Construction Industry

FORMWORK CARPENTER COURSE

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UnitI-ShapesandMolds

The molds are used to shape the concrete piece and are removed (unmolded) like this.
that concrete gains age and strength for that.

I.1- Material

Wood – boards, legs, battens, and slats;

Compensado –também de madeira, são chapas largas de 10 a 12mm de espessura;

Chapa de aço –feitas sob medida com encaixe;

Polymers - commissioned in the shape of the part, facilitating the molding of parts with
curvatures, previously difficult to execute and can receive logo prints or
stone drawings, small bricks and others.

I.2- Concrete pieces that take forms

Running footing, isolated footing, blocks for pile capping, ties, neck of
pillar, beams, slabs, columns, staircase, wall, and water tank

I.3- Technical care for wooden forms

Check if the wood is dry (not green)

Clean both surfaces with a steel brush.
Check if the wood is free of fungi, defects and correctly cut.
Wet the form until the wood is saturated before pouring the concrete.
To avoid the connection of a piece to be concreted with other existing ones, if there are any

the form between them must cover the existing face with paper or grease or felt or
simply paint with lime.
Apply used oil on the inner surfaces to facilitate demolding without damage.
concrete.
Bracing must be calculated in a way that supports the load of the concrete and the
concreting work, especially that of large spans.
The demolding of the side walls of the beams can be carried out when the concrete
being 3 days old, however, the background ones must wait at least two.
weeks and the proper support can only be removed at 4 weeks of age.

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I.4 - Storage
The forms must be stored in a location protected from the elements and from soil moisture.
e de outros agentes nocivos às suas qualidades. Para tal, não deverão pousar diretamente no
alone, always about platforms.

I.5- Quantitative survey

It is done by measuring the face area of the piece to be covered. The auxiliary pieces
such as pontalete, gastalhos, braces, crossbars, supports, etc., are part of the cost composition
with an estimated amount per m2.

I.6- Denominations
Panels - flat surfaces of varying dimensions.
•Crosspieces – connecting pieces that serve as support for others.

•Beams – support pieces used in the shoring of slab panels.

Guides - support pieces and guidance of the crossbars.
Beam faces – panels that form the sides of the beam formwork.
Beam bottoms - panels made of boards or sheets, which constitute the lower part.
the shapes of the beams.
•Corner brackets – small triangular pieces, fixed at the internal angles along the
beam, in order to avoid sharp corners and possible leaks of the mortar from the
concrete.
•Straps or braces – pieces that reinforce and close the molds of pillars
and beams.
•Amounts - are intended to reinforce the ties.
•Beam – pieces that support the bottom of the formwork of the slabs.
Pontaletes – pieces that provide support for the bottom of the formwork of the beams.

•Rakes or French hand - inclined pieces that work under compression between
the sleepers and the posts.
•Chapuzes – small pieces made of slats, used as reinforcement to prevent the
movement of other parts.
Braces - pieces that connect the shoring.

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 Wedges - prismatic parts, usually used in pairs; they are intended to force the
contact between the pontalete and the right foot with the bottom of the beam and slab formwork; helps too

in the removal of the supports.

Shims - pieces that support and level the post and the right foot.
•Spacers - small temporary pieces used in the
forms of walls, foundations, and beams, to maintain the internal distance between the panels.

•Bracing – cross-linking of support pieces that work against buckling.

•Contravention - a connection that is made between the parts to prevent any displacement
the forms.

I-7- Lajes

They are structural elements where their dimensions prevail over a third.
Normally, the two main dimensions are in a horizontal plane. The slab frames
are made using shape drawing. We believe that to learn to draw shapes we have
to learn the frameworks. However, we will give some concepts to understand a drawing
in forms.

I-8- Drawing of Shapes

The drawing of shapes represents the structural parts in a horizontal plane with their
dimensions and positions. Let’s understand this well, in a simple way, the most basic one, that
we could conceive in the figure below.

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 Figure 1: Structure in shape and perspective

As can be seen in the drawing of shapes, the slabs, beams, and columns are represented.
according to the final result of the concrete structure already completed in its concreting, in plan, and
representada por um plano horizontal. No exemplo nosso a estrutura é composta de uma laje,
supported by four beams that in turn rest on the four pillars.
All forms of the structure are made up of various slabs, beams, and columns arranged
conveniently and quoted, that is, with quotas. The pieces are determined by their dimensions.
in plants. Thus we see that the pillars (30x20) are well defined by their sections.
transverse. The beams (10x50) were defined by their width and height respectively and the slab
by its thickness (h=10cm). The dimensions (300 and 500) can define the size of the slab beyond the
positions of the pillars and also the spans of the beams. This is what matters at the moment. As if
drawing a mold will be the subject of a later chapter.

I.9 - Ribbed slabs

Ribbed slabs are slabs composed of small beams (ribs) that are spaced apart.
a constant spacing. These ribs can be in one direction or in both
directions.

Figure 2: Structure - Superstructure

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Figure 3

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UnitII-Superstructure

Upper part of a building structure that supports the loads of the various floors
and transmits it to the infrastructure.

Rules to follow:

NBR 6118/80 by ABNT: Design and execution of reinforced concrete works - procedures.
NBR 12654/92 of ABNT: Concrete - technological control of component materials -
procedures.
- NBR 12655/92 from ABNT: Concrete - preparation, control and acceptance - procedures. Services
to be executed in reinforced concrete structures:

Molds - manufacturing and assembly;

- Embedded networks - careful installation and marking before concrete pouring;
- Armor - cutting, bending, assembly, and placement;
Concrete - preparation, application, curing and technological control;

Removal and cleaning of the molds;

Repair of cracks and plastering of the structure.

