I.E.D.

SUPERIOR NORMAL SCHOOL "SAN PEDRO ALEJANDRINO"

RESEARCH GUIDE
CONTENT TO PRESENT THE FINAL WORK*
ASPECTS DEFINITION

The introduction highlights the origin, the background (theoretical and practical), the objectives, the
meaning that the study has in the advancement of the respective field and the application in the area
INTRODUCTION
investigated. In addition, the scope, limitations, and methodology used are mentioned.
It should not be confused with the summary. It also does not provide a detailed account of the theory,
the method or the results, nor are the conclusions and recommendations anticipated.

CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM

Every research problem originates from a social need or deficiency. A need.

It is a deficiency in achieving a goal. And that irregularity generates a problem that
It must be resolved. The problem is the starting point of the investigation. A problem of
THE PROBLEM OF Research is the question that needs an answer, which must be solved or investigated.
RESEARCH through the application of the scientific method. It arises when the researcher finds a theory,
within a set of known data, or a fact not covered by a theory, a stumble or
an event that does not fit within the expectations in its field of study.

It is the conceptual and analytical development that the researcher has made of social dynamics,
cultural or historical of the problem situation by constructing it as an object and problem of
1.1. STATEMENT
research. It is to adjust and structure the idea of research more formally.
OF THE PROBLEM
In this elaboration, the elements and relationships that constitute the object are identified and defined.
and research problem. The aim is to specify the content and meaning of the components of
research problem taking into account the symptoms, causes, prognosis, and control.

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 ASPECTS DEFINITION

Once the description of the circumstances in which the difficulty arises is made
the problem arises, the elaboration or formulation of the problem comes, which consists of declaring in
clearly and precisely shapes the various elements of the problem, characterizing it theoretically;
suggesting proposals for a solution, specifying their mutual relationships to determine the
what is intended or sought to be achieved with the research. This formulation should express in
clear and precise terms the problem. It should be done briefly and concretely. It can be
1.2. FORMULATION OF express in two ways:
PROBLEM
one in the form of an interrogative or question; the researcher expects to answer it and in this way
solve the proposed problem
The other way can be through an exhibition or description, which must refer to in a
clear and appropriate to the phenomenon under study, presenting the fundamental objective of the study in the
that the variables, their solutions, and the basic information required for are established
solve it.

1.3. SYSTEMATIZATION It is formulated through sub-questions that the researcher raises with the intention of
OF THE PROBLEM decompose or disaggregate the previously posed question. To do this, it is necessary to have
count the variables presented in the problem statement.

It includes the presentation on the reasons that proved the possibility and effectiveness of the
research conducted. The convenience of the research for the population is argued.
object of study or community as for the researcher. The justification of a research
puede ser de carácter teórico práctico o metodológico. Una investigación tiene una
2. JUSTIFICATION practical justification when its development helps to solve a problem or at least
proposes strategies that, if applied, would help solve it. In research, there is a
theoretical justification when the purpose of the study is to generate reflection and academic debate
about existing knowledge, confront a theory, contrast results or make
epistemology of existing knowledge. The methodological justification of the study is given
when the project to be carried out proposes a new method or a new strategy to generate
valid and reliable knowledge.

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 ASPECTS DEFINITION

They are the purposes for which research is conducted. They express the expected intentions.
from the research and the contributions related to the object and problem of research, which
3. OBJETIVOS
They will be identified and evaluated at the end of it, with their results. A well-defined objective
formulated is one that manages to communicate what the researcher intends to achieve; that is to say, what
it intends to do and obtain as a result. The statement of an objective excludes the largest number
of possible interpretations of the purpose to be achieved.

It consists of stating what one wishes to know, what one wishes to search for, and what one intends.
to carry out in the research; that is, the clear and precise statement of the goals being pursued
3.1. GENERAL OBJECTIVE
in the research to be conducted. They indicate the goals or achievements that are expected to be reached, so that
It can be considered that the proposed problem has been resolved. The general objective outlines what is being sought.
in the research and for what purpose. To achieve the general objective, the formulation is required
of the specific objectives.

