RACE OF CHAIR OF SOCIAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNIVERSITY

NURSING Ambato Technique

[Link] [Link]
September 2018 - February 2019

DETERMINE THE CAUSES OF The more is known about

MYOPIA IN STUDENTS OF this problem, there will be a greater degree
PRIMER SEMESTER DE
NURSING OF THE FACULTY awareness among young people,
OF HEALTH SCIENCES IN THE preventing those from continuing to be carried out
UNIVERSITY TECHNIQUE DE
behaviors that cause him some harm in
AMBATO FOR A CORRECT
PREVENTION his view. Through an analysis, it was deduced

Crespo D, Marin M, Supe C. that the issue of myopia is a topic

RESUMEN important, since this occurs

especially among young people,
From the present research, one
mainly in those who do not care
determine the possible causes of myopia
of his view.
that affects first-year students
nursing semester, with the aim of
Keywords
reduce the impact of this pathology
➢ Miopía; Ojos; Ocular; Enfermedad;
ocular in each of the students, there is
Function.
You know that the first problem is that the
students spend a lot of time with the SUMMARY
devices with ultraviolet (UV) light such as the
From the present investigation, the
cell phone, the computer, etc. What possible causes of myopia that affects the
it causes a negative effect on the students of the first semester of nursing
will be determined, in order to diminish
correct functioning of the eyes.
the impact of this ocular pathology in each
Moreover, the enormous inconsequence that of the students, it is known that the first
do children have regarding care of The problem is that the students spend a lot of
time with devices with ultraviolet light
their view since they do not have one (UV) such as cell phones, computers, etc.
relevant information. What causes a negative effect on the
correct functioning of the eyes. In
This research is conducted in order to addition, the enormous lack of importance
that children have with regard to the care
prevent the increase of cases of myopia
of their eyes, since they do not have
ensuring proper operation relevant information.
ocular avoiding future complications.

MISSION VISION VALUES

To form competent, visionary leader professionals. The Nursing Degree at the Faculty of Health Sciences of the Scientists: Development of knowledge, research, creativity,
humanist and critical thinking, through teaching, the Technical University of Ambato will establish itself due to its levels of excellence. innovation and criticality.
research and outreach, that apply, promote and a higher education center with leadership and national projection Humanistic: Quality, service, honesty, solidarity, responsibility,
spread knowledge by responding to needs international. ethics, justice, equity, freedom, and respect.
of the country. Social: Leadership, interculturality, communication, and ecological sense.
 CAREER OF CHAIR OF SOCIAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNIVERSITY
NURSING Ambato Technique
[Link] [Link]
September 2018 - February 2019

This investigation is carried out with the In East Asia, the prevalence of myopia
purpose of avoiding the increase of cases it reaches 80%, while in Europe it is
with myopia guaranteeing the correct inferior, with 47.2% for the group between
functioning of the eye avoiding 25 and 29 years for the year 2015. In
complications in the future. The more you America, in Latin populations such as
know about this problem, there will be a Brazil, the prevalence in adult population
greater degree of awareness on the part of it was 29.7% for the year 2009. In the United States
young people, avoiding the continuation of
United shows an increase
those behaviors that cause damage to your unmeasurable number of shortsighted people, with a
sight. Through an analysis, it was deduced
prevalence rises from 25% to 41.6%
that the topic of myopia is an important
issue, since it is especially present in between the ages of 12 to 54 years for the year
young people, mainly in those who do not 2011.
take care of their sight. In the report of the countries that make up
the Ibero-American Epidemiological Network
for Visual and Ocular Health, for the
Keywords
period 2009-2010, the lowest prevalence
➢ Myopia; Eyes; Ocular; Disease; was reported in Argentina (1.2%) and the highest
Function. in Ecuador with 25.2%. (1)

