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Class 12 Integrals: Complete Guide

The document provides comprehensive notes on Class 12 integrals, covering indefinite integrals, methods of integration, and definite integrals. Key concepts include the power rule, trigonometric integrals, substitution, partial fractions, and integration by parts, along with their respective examples. Additionally, it discusses applications of integrals in calculating areas under curves and between curves.

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3 views1 page

Class 12 Integrals: Complete Guide

The document provides comprehensive notes on Class 12 integrals, covering indefinite integrals, methods of integration, and definite integrals. Key concepts include the power rule, trigonometric integrals, substitution, partial fractions, and integration by parts, along with their respective examples. Additionally, it discusses applications of integrals in calculating areas under curves and between curves.

Uploaded by

lasyadurgam44
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Class 12 Integrals – Complete Notes 1.

Indefinite Integrals (Antiderivatives) Definition: Reverse of


differentiation; represents family of functions.
Power Rule: ∫ x■ dx = x■■¹/(n+1) + C
Example: ∫ 5x■ dx = x■ + C

Trigonometric Integrals:
∫ sin x dx = -cos x + C
∫ cos x dx = sin x + C

Logarithmic Integral: ∫ (1/x) dx = ln|x| + C

Exponential: ∫ e■ dx = e■ + C
2. Methods of Integration 2.1 Substitution Method Let u = g(x). Example: ∫ cos x/(1+sin x) dx = ln|1+sin
x| + C

2.2 Partial Fractions Example: ∫ 1/(x² - 1) dx = (1/2) ln |(x-1)/(x+1)| + C

2.3 Integration by Parts Formula: ∫ u dv = uv - ∫ v du


Example: ∫ x e■ dx = xe■ - e■ + C

3. Definite Integrals Using Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: ∫■■ f(x) dx = F(b) - F(a)
Example: ∫■² x² dx = 8/3

Properties:
∫■■ f(x) dx = 0
∫■■ f(x) dx = -∫■■ f(x) dx

4. Applications of Integrals (Area) 4.1 Area Under a Curve A = ∫■■ f(x) dx


Example: ∫■¹ x² dx = 1/3

4.2 Area Between Two Curves Example: Area between y = x² and y = 2x from x=0 to x=2 is 4/3.

4.3 Area of Complex Regions Example: Circle x² + y² = 4 → Area = 4π

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