The general objective leads to the specific objectives that identify the actions.
that the researcher is going to undertake to achieve those objectives. They indicate the actions or
particularized activities that are intended to be developed in order to achieve the objectives
3.2. OBJECTIVES general aspects of the research and evidence the units of analysis or aspects of the problem in
SPECIFIC the ones that the research focuses on. They must address the considerations of 'what, how and
for what purpose
The specific objectives are accomplished at each stage of the research. These
Objectives must be evaluated at each step to understand the different levels of results.
The sum of the specific objectives is equal to the general objective and, therefore, to the results.
expected from the research. They should be formulated in operational terms and should be written in
the infinitive mood.

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 ASPECTS DEFINITION

CHAPTER II REFERENCE FRAME

Once the topic is selected, an analysis of the theory, proposals is required.

{"definiciones y conceptos sobre el saber a investigar":"definitions and concepts about the knowledge to investigate","La observación, descripción y explicación":"The observation, description, and explanation"}
The reality being investigated must be situated within the perspective of theoretical guidelines. This
requires the researcher to identify a framework based on knowledge
1. REFERENCE FRAME scientific; therefore, "each research takes into account the knowledge previously built.
So each research is part of the existing theoretical structure.
It expresses the general theoretical propositions, the specific theories, the postulates, the assumptions.
categories and concepts that should serve as references to organize the facts of the problem or
problems that are subjects of research study.

1.1. BACKGROUND Once the topic and problem have been defined, the existing background must be reviewed.
the object of study, developing the state of the art.
The background refers to studies or scientific research conducted at the level
international, national, regional, and local regarding the object of study on which the project is focused
of research.
At this point, the consulted study must be presented, its authors, and the institution that sponsored it.
its objectives, the conclusions they reached, and the contributions that this study makes to the project
of the research that is being carried out.

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 ASPECTS DEFINITION

It is the description of the theoretical elements proposed by one or several authors and that
allow the researcher to substantiate their process of knowledge. It is the set of
propositions or theories based on elements aimed at the explanation and prediction of
the behaviors of a specific area of phenomena; the theoretical framework is the reference framework
of the problem. There, a conceptual system is structured, made up of facts and hypotheses that
they must be compatible with each other in relation to the research. The theoretical framework helps to
to specify and organize the elements contained in the problem description, in such a way that
can be managed and converted into concrete actions. Specifically, it aims to locate the
problem within the theoretical context to which it belongs, consistent with justification and objectives.
1.2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A bibliographic review is conducted regarding the topic.
Functions of the theoretical framework:

1- Delimiting the research area

2- Sugerir guías de investigación (nuevas alternativas de enfoque para tratar el problema)
3- Compile existing knowledge in the area that is going to be researched
4- To express general theoretical propositions, postulates, that will serve as a basis for
formulate hypotheses, operationalize variables and outline theories of techniques and procedures to
to follow.

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 ASPECTS DEFINITION

Every researcher must make use of concepts in order to organize their data and perceive the
relationships that exist among them. In the conceptual framework, the elements and their
research problems. The researcher defines and delimits, according to their criteria and in agreement with
its theoretical framework, some concepts involved in the research variables. A concept
1.3. MARCO it is the abstraction obtained from reality and, therefore, its purpose is to simplify by summarizing a
CONCEPTUAL a series of observations that can be classified under the same name. Some concepts are
closely tied to objects and to the facts they represent, which is why when it is defined it
it seeks to ensure that the people who arrive at a specific investigation are aware
perfectly the meaning with which the term or concept will be used throughout the
research.
The concepts must be defined by giving them the general meaning that is intended to be conveyed.
in the terms of the operations by which they will be represented in a specific study.
The function of the conceptual framework is to define the meaning of the terms (language
techniques) that will be used more frequently and on which the phases of converge
scientific knowledge (observation, description, explanation, and prediction).

The scope of the research lies in the appropriate selection made of the problem by
to investigate and the methodological instruments I used, which depend on several factors:
type of research, objectives, available human resources, time, money, etc., that are
1.4. SCOPE AND determinant aspects of the success of a research.
LIMITATIONS OF THE
Of all the proposed goals of the project, its scope is measured by the achievements actually reached.
RESEARCH
execute it. Its limitations refer to the aspects that are presumed to be included, but that
for reasons related to the specific objectives, they were excluded from the research or simply
they were treated superficially.

