Types of structures

 SLR (Single Lane Road)

 DLR (Double Lane Road)
 CD (Cross drainage)
 CR (Cross regulator)
 GLACIS TYPE FALL
 APPROACH CHANNEL

 Single Lane Road

General Description

A single lane road bridge is a reinforced concrete slab bridge provided across irrigation canals or
distributaries to allow safe passage of light vehicular and pedestrian traffic. It is typically
constructed as a single-span deck slab supported on abutments, sometimes with kerbs and
parapets for safety. It is an economical solution for rural connectivity.

Design Considerations

- Designed as per IRC:21-2000 for reinforced concrete road bridges.

- Considers dead load of slab, wearing coat, kerbs, and parapets.

- Live load is considered as IRC Class A loading, appropriate for rural single-lane bridges.

- Impact factor and load dispersion are applied as per IRC:6-2000.

- Checked for bending moment, shear force, deflection.

- Abutments are designed against earth pressure, surcharge load, and bearing capacity.

Structural Components

- Deck Slab – RCC slab designed for bending and shear under traffic loads.

- Wearing Coat – Provides protection to deck slab and ensures riding quality.

- Kerbs and Parapets – For safety and to confine vehicles within the carriageway.

- Abutments & Foundations – Support the deck and transfer loads to soil strata.

- Expansion Joint – Provided at deck ends to accommodate thermal movement.

Uses & Importance

- Provides uninterrupted access across canals.

- Facilitates movement of villagers, farmers, and small vehicles.

- Ensures canal operations are not hindered by crossings.

- Improves socio-economic development by connecting rural areas.

 Double Lane Road

General Description

A double lane bridge is a wider RCC deck slab bridge across canals, designed to carry two-lane
traffic including heavy vehicles and agricultural machinery. The bridge may have multiple spans
supported on piers, depending on canal width.

Design Considerations

- Designed for IRC Class 70R loading (tracked or wheeled vehicles) for heavy traffic.

- Deck slab designed using with M25 concrete and Fe500 steel.

- Includes checks for dead load, live load, impact load, temperature stresses.

- Effective width of load dispersion and impact factor considered as per IRC:21-2000.

- Open foundation designed based on safe bearing capacity of soil.

Structural Components

- Deck Slab – RCC slab spanning between abutments/pier caps.

- Wearing Coat & Kerbs – Provides durability and defines carriageway edges.

- Piers & Pier Caps – Intermediate supports for multi-span decks.

- Abutments & Wing Walls – Transfer loads and retain approach embankments.

- Expansion Joints – Allow thermal expansion/contraction.

Uses & Importance

- Enables two-way movement of vehicles across canals.

- Accommodates heavy trucks and agricultural machinery.

- Reduces congestion compared to single lane bridges.

- Enhances rural and regional connectivity, promoting economic growth.

 Cross Drainage
General Description

A cross drainage (CD) work is constructed where a canal alignment intersects a natural drainage
(stream, nallah, or river). It allows the safe passage of canal water while simultaneously disposing
of drainage flow either over, under, or through the canal prism.

Design Considerations

- Retaining walls designed as cantilever RCC walls, checked against overturning, sliding, and soil
pressure.

- Loads considered: earth pressure, surcharge load.

- Stability checked with factors of safety against overturning, sliding, and bearing capacity failure.

- Designed using M20/M25 grade concrete and Fe500 steel, following IS 456:2000 and IS 3370 for
water retaining structures.

Structural Components

- Retaining Walls – To support earth pressure and confine waterway.

- Base Slab/Raft – Transfers load to foundation soil and resists uplift pressure.

- Wing Walls & Aprons – Guide flow and prevent erosion at entry/exit.

Uses & Importance

- Prevents obstruction to natural drainage.

- Protects canal embankments from flooding.

- Ensures smooth flow of both canal and drainage waters.

- Maintains long-term stability of irrigation system.

  Cross Regulator
General Description

A cross regulator is a gated hydraulic structure built across canals to regulate and control the flow
of water into downstream reaches and distributaries. It can also act as a stop structure during
maintenance.

Design Considerations

- Designed for hydrostatic water pressure, earth pressure, seismic loads, and live loads on the
walkway.

