

Mineral Water From springs; contains minerals.

Distilled Water Water purified through boiling and VI. VALVES & CONTROL DEVICES
condensation.
Term Description
Purified Water Mechanically filtered or processed.
Valve Controls or stops flow in a pipe.
Corporation Controls flow from main to service pipe. Public Sewer Government-operated treatment and
Stop Line disposal line.

Curb Cock Emergency shutoff at curb line. Portable Temporary units like portalets; used in
Disposal public spaces.
Curb Box Access enclosure for curb cock.

Shutoff Valve Shuts off water/gas from a supply line.

X. PLUMBING MATERIALS
Water Meter Measures water usage. Term Description

Faucet Tap for drawing water. Cast Iron Pipe Durable, used in waste lines; various
hub types.

Galvanized Steel Zinc-coated; used for water supply and

VII. PUMPS & PUMPING SYSTEM Pipe venting.

Term Description Copper Pipe Corrosion-resistant; for water supply.

Types K, L, M.
Pump Machine for transferring fluids via suction
or pressure. PVC Thermoplastic pipe for cold water,
drainage, vents.
Suction Pump Uses atmospheric pressure and vacuum to
draw liquid. CPVC Chlorinated PVC; suitable for hot and
cold water.
Submersible Operates while fully submerged in fluid.
Pump PE (HDPE, PEX) Used for hot/cold water and sprinklers.

Centrifugal Uses rotating impeller to move water. PB Polybutylene; used for cold water, now
Pump rare.

Fittings Includes elbow, tee, cap, reducer, union,

coupling.
VIII. SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Term Description
XI. VENTILATION SYSTEM
Sanitary Removes wastewater from plumbing
Drainage fixtures. Term Description

Soil Pipe Carries discharge from water closets or Vent System Provides air circulation in drainage to
similar fixtures. protect trap seals.

Waste Pipe Carries only liquid waste, no fecal matter. Vent Pipe connecting a drain to a vent stack or
stack vent.
Building Lowest horizontal piping receiving
Drain discharge. Wet Vent Oversized pipe acting as both soil/waste
and vent.
Building Piping from building wall to point of
Sewer disposal. Fresh Air Inlet Introduces outside air to the drainage
system.

Continuous Extension of a drain pipe functioning as a

IX. SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM Vent vent.

Term Description Back Vent Vent located on sewer side of a trap.

Septic Tank Watertight chamber where solids settle and Circuit Vent Serves multiple fixtures; runs from last
degrade. fixture to vent stack.

Seepage Pit Excavation receiving septic tank discharge; Loop Vent Circuit vent that connects back to a stack
allows seepage. vent.

Cesspool Obsolete pit allowing sewage to seep into Individual Connects a single fixture drain to the
soil. Vent main/branch vent.
Branch Vent Connects individual vents to vent/stack Horizontal Support Support at 1.5m or 3m depending on
vents. - Cast Iron pipe length.

Common Vent Single vent serving two fixture drains. Horizontal Support 3.0m for ≤19mm; 3.6m for ≥25mm
- Screwed diameters.
Relief Vent Connects vent stack to horizontal drain for
air circulation. Horizontal Support 1.8m for ≤38mm; 3.0m for ≥51mm.
- Copper

Horizontal Support Continuous stiff backing and spaced

XII. STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM - Lead hangers.

Term Description Horizontal Support Stiff backing or spaced metal

- Plastic hangers depending on size.
Gutter Channel at roof edge to collect rainwater.
Hangers & Anchors Must be strong enough to carry pipe
weight and contents.
Downspout Vertical pipe conveying rainwater from
roof to ground.

Roof Drain Collects rainwater from roof and connects

to downspout.

Strainer Prevents debris from clogging roof drain.

Shoe Redirects water from downspout to catch

basin.

Catch Basin Collects surface water and directs it to

storm drain.

Area Drain Grated fixture that collects surface runoff.

Storm Line Underground pipe system for stormwater.

Combined Combines stormwater and sewage in one

System system.

Natural Uses surface runoff to direct water to

System cisterns.

Independent Separates stormwater from sewage;

System preferred method.

XIII. CODE PROVISIONS FOR HANGERS &

SUPPORTS

Term Description

Vertical Support - Support at every story or closer.

Cast Iron

Vertical Support - Support at every other story height.

Screwed Pipe

Vertical Support - Support at every story or 3m max.

Copper

Vertical Support - Support every 1.2m with rigid

Lead backing.

Vertical Support - Support every 1.0m interval.

Plastic
BU_MECHANICAL
REVIEWER: MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

IV. TYPES OF AC SYSTEMS

I. HVAC (Heating, Ventilating & Air Type Description

Conditioning)
Central AC Includes plant, boiler, AHU, ducts, fans,
Term Description air outlets, controls.

Air Control of air temperature, humidity, Split Type AC Indoor and outdoor units.
Conditioning circulation, and purity.
Window Type AC Compact all-in-one unit.
Cooling & Maintains 24–26°C, 50% humidity during
Dehumidifyin summer.
g
V. AC EQUIPMENT
Heating & Maintains 21–24°C, 30–35% humidity.
Humidifying Component Description

Air Supply 5–7.5 [Link]/min/person (non-smoking), Compressors Types: Piston (up to 100 tons), Centrifugal,
25–40 [Link]/min/person (smoking). Screw-type.