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 ASPECTS DEFINITION

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK

The methodological design or research design consists of the description of how it is going to
conduct the research; it involves planning the different stages it goes through
a research, that is, seeks to organize according to a logical and methodological order
all those aspects such as: activities, procedures or techniques that will be used in the
1. DESIGN research, from the formulation of the problem to the analysis of the collected information.
METHODOLOGICAL OF THEThe design of the research will allow:
RESEARCH
Clearly determine what will be studied.
Organize and select both the theoretical and methodological aspects that will enable the
analysis of the problem.
Establish each of the stages of the research and the necessary steps to carry them out.
Establish the scope and limitations of the study.
Avoid wasting time and resources by setting needs and deadlines in advance.

Contemplates the indication and epistemic-methodological justification of the research model.

worked (methodological conception) and the elements that constitute it. This approach
2. APPROACH
methodological must be consistent with the conceptualization of the object and problem of
METHODOLOGICAL
research. Presentation of the methodological strategy adopted to address the questions of
research. Indicate which research approaches are the most relevant to the
research objectives.

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 ASPECTS DEFINITION

It is the general scheme or strategic framework that gives unity, coherence, sequence, and meaning.
practical to all activities undertaken to seek answers to the problem and objectives
posed. The studies are classified:
According to the timing of events and information recording, in: Retrospective
(where the researcher investigates the events that occurred in the past), and Prospective (it
register the information as it occurs.
According to the period and sequence of the study, in: Cross-sectional (which studies the variables)
simultaneously at a certain moment, making a cut in time; in this, time does not
it is important in relation to the way phenomena occur) and Longitudinal (which studies
3. TYPE OF STUDY one or more variables over a period, which varies depending on the problem investigated and the
characteristics of the variable being studied; in this type of research, time is indeed
important, whether because the behavior of the variables is measured over a given period or
because time is decisive in the cause-effect relationship.
According to the control that the researcher has over the variables in groups of individuals or units
in cohorts, cases and controls.
According to the analysis and scope of the results, in: Descriptive, analytical, Experimental.
The method to be followed in the research determines the need to define the type of
study, which refers to the depth with which the problem is expected to be addressed
knowledge.

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 ASPECTS DEFINITION

It is another element that must be considered in the methodological design. Both terms are
related to each other.
The Universe is the set of individuals and objects from which one wants to know something. It is defined
as the totality of individuals or elements in which a certain condition can occur
4. UNIVERSE, characteristic susceptible to being studied.
POPULATION AND SAMPLE
The population refers to the set of particular individuals that one wishes to study within the
set of individuals that make up the universe.
The sample is a part or subset chosen from the totality of the population under study.
The sample that must be selected has to be representative of that population in order to
make valid generalizations.
There are techniques or procedures for selecting the sample known as types of
sampling: probabilistic and non-probabilistic.

5. DELIMITATION It is a basic element for understanding the limits within which the project develops.
Geographical delimitation: These are the demarcations referring to the space or territory within
in which an investigation will take place, the investigations may be limited to an area of a
city, a region, a country, a continent, etc.
Chronological delimitation: When research is related to an event, situation,
phenomenon or population that will be studied over a specific period of time, whether
retrospective or prospective, it is necessary to determine what the period will be (years, months), within
of which the study will be conducted.

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 ASPECTS DEFINITION
In this part, the following must be taken into account: the selection of techniques, the development of instruments.
adequate and relevant for collecting the information and its application.
The method is defined as the means or the way through which the relationship is established between the
researcher and the consulted for data collection and the achievement of objectives: it
They find the interview, the observation, and the questionnaire.
The instrument is the mechanism that the researcher uses to collect and record the data.
information; among these are the forms, psychological tests, the history
clinic, opinion and attitude scales, checklists or control sheets, among others.
Observation: it is the visual record of what happens in a real situation, classifying and
6. TECHNIQUES AND recording the pertinent events according to a planned scheme and according to the
INSTRUMENTS OF problem being studied.
COLLECTION OF THE
INFORMATION The survey: this method consists of obtaining information from the subjects of study,
provided by themselves, about opinions, attitudes or suggestions. There are two ways to
obtain information using this method: the interview and the questionnaire.
The interview: it is the interpersonal communication established between the researcher and the subject.
from study in order to obtain verbal answers to the questions raised about the problem
proposed.
2. The questionnaire: it is the method that uses an instrument or printed form, intended to
obtain answers about the problem under study and that the respondent or consulted fills in by themselves
same
The researcher must develop an INSTRUMENT to obtain the information required.
being the Form the one most frequently used.
Every form must contain basic elements such as: Title; Instructions;
Identification of the respondent and the form; Specific services or areas; Observations and
Identification of the surveyor.