- Stability checked for overturning, sliding, and bearing capacity.

- Raft and columns designed as RCC elements per IS 456:2000.

- Gates designed for water head and operational loads.

- Earthquake loads considered as per IS 1893:2016.

Structural Components

- Columns & Raft Slab – Support gates and transfer load to foundation.

- Gates & Hoisting Arrangement – Control water flow.

- Walkway Slab – For inspection and operation.

- Retaining Walls – Hold back earth and withstand lateral loads.

Uses & Importance

- Controls water levels in the canal system.

- Distributes discharge to branch canals and distributaries.

- Prevents downstream flooding during high flows.

- Facilitates canal closure during maintenance or emergency.

  Glacis Type Fall
General Description

A glacis fall is a sloping floor drop structure provided to reduce excess energy in canals by forming
a hydraulic jump. It has a glacis floor followed by an energy dissipation basin.

Design Considerations

- Designed for hydrostatic pressure, and soil loads.

- Structural checks for base pressure against safe bearing capacity.

- RCC elements designed for bending, shear, and crack width control.

- Load combinations as per IS 456:2000 and IS 3370:2021.

Structural Components

- Raft Foundation – Distributes loads and resists uplift.

- Glacis Floor – RCC sloping floor that creates hydraulic jump.

- Retaining Walls – Withstand earth and water pressures.

- Energy Dissipation Basin – Protects downstream from erosion.

Uses & Importance

- Reduces velocity of flow in steep canal reaches.

- Ensures stability of downstream bed and banks.

- Prevents scouring and erosion.

- Provides long-term durability of canal system.

 Approach Channel
General Description

An approach channel is a water-conveying portion provided upstream and downstream of major

hydraulic structures such as cross drainage works, regulators, or falls. It guides the flow uniformly
towards the structure and ensures smooth transition without turbulence or erosion. The channel
is usually flanked by retaining walls to confine the water and prevent soil collapse from adjoining
banks.
Design Considerations

 Designed as an open channel with lined sides for smooth flow and erosion control.

 Retaining walls on both sides are designed as RCC cantilever walls to resist lateral earth
pressure.

 Design checks include overturning, sliding, and soil bearing capacity.

 Stability is verified with adequate factors of safety against overturning and sliding.

 Structural elements are designed as per IS 456:2000 (RCC design).

Structural Components

 Retaining Walls – RCC cantilever walls provided on both sides.

 Base Slab/Raft – Foundation slab transferring wall loads to soil.

 Channel Bed – Lined bed to reduce seepage and prevent scouring.

 Protective Works – Aprons, pitching, and toe walls to safeguard against erosion.

Uses & Importance

 Provides a smooth transition of water towards hydraulic structures.

 Prevents bank erosion and soil slippage into the channel.

 Ensures stability of adjoining embankments.

 Helps in maintaining designed discharge and hydraulic efficiency.

 Improves durability and safety of the main structure by controlling approach conditions.
SPECIFICATION FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF CIVIL STRUCTURES.

1. DESIGN LOADS FOR CIVIL STRUCTURES

All structures shall be designed for the most critical combination of dead load, live load,
equipment load, crane load, monorail load, pipe load, wind load, seismic load, stresses
due to temperature load & any other loading conditions which can occur during the
design life of the facility. Following loads shall be applied on structures as per IS
provisions or actuals.

• Dead load

• Imposed loads or Live load

• Crane & Monorail (wherever applicable)

• Wind load (wherever applicable)

• Seismic load (wherever applicable)

• Earth pressure load

• Hydrostatic pressure load

• Vehicular load

• Surcharge load

• Uplift Pressure (wherever applicable)

2. FACTOR OF SAFETY
1. Against sliding >= 1.4

In this case, only 0.9 times the characteristics dead load shall be taken into account.

2. Against Overturning

Restoring Moment >= (1.2x max. overturning moment due to DL and 1.4x max.
overturning moment due to LL)

In those cases, where Dead load provides the restoring moment, only 0.9 times the
characteristic dead load shall be considered. Restoring moment due to imposed loads
shall be ignored.

3. Against uplift >= 1.2

 3. CONCRETE MIX

The following minimum grades of concrete as per IS: 456 shall generally be used for the type of
structures noted against each grade.