Air Motion 15–25 ft/min at 36" above floor. Condensers Air-cooled, water-cooled (Double Pipe, Shell
& Tube, Evaporative).
ASHRAE Recommends 15–20 [Link]/min/person.
Standard Evaporators Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger or Direct
Expansion Coils.

II. METHODS OF COOLING &

VI. HEATING EQUIPMENT
DEHUMIDIFYING
Equipment Description
Method Description

Tempering Coils Use steam for pre-heating or

Cold Water Spray Passes air through water mist.
reheating.

Cold Water Coil Air passes over cold water-cooled Water Heaters Used in spray chambers to add heat
coils. and humidity.

Direct Expansion Air passes over refrigerant-filled Heating Mediums Water, air, electricity.
Coils coils.
Heating Systems Mechanical warm air, steam, hot water,
Combination Uses both sprays and coils.
radiant panel.
Method

VII. AIR DISTRIBUTION EQUIPMENT

III. MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION & CYCLE
Equipment Description
Term Description

Ducts Made of galvanized sheet or aluminum,

Freon Non-combustible refrigerant banned in
rectangular or circular.
2020.
Fans Centrifugal (high pressure), Propeller (for
Refrigeration Compression → Condensation →
exhaust).
Cycle Expansion → Evaporation.
Outlets Wall: vaned, perforated grills; Ceiling:
Direct Cold air blown into room or through
plaques, panels, perforated ceilings.
Expansion ducts.
Method
 Controller Contains relays, switches; manages
escalator function.
VIII. CONTROL EQUIPMENT
Handrail & Safety features for rider support.
Device Description Balustrade

Sensing Humidistat, thermostat, pressure regulators.

Devices
XI. FIRE DETECTION & ALARM SYSTEM (FDAS)
Actuating Dampers (air flow), control valves, relays
Term Description
Devices (power amplifiers).

FDAS Alerts occupants with visual/audible

alarms during fire.
IX. ELEVATORS & DUMBWAITERS
Requirement Required for bldgs. ≥4 stories or ≥1000
Term Description sqm.

Detector Temperature, photoelectric, ionization,

Elevator Platform that lifts/lowers people or goods.
Types flame.
Min size: 1.50×1.80m.

Manual Alarm Activated via pull stations.

Electric Uses DC motor, traction ropes,
Type counterweights.
Non-coded Station location not identified at panel.
Hydraulic Uses plunger and oil; limited to 5 stories. System
Type
Coded System Specific station/address shows on panel.
Traction Uses pulley and counterweight; for mid to
Elevator high rise. Control Panel Receives signals and activates alarms.

Elevator Manual push button, collective, group Annunciator Converts non-coded to zone-indicating
Controls supervisory. Panel system.

Elevator Includes governor, brakes, limit switches,

Safety buffers.
XII. FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM
Dumbwaiter Small elevator for items, min size
0.90×0.90m. System Description

Overhead Tank Gravity-fed from elevated tanks.

X. ESCALATORS & CONVEYORS

Underground Uses pumps; more reliable and less
Term Description Reservoir visible.

Upfeed Pump Direct pumping from reservoir; constant

Escalator Moving staircase for floor transport in
System pressure.
public buildings.
Standpipe Piping network for fire hose access.
Width 32"–48" wide.

Wet Standpipe Water always present.

Speed 90–120 ft/min.

Dry Standpipe Water supplied only in fire.

Inclination Typically 30 degrees.

Automatic Wet or dry pipe sprinkler systems.

Truss Welded steel frame supporting stairway.
Sprinkler

Tracks Steel angles guiding step rollers. Sprinkler Heads Types: upright, pendent, flush; open at
135–160°F.
Sprockets & Provide motive power.
Chains Spacing Sprinklers: 2.4–3.6m apart, depending on
hazard level.
Emergency Stops system safely in chain failure.
Brake

Drive Machine Powers movement.

Tab 10
CAST IRON PIPE WASTE LINE AND VENTING EVERY FLOOR

GALVANIZED STEEL/IRON MADE OF CARBON STEEL TO HOT AND COLD

PIPE PREVENT RUST

COPPER PIPE PURE COPPER BEST FOR HOT AND COLD

K, L, M (THICK, MEDIUM , 1.8M
THIN) COSTLY

PVC (POLYVINYL CHLORIDE) THERMOPLASTIC MATERIAL, COLD CREAM OR WHITE COLORED

POLYMERIZING

CPVC (CHLORINATED MADE BY CHLORINATION HOT AND COLD LIGHT OR YELLOWISH

POLYVINYL CHLORIDE)

PE (POLYETHYLENE) TWO VARIANT: HDPE, PEX HOT AND COLD BLACK

PB (POLYBUTYLENE) COSTLY, NOT WIDELY USED COLD BLACK OR DARK GRAY

LUMINOUS ENERGY CONSTANT FLOW LUMEN SECOND

LUMINOUS FLUX RATE OF FLOW LUMEN

LUMINOUS INTENSITY LUMINOUS FLUX CANDELA

ILLUMINANCE INTENSITY OF LIGHT LUX, FOOT-CANDLE by