INTRODUCTION The purpose of this research

Refractive defects are considered to identify the causes of myopia, in the

the second cause of visual disability students, to avoid the increase of
worldwide. The global estimates this visual disease.
they indicate that approximately 312
millions in 2015 are nearsighted, a figure that JUSTIFICATION
it can rise to 324 million for the
4.758 billion by 2050. This project is of great
Geographically, the distribution of the importance since this allows for
myopia in the world varies determine the possible causes and the
significantly, with figures ranging
from 6.1% for Morocco (Africa) number of students who suffer from a
up to 96.5% for Korea (Asia). The visual disease such as myopia, the
ethnic contrast and lifestyle habits in which will be carried out in order to make known
Asian and African populations are the
the preventive measures against this
potential associated factors, although such
the statement remains unexplained condition that is greatly affecting
completely. proportion of young people who are found
related directly with the

MISSION VISION VALUES

To train competent, visionary professional leaders The Nursing Program of the Faculty of Health Sciences Scientists: Development of knowledge, research, creativity,
humanism and critical thinking, through teaching, the Technical University of Ambato will become a innovation and criticality.
research and the linkage, that apply, promote and a higher education center with national leadership and projection Humanistic: Quality, service, honesty, solidarity, responsibility,
spread knowledge by responding to needs international. ethics, justice, equity, freedom, and respect.
of the country. Social: Leadership, interculturality, communication, and ecological awareness.
 RACE OF CHAIR OF SOCIAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNIVERSITY
NURSING AMBATO TECHNIQUE
[Link] [Link]
September 2018 - February 2019

technology for what is significant had the availability of each one of

take timely care of our the members of the group for the
visual sense. preparation of the monograph, among the
economic resources it is worth highlighting the
Likewise, this will help to know more about
monetary capacity of each one of the
the different ways to maintain
members, and thanks to the technical resources
appropriate care in order to be able to
such as: computers, the internet, etc.
to prevent possible complications
that can be produced in a period of THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

indefinite time in order to obey

DEFINITION OF MYOPIA
efficiently in the educational field of
a satisfactory way. It turns out Myopia is characterized by a vision
beneficial for students as the blurry (out of focus) of the objects
research shows the proportion of distant, usually caused by a
users with this visual problem that in elongation of the eyeball that causes
the passage of time has been increasing that the images remain focused by
the number of young people who wear glasses, with in front of the retina. On the contrary, the
the purpose of having in the future the close vision is maintained without need
later generations become aware of optical correction.
of that and can provide care Myopia is a refractive error, which
appropriate from the view and counteract this it means that the eye does not refract light
problem that affects the majority of adequately to see the images with
individuals. clarity. When there is myopia, the
The present research is feasible already nearby objects are clearly visible, but
that shows no difficulty in the distant ones look blurry.
moment of realization, the different This is an eye-related disorder.
Reasons that highlight this statement are: with the approach, not a disease of the
the availability of resources to be used eyes.
such as humans, economic, and
It is considered a defect of the eye.
technicians. Among the human resources there
refraction in which the rays

MISSION VISION VALUES

To train competent, visionary professional leaders The Nursing Degree of the Faculty of Health Sciences Scientists: Development of knowledge, research, creativity,
humanist and critical thinking, through teaching, the Technical University of Ambato will establish itself as a innovation and criticality.
research and the linking, which apply, promote and a higher education center with leadership with national projection and Humanistic: Quality, service, honesty, solidarity, responsibility,
spread knowledge by responding to needs international. ethics, justice, equity, freedom, and respect.
of the country. Social: Leadership, interculturality, communication, and ecological awareness.
 RACE OF CHAIR OF SOCIAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNIVERSITY
NURSING TECHNIQUE OF AMBATO
[Link] [Link]
September 2018 - February 2019