M10 - Binding & Levelling concrete of 100 thick below all foundations for buildings & liquid
retaining structures, trenches, underground structures.

M20 – For General structures.

M25 - RCC grade for non-liquid retaining structures & framed buildings. Minimum cement content
shall be as per IS: 456 and IS: 3370

M30 - RCC grade for liquid retaining structures. Minimum cement content shall be as per IS: 456
and IS: 3370

In Mix design, the water cement ratio should not exceed 0.45. The exposure condition to be
considered “Severe” for liquid retaining structures.

4. REINFORCING STEEL

Steel reinforcement shall be high strength deformed bars as per IS: 1786 -2008 of Fe-500D grade.

5. STRUCTURAL STEEL

All structural steel will be as per IS: 2062. Design of Structural steel will be as per IS: 800 - 2007
Code of Practice for General Construction.

6. MINIMUM COVER TO MAIN REINFORCEMENT

Nominal cover to meet durability requirement shall correspond to be “Severe Condition” for liquid
retaining structure and mild condition for other structure as per the requirement of IS 456-2000.
Nominal cover as given in the following table also takes into account 2 hours of fire resistance as
specified in Table 16A of IS 456-2000.
 7. STRIPPING TIME

Forms shall not be released until the concrete has achieved a strength of at least twice the stress
to which the concrete may be subjected at the time of removal of formwork. The strength
referred to shall be that of concrete using the same cement and aggregates and admixtures, if any,
with the same proportions and cured under conditions of temperature and moisture similar to
those existing on the work. While the above criteria of strength shall be the guiding factor for
removal of formwork, in normal circumstances where ambient temperature does not fall below
15ᵒ C and where OPC is used and adequate curing is done, following stripping period may deem
satisfy the guidelines.

Table 1 Stripping Time for different units of a structure

Type of Formwork Minimum Period before

Sr. No
Striking Formwork
1 Vertical formwork to columns, walls, beams 16-24 Hours
Soffit formwork to slabs (Props to be re-fixed immediately 3 Days
2
after removal of formwork)
Soffit formwork to beams (Props to be re- 7 Days
3
fixed immediately after removal of formwork
Props to slabs
4 i) Spanning up to 4.5 m 7 Days
ii) Spanning over 4.5 m 14 days
Props to beams and arches
5 i) Spanning up to 6 m 14 Days
ii) Spanning over 6 m 21 days

The number of props left under, their sizes and disposition shall be such as to be able to safely
carry the full dead load of the slab, beam or arch as the case may be together with any live load
likely to occur during curing or further construction.

8. CURING

Curing is the process of preventing the loss of moisture from the concrete whilst maintaining a
satisfactory temperature regime. Exposed surfaces of concrete shall be kept continuous in a damp
or wet condition by ponding or by covering within a layer of sacking, canvas, hessian or similar
materials and kept constantly wet for at least 7 days from the date of placing concrete in case of
ordinary Portland cement and at least 10 days where admixtures are used. Also, the period of
curing shall not be less than 10 days for concrete exposed to dry and hot weather conditions.

9. CODES & DESIGN AIDS

Table 2 Codes Used

Sr. No IS Code No Code Description

Code of Practice for Design loads for Buildings & Structures

1 IS: 875: 2015
(Part 1 to 3)

2 IS: 1893: 2016/2002 Part-1 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures

Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of structures

3 IS: 1893: 2014 Part-2
(Liquid retaining structures) Concrete Structures

4 IS: 456: 2000 Code of practice for Plain & Reinforced concrete

Ductile detailing of Reinforced Concrete structures

5 IS: 13920: 1993
Subjected to Seismic forces.
Code of practice for Concrete structures for storage of liquids.
6 IS 3370: 1967
(Part III to IV)
7 IS: 3370: 2009/2021 Code of practice for Concrete Structures for storage of
Liquids. (Part I to II)
8 SP 16: 1980 Design aids for Reinforced concrete to IS: 456
9
SP 34: 1987 Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing

10
IRC 6:2000 Standard specification and code of practice For road bridges

11 IRC 21:2000 For reinforced concrete road bridges

12 IRC 78:2000 Standard specification and code of practice For road bridges