LABORATORY NO. 2.

THEVENIN AND NORTON THEOREMS

1. SUMMARY

In this laboratory, part of the theory of the theorems was introduced.

Thevenin and Norton; regarding the finding of an equivalent circuit to replace a
complex circuit; for this it was necessary to find the Thevenin voltage and the resistance of
thevenin; among other data. Similarly, an attempt was made to find the current of
Norton and the equivalent resistance of the circuit; among other data. This was done with
the help of a protoboard, a power supply, resistors, and wires.

2. PROBLEM

How to find the equivalent circuit that replaces a complex circuit?

3. OBJETIVOS:

Provide a solution to the problem posed.

3.2 Determine experimentally the equivalent Thevenin and Norton circuits of

a circuit and verify the proposed theorems.

4. THEORETICAL INFORMATION AND FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESES

Basic theorems of circuit analysis:

In circuit analysis, mathematical tools are often used.

circuital cuya función esencial consiste en facilitar la comprensión de las redes
proposals, Therefore there are two basic theorems in circuit analysis, the
As noted, they mainly refer to equivalences between circuits.
These theorems are Thevenin's and Norton's.

THEVENIN THEOREM:

It establishes that the part of the linear electrical circuit C connected to the terminals
A and B can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of the
V series with the resistor (TH ) suchRthat, when
voltage generator (TH ) in
connect an element between terminals A and B the voltage across it and the current
the current flowing through it is the same, both in the real circuit and in
the equivalent.
Thevenin's theorem is the dual of Norton's theorem.
 NORTON THEOREM:

Establish that the part of the linear electronic circuit C connected to the
Terminals A and B can be supplied by an equivalent circuit built
by the current intensity generator (N in parallel Iwith the resistance
( RN such that, when connecting an element between terminals A and B, the voltage
registered in it and the current intensity passing through it are the same,
both in the real circuit and in the equivalent.
i. When assuming a current generator for one of voltage, the terminal
The positive of the voltage generator must match the terminal.
positive of the current generator and vice versa.
ii. Norton's theorem is the dual of Thevenin's theorem.

HYPOTHESIS:

Using the theory learned in classes, we will be able to solve the present.
problem that arises, in such a way as to achieve a
equivalent circuit that replaces the complex circuit.

5. HYPOTHESIS TESTING.

5.1 EQUIPO:

1
7 resistencias de W: 740Ω, dos 1k Ω, dos 2.2k Ω, dos 4.7 Ω
2
A 5k Ω potentiometer or a decade resistance box (Heath EU-30
A)
A digital or analog multimeter
An adjustable voltage source to 15V
A breadboard
Connection cables

6. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN:

Figure 1
 Figure 2 Figure 3

1. The circuit, shown in figure 1, was assembled.

2. Then with the already mentioned materials we proceeded to carry out the laboratory.
in mention.
3. As shown in the following images.
7. CARRYING OUT THE EXPERIMENT AND DATA COLLECTION:

Thevenin's theorem:

1. In figure 1, we calculate the Thevenin V voltage (TH ) and the Thevenin resistance (
RTH ); which we will note in Table 1.
2. With the Thevenin values we found, we calculate the voltage V Lthrough
R 1kΩ (referring to figure 2), and notingLin table 3 V
oneLof
V L for a
3. We repeat the calculation of the load voltage. RL of 4.7 kΩ, noting the
result in table 3.
4. We assembled the circuit of figure 1, withoutR placingL, then we measure and adjust the
voltage source at 14.58V (in our case, it could only be measured up to that voltage)
source), then measure the voltage at terminals AB and note the
results in table 1
5. We replaced the 14.58 source with a short circuit and measured the resistance.
between terminals AB using an appropriate resistance range of
we measure and note the value in table 1.

