Overview of Mobile Operating Systems
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ScribdTranslationsOverview of Mobile Operating Systems
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Mobile Operating Systems
Over the past years, mobile devices have undergone various evolutions.
where in their early versions they were quite limited and expensive equipment,
various resources were added, both in hardware and software,
for example, operating systems. Currently, mobile devices are
became quite popular and this is mainly due to the large amount of
resources added to its operation, such as: access to wireless networks, resources
of geographical location, processing and storage capacity, camera of
high resolution and many others.
According to Tanembaum (2008), an operating system is software whose job is
manage one or more processors, main memory, disks, network interfaces and
other input and output devices, and provide user programs with a
interface with simpler hardware.
Much progress has been made in research on personal and corporate solutions in this.
area, awakening the interest of major global technology companies, such as
Google and Microsoft. Many solutions have been and continue to be developed for
this environment, with the aim of providing a greater variety of resources and
features, to provide the user with a better experience, among these
solutions we can highlight the most relevant in the current scenario: Android of
Google, Apple's iOS and Microsoft's Windows Phone. These are the systems
operational for mobile devices most used today, where manufacturers
they are constantly looking for new resources and features to try to stand out in this
quite competitive market.
According to research conducted by IDC Brazil regarding participation in
the market of each mobile operating system shows Android with 88.73%, Windows
Phone at 6% and iOS at 4.7%.
According to Silberschatz (2004), a mobile operating system is a set of
programs with the function of managing hardware and software resources for
mobile devices, in addition to providing an interface to the end user.
According to Silverschatz (2004), operating systems can be
conceived in two ways: top-down (user or programmer's view) and
bottom up (resource management).
According to IDC, in 2013 the Android and iOS systems accounted for 93.8% in
regarding the commercialization of smartphones worldwide, which totaled 1,009.6 million
of devices.
Quarterly results
Annual results
The smartphone market is quite competitive and driven
mainly due to the increasing demands of its users. Manufacturers
they seek to develop new features and functionalities that provide new levels
of experience and also concerned with the development of technologies that
can be a market differentiator. Here is the relationship with the system resources
most used mobile operating systems in the market: Android, iOS, and Windows Phone.
1.1. Android
According to LECHETA (2010), Android is a development platform
for mobile applications such as smartphones and contains a based operating system
in Linux, a rich visual interface, GPS, several applications already installed and still a
a very powerful, innovative, and flexible development environment.
According to Android Developers, the Android operating system provides a
rich application structure that allows you to create innovative applications and games for
mobile devices in a Java language environment.
1.1.1. Layers
The architecture of the Android operating system is divided into layers, where each
part is responsible for managing its respective processes. (LECHETA, 2009).
Layered divisions of Android
Application Layer: all applications are located in this layer.
installed and that will be executed on the operating system. Among these
applications include: Contacts, Calendar, Browser, Maps, Calculator
and others.
Layer of Libraries: in this layer are stored the libraries with
the multimedia resources and C/C++, which are used by the operating system,
one can still highlight the libraries responsible for layer visualization
2D and 3D, hardware accelerator functions, rendering, graphics functions,
database access functions and others.
Runtime Layer: it is at this layer where the virtual machine is instantiated,
being this virtual machine the virtual Dalvik, which is used for all applications
of the system. It has multiprocessor resources, it is capable of better exploration
the hardware resources and integration with new hardware resources is more
efficient.
Linux Kernel Layer: the origin of Android is based on the Linux kernel,
in version 2.6, where the process control features were explored,
memory management, threads, network protocols, driver model and
security.
A major differentiator of Android is the fact that it has open source code.
there is also a development kit in Java for applications, called
of Android SDK. Another feature that deserves mention is the existence of a manager
native database support, SQLite and graphical support based on OpenGL ES.
The key resource for the development of the application proposed in this work is
made available only in the Android environment, which is Google Maps, thus,
Android was chosen as the basis for the development of applications, considering
also its prominence on the world stage and the percentage of use of this system
operational in relation to its direct competitors: iOS and Windows Phone.
1.2. iOS
It is an operating system developed by Apple, which was originally used
for the iPhone, but soon its use was expanded to the iPod, iPad, and Apple TV. The
iOS is used only on the company's own equipment, and its use is not allowed on
use and marketing by third-party companies. The launch of iOS took place on 9
January 2007 along with the iPhone.
1.2.1. Layers
According to Apple itself, the structure of the iOS Operating System is divided into
four layers, which are: Cocoa Touch, Media, Core Services, and Core OS, according to
figure below.
Layers of the iOS Operating System.
Cocoa Touch Layer: layer responsible for interaction resources with the
user, it contains: multi-touch, accelerometer, camera, alerts, systems of
location and others;
Media Layer: this layer includes the audio and video media services of the
iOS, such as: OpenAL, Recording, Animation, PDF Reader, OpenGL ES and
Quartz, suporte para vídeos em full-screen;
Core Services Layer: layer responsible for offering the services of
system, they are: SQLite, file access, preferences, network, and others;
Core OS layer: from this layer lies the core of the operating system (OS X
kernel), also the services of sockets, security, power management,
certificates and others.
For the development of iOS compatible applications, it is necessary to use the
Objective C language, with Xcode being the most used IDE option for this task.
1.3. Windows Phone
It is a mobile operating system, developed by Microsoft, created
initially to be the successor of Windows Mobile, but did not inherit anything from its
features and functionalities, being all of it written again with the intention of
standardize all systems developed by Microsoft with the same style.
The architecture of Windows Phone is divided into several layers, namely:
camada de hardware (hardware foundation), camada do núcleo (kernel), camada modelo
of the application (app model), user interface model layer (UI model), cloud layer (cloud
) and application layer (applications), as shown in the figure below.
Windows Phone Architecture
Kernel Layer: it is where the core or kernel of the system is located
operational. In Windows Phone 7, the same kernel as Windows CE was used,
On Windows Phone 8, the same kernel as Windows 8 is used.
Application model layer: it is the app model layer, which has the function of
execution of applications;
Model interface layer: it is the UI model layer, which has the function of
rendering of the applications that will be executed on the screen;
Cloud layer: in the cloud integration layer, the execution function of the
cloud applications;
Application layer: this layer contains the libraries and frameworks, and it is
in which the applications are also located.
Applications can be developed in C++/CX, HTML/Javascript,
WAML/C# and XAML/Visual Basic.