II.1- Forms

Generally, the molds for the columns, beams, and slab panels are manufactured and the
Concrete pouring can be total, encompassing all beams, slabs, and columns simultaneously.
Attention:
1) After the column forms are executed, when we move on to the beams and slabs,
we can drop pieces of wood, nails, cigarette butts, and even small animals in the
the shapes of the pillars, which will hinder the concreting. To solve this problem, we executed
small windows at the bases of the pillars so that, before the concreting, we have access to it
interior and we can remove possible inconvenient dirt.
2) Leave the forecasts for the installation holes very carefully marked;
3) The frameworks can be assembled by specialized companies.
4) In the work, the rebar workers are generally paid per kg of bent steel.

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Consumption of 12m²/m³ of concrete

General requirements for wooden forms:

Dimensions according to the project and sufficient strength to avoid deformation under action of
loads;
In the bracing with eucalyptus pieces, use braces forming a mesh of 1.0 to 1.5m.
Tightness;
Execution that allows for easy withdrawal (deformation) with maximum reuse;
Special care:
Internal cleaning before concreting ('window' at the base of columns);
High pillars: intermediate windows for concrete pouring (above 3m) avoiding
segregation of it;
Moistening before concreting (to prevent the wood from sucking water from the concrete needed to
your final reaction and resistance;
Shoring: attention to the supports on the ground, well-executed joints and in the case of
> 3m inclinations use horizontal bracing;
Anti-adhesive products to facilitate demolding (demolding agents).
Plywood sheets: most common dimensions: 6, 10, 12, 14, 17, and 20mm of
thickness (L=1.10m and C=2.20m) - has the advantage of good reuse, easy demolding,
fewer joints and lower consumption of screws. For slab forms, a #12mm plate is used.
15x15 nails;
Metal shoring: rationalization without waste and easy handling.
Prefabricated forms: streamlining, greater reuse, and faster execution.

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 Figure 4

Figure 5: Embedded networks

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 Based on the electrical, telephone, intercom, and antenna installation projects,
TV/FM, position and predict the passage of piping, light points, and junction boxes through
beams, slabs, stairs, etc., before the concreting. One can perfectly make the PLAN OF
MARKING OF HOLES IN THE SLABS.

II.2- Armors

Consumption of 80kg/m³ of concrete, on average. The normal length of the bars is around
112m. Sometimes, the bars come on the truck and to fit in the body, they are bent.
that's why they need to be rectified and aligned.
Generally, the steelworkers are paid per kg of bent steel on site.

Sequence of the works:

Correction or alignment;
- Cut: made according to the plans of the structural project with the aid of a hand saw, scissors
and cutting machine;
Good: made with the assistance of pins fixed to a wooden bench or specific machinery;
Amendments: by transfer, by welding, or by gloves;
Assembly: place the framework in the wooden mold so that it remains in the initial position
during the concreting and allow the minimum prescribed and necessary coverage.

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Figure 6

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Figura 7

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Figure 8

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Figure 9

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Figure 10

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Figure 11

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Figure 12

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 Figure 13 - Mold intended for the construction of a beam.

Figure 14 - Wooden form intended for the construction of a slab.

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Figure 15- Section of a mold for the construction of a pillar.

Figure 16

Figure 17
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Figure 18

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Figure 19

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Figure 20

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SUPPORTINGBIBLIOGRAPHY

ALMEIDA REGO, N.V. – Technology of Constructions. Ed. To the Technical Book: RJ, 2002.

ALMEIDA REGO, N.V., CHAGAS, R.D. - Training Course Initial and Continued of
Workers - Building Techniques for Apprentices.
FAETEC Handbook.

ASSED, J.P., ASSED, P.C. Civil Construction – Construction Methodology, Technical Books Publishing
Scientists: RJ, 1988.

CARDÃO, C. Técnica da Construção Civil. Vol. I. Ed. Edições Engenharia e Arquitetura – BH.
1988

CARDÃO, C. Civil Construction Technique. Vol. II. Ed. Engineering and Architecture Editions - BH.
1988

CHAVES, R. – Manual do Construtor. 18ª edição. Ed. Ediouro: RJ, 1996.

CHAVES, R. – Como Construir uma Casa. Ed. Tecnoprint: SP, 1996.

CREDER, H. Electrician Installer Manual. Ed. Technical and Scientific Books: RJ, 1995.

CRUZ, L.F., RIBEIRO M. F., LAMAS, S. Hydraulic Firefighter. FAETEC - Foundation for Support to
Technical School Foundation CECIERJ. CEDERJ Consortium. 2007.

TECHNICAL DRAWING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE. Ed. Ediouro: RJ.

TIGER TECHNICAL MANUAL – Guidelines on Hydraulic and Sanitary Installations. Ed. Pini:
SP, 1982.

MANUAL OF WORKS INSPECTOR. 2nd edition. Ed. Technical and Scientific Books: RJ, 1983.

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MANUAL OF HYDRAULIC-SANITARY AND GAS INSTALLATIONS. 4th Edition. Ed.
Pini: SP, 1992.

RIPPER, E. Manual Prático de Materiais de Construção. Ed. Pini: SP, 1995

ROUSSELET, E.S., FALCÃO, C. A Segurança na Obra. Ed. Interciência, Ltda: RJ, 1999.

SAMPAIO, J.C.A. PCNAT – Sinduscon - Ed. Pini: SP, 1998.

SENAI – RJ. Apostilas: Carpinteiro de Formas, Armador, Pedreiro, Eletricista Predial, Bombeiro
Hydraulic. 2000 to 2002.

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