Norton's Theorem:

In figure 1, we calculate the Norton current.I N and the equivalent resistance of the
R
circuitN Placing the values obtained in Table 2.
7. With the Norton values we found, we calculate the load current. I L a
through a RL of 1kΩ (referring to figure 3) and then we note I L in the
table 3.
8. We repeat the calculation of the charge current. I R
Lfor aLof 4.7 kΩ and we note
the result in table 3.
9. We restore the 14.58V voltage source by eliminating the short circuit and with the
Ammeter in an appropriate current range, we connect the probes to the
terminals AB (not connecting R L ) and we measure the Norton current I N y
we note in table 2.

Voltage and discharge current

10. We connect the load resistorLof 1kΩRbetween terminals AB of the figure

1 and we measure and note both the voltageLV I in the
like the currentLof the load
table 3.
11. We repeat the previous measurements but now for aLof 4.7kΩ R registering
the results in table 3.
12. We found RTHRoN through the load balancing method: that is;
we use the potentiometer as a variable resistor between the AD terminals of
In figure 1, we vary the resistance of the potentiometer until the load voltage
falls to half the value VTH measured, then we disconnect the potentiometer and
without moving the knob, we measure the resistance between the connected terminals
to the circuit with the ohmmeter. We note the value obtained in table 4.

8. DATA TABLE:

Table 1: Thevenin's Theorem

 VTH(V) RTH(Ω)
Calculated 4.81v 2.44 Ω
Measured 4.8v 2.4Ω

Table 2: Norton Theorem

VTH(V) RTH(Ω)
Calculated 6.04mA 2.44Ω
Measured 5.8mA 2.4Ω

Tabla 3: Voltajes y Corriente de Carga

1k(Ω) 4.7(Ω)
VL(V) IL(A) VL(V) IL(A)
Calculated
Measured 4.8v 1mA 4.8v 0.6mA

Table 4: Equalization Method

RTH(Ω) 2.42Ω

9. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

BY THEVENIN'S THEOREM

Of the circuit we have:

R2 2.2kΩ + 0.47kΩ R3 1kΩ // 2.2kΩ

Therefore:

2.2K Ω
R2= 2.67kΩ R3=1 KΩ* 0.6875kΩ
(2.2KΩ+ 1KΩ)

Now We Have:

R1= 5.1kΩ

R2= 2.67Ω

R3= 0.6875kΩ

We find the equivalent resistance and Thevenin voltage:

 R 1 ∗R 2
RTH=R 3 +
R1+R2

RTH2.44kΩ

V TH
VTH= VAB=I*R2 = ∗R 2
R1+R2

= (14/ (5.1+2.67))*2.67=4.81V

Therefore:

2.44kΩ

4.81V

BY NORTON'S THEOREM

From the circuit we have:

V
Itotal = R2
R1+R2

=14 / ((5.1+0.6875)//2.67) = 7.6mA

We find the equivalent Norton current and resistance.

R2
I N= ( )*Itotal
R2+R3

=(2.67/(2.67+0.6875))*7.6=6.04mA

RN=R3+ (R1//R2)

=0.6875 + (5.1//2.67) = 2.44 kΩ

Therefore:
 6.04mA
2.44kΩ

1) In this experiment, you have measured the Thevenin voltage with:

The load in the circuit

2) His first measure of RTH

The short-circuited source

If a constant voltage source is placed inside a black box to

Any load resistance, the Thevenin resistance of this box is approximated
a:

Zero

The measure of RTHit was also carried out by the load balancing method, which
involves.

A load resistor changing until the load voltage drops to VTH/2

10. CONCLUCIONES:

In this laboratory, it was possible to apply the theory in practice, in order to

to be able to provide a solution to the mentioned problem.
Similarly, more could be learned about Thevenin's theorems and
norton.
One must be very careful about how we measure the current, as if we do not
In the correct way, we can burn the measuring instruments.

11. TRANSFER

Make a diagram of the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits for the circuit.
from the experiment and verify the equation that relates the two equivalent circuits.

2.44kΩ
We can realize
in both graphs both
4.81V of Thevenin as of
Norton that the
resistances are equal
for the two theorems.
 6.04mA
2.44kΩ

12. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

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Thevenin and Norton
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