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 ASPECTS DEFINITION

According to Le Boterf, participatory research consists of the following phases:

1. Institutional and methodological setup of participatory research.
7. PHASES AND TIME OF Preliminary and provisional study of the area and the population under study.
PROCESS OF 3. Critical analysis of the problems considered as priorities and that those involved
RESEARCH they want to study and overcome.
4. Programming and execution of an action plan (includes educational activities) for
contribute to addressing the issues raised.
The phases and time should preferably be presented in a diagram that allows for the two to intersect.
aspects. The Gantt chart is suggested.

The exposition of the administrative aspects of the research is divided into two parts: one
side the Institutional Aspects where the involved institutions will be mentioned -
[Link] RESOURCES
tangential or directly - in the research, and according to their priority;
TO THE RESEARCH
On the other hand, the Financial Aspects will be presented in a concise but orderly manner.
the costs – direct and indirect – that the research process generated.
It is important to determine what type of resources were needed for the execution of the
research (human, economic, physical).
Regarding the financial resources, it is suggested to present the project budget.

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 ASPECTS DEFINITION

CHAPTER IV RESEARCH RESULTS

The analysis involves organizing, classifying, prioritizing, and ranking the collected information.
to describe how the information will be statistically analyzed, specifying the techniques
statistics that will be used. The techniques and instruments for analyzing the information are
they will be classified as 'manual' or 'sophisticated' according to the researcher's capabilities,
1. ANALYSIS AND requirements of the project and the size of the universe, or for that matter, of the sample; has as
INTERPRETATION the purpose is to encode, tabulate, classify, systematize, and record the collected information; it is
they are classified into logical and statistical, depending on the destination for which the researcher wishes
OF THE
RESULTS drive them.
In this central part of the report, the topic is presented and developed, and the
investigations and findings made. They are also analyzed and interpreted, and presented as
answers (real or possible) to the questions posed at the beginning. Generally this
The development of the topic includes several chapters, which must be oriented and structured in such a way
so that there is integration and coherence among them. This coherence can be logical,
chronological or hierarchical according to the temporal order of the research or the topic; it has an order
historical; it should also follow an ascending order of importance, that is, from least to most
important; from the general to the particular, from the easiest and simplest to the most difficult and complex. It is
it is convenient to use additional resources such as graphs, tables, diagrams, maps, figures,
tables, etc., corresponding to the general systematization of research.

CHAPTER V INTERVENTION PROPOSAL

PROPOSAL OF Depending on the intention of the project, it corresponds to the presentation of a proposal.
INTERVENTION of intervention aimed at solving the diagnosed research problem.
It is not considered a mandatory point for all projects, it depends on the intent.
explained in the objectives of the research.

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 ASPECTS DEFINITION

It constitutes an independent element and presents the deductions logically.

research.
They respond to the objectives set and achieved; as well as to the research problem and to
the verification of the formulated hypothesis(es). They must be elaborated in a chapter
CONCLUSIONS independent.
They comprise a summary of the achievements obtained in the research. They are the final balance of the
same and demonstrate their scope and quality. They are presented in a clear and concise manner. They are based on the
previous analyses and interpretations have been made and can be grouped into conclusions
general and specific, such as elaborations in response to the problem and questions of
research, as well as other conclusions and new unforeseen questions that are
relevant to the object and problem of the research.

They are established as specific indications and suggestions based on experience and reflection of
investigative process carried out for future investigations. These recommendations
they can be fun orders:
For the community: specific recommendations of various kinds, which may result in the
qualification of social, community, and quality processes of the community with which
developed the research process.
Theoretical - conceptual and research: from later studies that aim to deepen the
current study and other aspects related to the object and problem of research
RECOMMENDATIONS
Practical - interventionist: conceptual indications and pragmatic ones to develop
strategies and intervention programs in the community field that can guide
eventually the action in communities different from the one in which they worked.
These should be in a separate chapter, that is, independently.

Presenting a bibliography of the books consulted in the research is important because

indicate at least in part, the origin of the secondary data, and also why it helps to
support what is stated in the report. Its inclusion is mandatory in all work of
BIBLIOGRAPHY research.

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 ASPECTS DEFINITION
If there are any, they are placed after the bibliography.
The annex must indicate the source when it has not been prepared by the researcher.
ANNEXES

Adaptation of the Research Guide - content to present the final work UNAD

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