parallel rays of light converge at a point 2. For having a greater corneal curvature
of the normal.
focal located in front of the retina, instead of
to converge in the same retina; it is the 3. Due to the curvature of the lens
higher than normal.
inverse defect to hyperopia, in the
4. A combination can also be given.
that the rays of light reach the retina first of these causes. - Due to an alteration
to converge. functional of the eye. Even being well all
the structures oculars his
It can also be defined as an excess the operation is not correct: - The
the curvature capacity of the cornea is
refraction power of the media less than necessary. - The muscles that
transparency of the eye in relation to its they facilitate the focus of the lens they do not have
the sufficient strength.
length, so that the light rays
HISTORICAL REVIEW OF THE
coming from objects located at a certain
distance from the eye converges to a point Myopia
anterior to the retina. In addition, myopia is
a visual problem in which we see Historically, himself they practiced
clearly up close, but we have a interventions to cure myopia that
blurred vision from afar. consisted of the extraction of the crystalline lens

in cases of high myopia

It is a very common problem and
diopters.
Many nearsighted people do not detect this.
Subsequently, the operations carried out
affection immediately, as not everyone
consisted of extraction and freezing
the objects look blurry. They usually do not
of the cornea, giving it a new shape and
having trouble reading a book or the
varying its curvature.
restaurant menu.

Currently, myopia is operated on with the

Causes of Myopia
placement of a diverging lens, capable

Due to an anatomical alteration of the eye: to form virtual images of objects

situated in infinity at the remote point

1. For having a longer eyeball. It is from the eye, where it can see them. This
to say to have a more anteroposterior axis lens simultaneously corrects the position
longer than normal (> 22mm). It is the shape
more frequent myopia. the next point is called a lens

MISSION VISION VALUES

To develop competent leaders with vision. The Nursing Degree of the Faculty of Health Sciences of the Scientists: Development of knowledge, research, creativity,
humanist and critical thinking, through teaching, the Technical University of Ambato will be established due to its levels of excellence. innovation and criticality.
research and the link, which apply, promote and a higher education center with national projection leadership and Humanistic: Quality, service, honesty, solidarity, responsibility,
spread knowledge by responding to needs international. ethics, justice, equity, freedom, and respect.
from the country. Social: Leadership, interculturality, communication, and ecological sense.
 RACE OF CHAIR OF SOCIAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNIVERSITY
NURSING Ambato Technique
[Link] [Link]
September 2018 - February 2019

intraocular and is recommended for or contact lenses. In some cases

those patients who are over 12 surgery can be used (5)
diopters. The placement of this lens
TYPES OF MYOPIA
requires the patient's passage through the

operating room, but yields better results than Simple myopia

the laser beam4)
The patient presents with up to 8-9 diopters.
Nowadays, it is refractive surgery, with It usually occurs in childhood or youth, and
laser, the one that has more acceptance, since tends to stabilize once finished the
does not require surgery and the growth process (around 21
results son very fast. years). It is the most common of all. It does not go

The first refractive surgery technique necessarily associated with diseases

it was the radial keratotomy, which was done a few glasses. Within this type of myopia
cuts in the cornea flattening its center and would the environmental myopias enter or
removing a number of diopters, the functional.
the intervention was artisanal, the problem is
that the corneas became very sensitive. Functional or environmental myopia

The following type of intervention that is

Environmental factors according to opinion
what was done was the laser exemption, which polishes the
most optometrists are
center of the cornea to flatten it.
causing the existence of more and more
more nearsighted.
The latest laser technology is called
Lasik, through which the diopters are not
In the genetic field, there are studies.
they correct on the surface of the cornea, but
conclusive that it constitutes a
in the intermediate area and that achieves the
risk factor, but regarding the
correction of myopia in a
environmental factors are more controversial,
intervention that lasts only 10 minutes.
although it is evident that we are heading towards
a world where there will increasingly be more
The myopia himself correct
myopic due to the type of life we lead.
with diverging lenses, whether glasses

MISSION VISION VALUES

To train professional leaders, competent with vision The Nursing Degree of the Faculty of Health Sciences of the Scientists: Development of knowledge, research, creativity,
humanist and critical thinking, through teaching, the Technical University of Ambato, due to its levels of excellence, will become innovation and criticality.
research and the linkage that apply, promote and a higher education center with leadership and national projection •Humanísticos: Calidad, servicio, honestidad, solidaridad, responsabilidad,
spread knowledge by addressing needs international. ethics, justice, equity, freedom, and respect.
of the country. Social: Leadership, interculturality, communication, and ecological awareness.
 RACE OF CHAIR OF SOCIAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNIVERSITY
NURSING TECHNIQUE OF AMBATO
[Link] [Link]
September 2018 - February 2019

Structural Myopia very high values of more than 10-15

diopters. Always requires monitoring
This type of myopia must a frequent ophthalmological and the main
anatomical causes in the structures the problem is that due to the damages
eyepieces, causing the optical system degenerative conditions that it causes in the eyes,
formed by the eye, focus the images the vision of these people can be very
in front of the retina. (6) low even if they carry correction. This type of
Myopia is considered a disease.
TYPES OF MYOPIA
STRUCTURAL FALSE MYOPIAS

Congenital myopia: It is a myopia of Myopia nocturnal It appears in

birth that is usually elevated and conditions sick leave lighting
it is generally caused by a environmental. It is not a shortsightedness.
length of the eye very large. The causes true, but it produces a blur
what the they provoke they can similar.
genetic variations (alterations during the
It happens because when we are at
embryonic development), due to diseases
the pupil becomes larger,
during pregnancy, or by birth
decreasing the depth of field and
premature. They are usually myopias
increasing the aberrations causing
quite high and do not evolve much
a decrease in visual acuity.
subsequently. Its fundamental
early detection and correction.
False myopia due to accommodative spasm:
It consists of a blockage, sometimes
Myopia degenerative (great o
pathological): It is the type of myopia most
transitory del mechanism of
ocular accommodation that is called
severe that is associated with degeneration
of the fundus of the eyes of the affected individuals.
accommodation spasm or myopia
hypertonic, which should not be confused
It is hereditary and tends to evolve a lot.
with a myopia since it is temporary.
throughout life, especially in the stage
from adolescence reaching up to

MISSION VISION VALUES

To train competent, visionary leader professionals The Nursing Degree of the Faculty of Health Sciences of the Scientists: Development of knowledge, research, creativity,
humanist and critical thinking, through teaching, the Technical University of Ambato will become known for its levels of excellence. innovation and criticality.
research and linkage, that apply, promote and a higher education center with national leadership and projection Humanistic: Quality, service, honesty, solidarity, responsibility
spread knowledge by responding to needs international. ethics, justice, equity, freedom, and respect.
of the country. Social: Leadership, interculturality, communication, and ecological awareness.
 RACE OF CHAIR OF SOCIAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNIVERSITY
NURSING TECHNIQUE OF AMBATO
[Link] [Link]
September 2018 - February 2019

Myopia instrumental Disorder hours or read with little lighting,

common among people who anything that tires our eyes,
they constantly work with It can be a factor.
microscopes; it is not due to a stimulus
real, but rather a feeling of closeness Nobody knows the exact causes of the
of the objects. myopia, but we do have a lot
information about her. The problem of the
The eye gets accustomed to the type of vision that
myopia occurs when the light entering
therefore offers this instrument to the in the eye it focuses in front of the retina at
change activity, the disorder takes a while place over her, as it should happen
certain time to disappear(7) in a normal eye.

Causes of Myopia
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF
MYOPIA
Myopia is normally a disorder
associated with genetics. If you have A person can suffer from myopia if
myopia, pay special attention to correctly observe nearby objects,
detect the early signs of myopia but the distant ones appear blurry. It
progressive in their children. It is important It can be noticed because sometimes it closes slightly.

review their sight regularly, since the eyes, as if making an effort to

common myopia usually appears in the see more clearly, when seeing objects that
early stages of life. Many children they are far away.
with myopia they start to suffer from it very It is common to notice it in adolescents, because
early age and tends to worsen every year For example, in class, he complains that he can't see.
until you reach your twenties. (1) good the board. At home we can
suspect that the child has myopia if they
There are also other reasons for approaches a lot to the books to read, to the
develop myopia. Do you remember that your
television or to the tablet. Also, also
parents used to tell him not to sit down can cause eye tension, and more
too close to the television? Watch rarely, headache. (8)
computer screens for many

MISSION VISION VALUES

To train professional leaders, competent with vision The Nursing Degree of the Faculty of Health Sciences of the Scientists: Development of knowledge, research, creativity,
humanist and critical thinking, through teaching, the The Technical University of Ambato, due to its levels of excellence, will become innovation and criticality.
research and the connection, that apply, promote and a higher education center with national projection and leadership Humanistic: Quality, service, honesty, solidarity, responsibility,
disseminate knowledge by responding to needs international. ethics, justice, equity, freedom, and respect.
of the country. Social: Leadership, interculturality, communication, and ecological awareness.
 RACE OF CHAIR OF SOCIAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNIVERSITY
ENFERMERÍA TECHNIQUE OF AMBATO
[Link] [Link]
September 2018 - February 2019

ASK YOUR PARENTS. It's a

TREATMENT OF THE affection that has a component

MYOPIA important hereditary. When the parents

they are myopic, will it be necessary to start to
One of the ways to correct vision control the children very soon, as they
distance learning is through the use of usually develops during school age
lenses for myopia. stabilize around 20 years.
Contact lenses for myopia are
VISIT TO THE OPHTHALMOLOGIST. Go to
the corrective option chosen by many
periodically to the specialist so that you
persons.
conduct a complete visual examination and
Corrective surgery for myopia
change the correction whenever you
it can also be an option. In the
you need.
LASIK surgery for myopia, the way of
STAY AWAY FROM BOOKS. While reading,
the cornea is modified using a laser
always do it at a reasonable distance,
so that the light that enters the eye is
Don't bring the book too close to your eyes.
focus in the right place. Without
embargo, not everyone is suitable for THE LIGHT, INTENSE AND INDIRECT.
this option. It depends on the eyes of each reading in twilight or semi-twilight
person. (8) demands too much from the eyes. Watch the
PREVENTION METHODS lighting of the place where you read; they are

OF MYOPIA preferable the lights indirect hints.

NO LAYING DOWN. When you read
CHOOSE The CORRECTION
lying down or resting, you are demanding a
Adequate. Myopia can be
excessive effort to your eyes.
compensate with glasses, contact lenses or
refractive surgery. Each technique has its DON'T LOSE SIGHT. Even if it's your
advantages and disadvantages. Let yourself be advised maximum distraction, you should not pass either
by the ophthalmologist about which is the most hours reading continuously. Periodically,
it suits you better and adapts to you. Take breaks for your eyes to rest.

MISSION VISION VALUES

To train competent leaders with vision The Nursing Degree of the Faculty of Health Sciences of the Scientists: Development of knowledge, research, creativity,
humanist and critical thinking, through teaching, the Technical University of Ambato will become due to its levels of excellence innovation and criticality.
research and the linkage, that apply, promote and a higher education center with leadership with national projection and Humanistic: Quality, service, honesty, solidarity, responsibility,
spread knowledge by responding to needs international. ethics, justice, equity, freedom and respect.
of the country. Social: Leadership, interculturality, communication, and ecological sense.
 RACE OF CHAIR OF SOCIAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNIVERSITY
NURSING TÉCNICA DE AMBATO
[Link] [Link]
September 2018 - February 2019

YES A THE EXERCISES Level or type of research.

VISUALS. They are a good tool. The exploratory research was applied with
to improve the health of your eyes. the objective of examining a problem regarding
to the "proportion of myopia cases" in
Consult about what suits you best. where a better analysis could be done
determine the reasons why the
WATCH YOUR DIET. The liver, the yolk students can end up suffering this
eggs, blue fish, milk and disease.

vegetables are rich in vitamin A, METHODS AND TECHNIQUES TO

essential for you view. TO USE.
Methods.
ENJOY THE OUTDOORS. Avoid The observation method was used to
spending a lot of time in closed places. The able to describe and explain the possible
causes of increased myopia which is
outdoor, the sun and exercise strengthen your carried out in an objective, planned manner and
view(9) oriented towards a purpose to manifest the
importance of reducing its impact. It
METHODOLOGY OF they collected and tabulated the data for
RESEARCH WORK can be analyzed and interpreted from a
objective manner.
Mode of research.
Techniques.
The current research is of a character
bibliographic or documentary; it was carried out The technique used was the survey.
apoyándose en fuentes de carácter applied to the students, where it
documentary why him obtained I collect data through a
information through inquiries in previously conducted questionnaire.
internet which provided the information
for the preparation and development of the framework In this way, efficiency was achieved.
theoretical. obtaining the necessary data for
understand the knowledge one has
For this reason, the current research,
focused on determining the proportion of about the topic.
students with visual problems such as
it is myopia and thus show that it
illness is a social problem that
greatly harms children in the
news that do not maintain care
suitable.

MISSION VISION VALUES

To train professional leaders, competent with vision The Nursing Degree of the Faculty of Health Sciences Scientists: Development of knowledge, research, creativity
humanist and critical thinking, through teaching, the Technical University of Ambato will become known for its levels of excellence. innovation and criticism.
research and the linkage, that apply, promote and a higher education training center with national projection and leadership Humanistic: Quality, service, honesty, solidarity, responsibility,
disseminate knowledge by responding to needs international. ethics, justice, equity, freedom, and respect.
of the country. •Social: Leadership, interculturality, communication, and ecological awareness.
 CAREER OF CHAIR OF SOCIAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNIVERSITY
NURSING Technique of Ambato
[Link] [Link]
September 2018 - February 2019

POPULATION AND SAMPLE BIBLIOGRAPHY

= 2
(N - 1) 2 + 1. Vaca D, Alvares C. Prevalence and factors
associated with myopia in young people. Journal
SYMBOLISM Mexican Ophthalmology. 2017
n= Sample size September; XCI(5).
PQ=Constant variance
population: 0.25 Mayorga C, Ortiz M. Degree of Incidence
N=Population size of Myopia in Relation to the
E = Maximum allowable error, varies Academic Performance in Students
between 0.01 and 0.09 Adolescents from the La Matriz Parish,
K=Correction coefficient of Tunguragua. Monografia. Ambato:
error (K=2) Pontifical Catholic University of
Ecuador, Department of Sciences of the
(0.5)(0.5)149 Health; 1998.
=
( 0.09 ) 2 3. Barrera C. Myopia. National Institute
(149 - 1) ( 2)2 + (0.5)(0.5) del Ojo. November 2016; II.
(0.2149
=
0.0081
(148) 4 + 0.25
4. Ramos S. Myopia. Second ed. Health
37.25 NIo, editor. Barcelona: National Eye
=
0.0081 Institute; 2011.
(148) 4 + 0.25
37.25 5. Corbett M. Healing of Sight. Second
= ed. Mexico City: Pax-Mexico; 2014.
(148)(0.002025) + 0.25
37.25 6. Ruiz M, Taña Rivero. Optics for the
= Faco-Refractive surgeon. First ed.
0.2997 + 0.25
Barcelona: Elsevier Health; 2015.
37.25
= 7. Wiechers E. Ophthalmology in Practice
0.5497
of general medicine. Fourth ed. Mexico
= 67.76423 DF: McGraw-Hill Interamericana; 2014.
n = 68 8. Fonseca J. Anatomy and Physiology and Pathologies
Basics. Second ed. Madrid: Aran; 2009.

MISSION VISION VALUES

To train professional leaders, competent with vision The Nursing Degree of the Faculty of Health Sciences of the Scientists: Development of knowledge, research, creativity,
humanist and critical thinking, through teaching, the Technical University of Ambato will establish itself as a result of its levels of excellence. innovation and criticality.
research and the link, that apply, promote and a higher education center with leadership with national projection and •Humanísticos: Calidad, servicio, honestidad, solidaridad, responsabilidad,
disseminate knowledge by responding to needs international. ethics, justice, equity, freedom, and respect.
of the country. Social: Leadership, interculturality, communication, and ecological sense.