Thomas Process (base)

The Thomas converter is also called a base converter and its process is
basic process, because the refractory stone is basic in nature and is used for
processing of raw iron that is basic. The load of the Thomas converter is
white rough iron that contains a lot of phosphorus.
The combustion process is the same as the process in the Bessemer converter, only
Phosphorus burns during the Thomas process after the charcoal substance.
burnt. Airflow is not continuously carried out because of the iron.
it will burn itself. Fire prevention is carried out by
considering the process finished even though its phosphorus content is still
stay high.
To bind the phosphorus formed in this process, a material is added.
lime stone addition to become slag. this basic slag
should be utilized to become a synthetic fertilizer known as
Phosphate fertilizer. The result that comes out of the converter is called Thomas fertilizer.
commonly used as construction material and boiler plates.

The steelmaking process in the Thomas converter

For the first time, the additives are introduced into the converter.
then raw white iron. The air is blown for 24 minutes.
As a result, a small part of the carbon substance burns, while the phosphorus does not.
burned. When the temperature is above 1300oC and time above 10 minutes, charcoal
will disappear. It is at this time that phosphorus burns and generates heat
very high. The process in this kitchen takes about 12-15 minutes. Dirt
its combustion is 3 times more than the Bessemer converter. When
This manure when finely ground will produce artificial fertilizer.
(contains 17-20% phosphoric acid). The final result of this converter
in the form of steel with a carbon content of 0.05-0.6%, which is widely used
for profile steels, ship plates, boiler plates, and others.
Thomas converter construction
The shape and operation of the Thomas converter is the same as the converter.
Bessemer, only its lining is made of fire-resistant stone walls.
dolomite material, which is a type of rock consisting of a mixture
calcium carbonate (CaCO)3and magnesium carbonate (MgCO)3Remainder
base oxide can no longer absorb carbon oxide and is released from
air, the remaining hot ash is mixed and packed in a metal mold
The base stone is formed from the same mass in the mold.
iron mold.
Before the kitchen is used, the inside is heated first with fire.
coke to dispose of that gas part. Remember that in
in the Bessemer process. This is due to the possibility of layers.
base will quickly deteriorate due to silicon oxide. Therefore, iron is used
white iron (0.3-0.8% Si), so there is no silicon heat. As
the substitute is provided with 1.7-2% phosphorus as a fuel material that
assisted by manganese around 1-2%
The inner wall layer is made of durable stone.
apibisa or dolomite [calcium carbonate and magnesium (CaCO3 +
MgCO3)], iron that is processed from white pig iron that contains P between
1.7–2%, Mn 1–2% and Si 0.6-0.8%. After the elements Mn and Si
burned, P forms phosphorus oxide (P2O)5), to issue
molten iron is added with lime (CaO),
3 CaO + P2O5Ca3(PO4)2(liquid wax)
Advantages:
Rough iron that is not very clean can be processed.
Phosphorus can be removed, but if present, only a portion of the phosphorus
in practice does not cause disruption.
Producing additional products in the form of fertilizer.

The process is easier compared to the Bessemer process.

Loss:
Baja contains more oxygen
The lost iron is more than the Bessemer process.
–13 %)
Baja has been widely used as a building construction material in various shapes and sizes.
adjusting the required strength. The steel manufacturing process can be carried out with several
each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, but whatever system that
used to hope to obtain the best steel building materials. three cores in
Choosing building materials means Beautiful, Strong, Cheap. The following is the explanation.

The process of steel making can be done in the following ways:

Proses [Link] [Link] Martin.

Example of the cross-section image of an I beam, the complete dimensions can be seen in the steel table.

The explanation of the three methods of steel production can be found in an article specifically.
discuss it in detail. So which is the best among those steel production methods
Bessemer or Thomas? Here is a comparison/difference between the Martin and Bessemer processes:

The process of making steel using the Bessemer system

It must be taken from purer raw iron, especially those that do not have too much phosphorus. Steel that
produced contains low phosphorus content. The fertilizer contains little oxygen. There is no blowing process.
addition.

Thomas process for steelmaking

Advantages:
Phosphorus can be removed, but if there is only some phosphorus, in practice it is not.
causing disturbances.

Producing an additional product in the form of fertilizer.

The process is easier compared to the Bessemer process.

Loss:

Low contains more oxygen

The missing iron is greater compared to the Bessemer process (11 " 13%).

The use of steel as a building material, for example in steel frame bridges, structural columns of buildings.
and others, before using this building material, a structural calculation must be carried out first.
Previously, to be able to choose the type of profile and size that suits the needs in order to obtain the structure.
a strong and cheap building. to perform this calculation a steel table is needed that can
As seen in the special article download for steel tables to find out the weight of the profile per meter and the dimensions of each.
Each form, there is always a technological development in steel structures as a result of innovation and
Creativity, therefore, those who have experience in the field of steel structure can contribute.
through the form below or the article submission form for separate publication

Read more at [Link] -[Link]

Chapter I
Introduction
BACKGROUND
Baja is one of the materials that is widely used around the world for
the necessities of human life, especially in the industrial world. First discovered by people
Egypt more than 4000 years ago for jewelry and household tools that later
developing into a valuable material that is utilized by people every day today. For
making steel, many processes are carried out, thus requiring knowledge and
 As human civilization evolves, the needs become more diverse.
humans. This can be seen from the aspect of civil engineering. In ancient times, people made roads only
by arranging stones or pebbles, but now everything has changed, humans
to strive to build roads as a means of transportation with good quality using
engineering technology to meet its needs. Development in every field that
related to civil engineering starts from building structures, bridges, roads, and buildings
others will not be separated from materials that originate from the Earth's core. Starting from
rocks, coal, crude oil to various types of minerals that are used directly
or those processed first. Therefore, in this opportunity, we will discuss about steel.
This issue is raised to understand the types of steel, the process of making steel, and
What requirements must be met by steel as a material for steel manufacturing? Starting from
Based on the background of the above problem, a problem arises within us and becomes a
an encouragement for us to carry out an analysis of the types of steel, processes
the production of steel and what requirements must be met by steel.

FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM

1. What is the history and definition of steel?
2. What are the properties of steel?
3. What are the classifications of steel?
4. What are the processes in steel production?
PURPOSE OF WRITING
1. Understanding the history and definition of steel.
2. Understanding the properties of steel, both physical properties and mechanical properties.
3. Knowing some classifications of steel that are commonly used.
4. Understanding the general process of steel production to generate common products.
used.

Chapter II
Discussion
THEORETICAL BASE
I. History and Understanding of Steel
Alloy steel is a metal alloy, with iron as the base element and several other elements.
Others, including carbon. Metal smelting techniques have existed since ancient Egyptian times.
3000 BC. In fact, the making of jewelry from iron already existed in earlier times.
The hardening process on iron through heat treatment was first introduced for manufacturing
weapons in Greek times 1000 BC.
The process of fusion that was developed has existed since the 14th century and is classified as iron.
tempa. This process is carried out by heating a large amount of iron ore and charcoal in
furnace or furnace. With this process, iron ore undergoes reduction into sponge iron.
metal filled with slag which is a mixture of metallic impurities and charcoal ash.
The sponge iron is transferred from the furnace while still glowing and covered in slag.
the thick one is then removed to strengthen the iron. The production of iron uses
this method produces slag contamination around 3 percent and 0.1 percent of other impurities. Sometimes
the production result with this method produces steel instead of wrought iron. The makers
Iron learning to make steel by heating wrought iron and charcoal in a box that
made of clay for several days. With this process, iron will absorb sufficient carbon.
to become steel actually.
After the 14th century, the furnaces used began to improve.
the size and draft used for gas combustion passing through the charge, at
mixing of raw materials. In this larger furnace, iron ore in certain parts
The furnace will be first reduced to metallic iron and produce
a lot of carbon as a result of the gas attack it has passed through. The result of this furnace is
pig iron, which is an alloy that melts at low temperatures. Pig iron will be further processed.
 The production of modern steel using a blast furnace that is also used for
purifying iron by ancient blacksmiths. The process of purifying molten iron with
air explosions were recognized by the English inventor Sir Henry Bessemer who developed
Bessemer furnace, or converter, in 1855. Since 1960, steel has been produced.
from scrap metal on a small scale in electric furnaces, hence called mini mills. Mini
Mills are a very, very important component for American steel production. Mills that
larger is used in the production of steel from iron ore.

II. Properties of Steel

Some general properties of steel are:
Physical properties
The physical properties of steel include: weight, specific weight, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity.
The baja can change its properties due to the influence of load and heat.
Mechanical properties
The mechanical properties of a material are the ability of that material to resist.
when a load is applied to the material. Or it can be said that the mechanical properties are
the strength of materials in bearing loads from the outside. Mechanical properties of steel
includes:
a. Strength.
An important property of steel is tensile strength. When steel is loaded, it will
tend to experience deformation/change in shape. This change in shape will cause
strain, which is the amount of deformation per unit length. As a result of strain
In the steel, there is stress.
There are 3 types of tension that occur on steel, namely:
tension, where steel is still in an elastic state
yield strength, where steel begins to deform/melt
plastic stress, maximum stress of steel, where steel reaches maximum strength.
b. Ductility
The ability of steel to deform before it breaks. This ductility is related to
with the magnitude of permanent strain before the steel breaks. This ductility is also
related to the properties that can be performed on steel. The test method is in the form of a tensile test.
c. Violence
Hardness is the resistance of steel to the magnitude of force that can penetrate.
steel surface. The testing methods include Brinell hardness, Rockwell, ultrasonic, etc.
d. Toughness
Toughness is the relationship between the amount of energy that can be absorbed by steel until
the steel breaks. The smaller the energy absorbed by the steel, the more the steel becomes
the softening and decreasing toughness. The testing method is by delivering a sudden blow.
(impact/hit notch)
e. Elasticity
The ability or capacity to operate within certain loading limits
afterwards the burden is removed back to its original form.
[Link] or resilience (tenacity)
The ability or capacity to accept changes in form
grow without suffering losses in the form of defects or damage that are visible from the outside and
for a short period of time.
[Link] of being forged (malleability)
Properties in a red-hot state become soft and plastic, allowing them to be reshaped.
its shape.

III. Steel Classification

Steel is an iron with a carbon content of less than 2%. Steel can be formed into
a variety of shapes according to needs. In general, there are 3 types of steel, namely:
Low Carbon
Low carbon is also called plain carbon steel, mainly containing carbon elements and
Low carbon steel (< 0.2% C)
Low carbon content (0.1%-0.5% C)
High carbon steel ( >0.5 % C)
The amount of carbon present in steel will affect tensile strength, hardness and
steel tensile strength. The higher the carbon content, the greater the tensile strength and hardness of the steel.
increasing but its resilience tends to decrease.
The use of steel in the field of civil engineering generally involves construction steel or steel.
profile, reinforcement steel for concrete with a carbon content of 0.10% - 0.50%. In addition, steel
Carbon is also used for prestressed steel/wire with a carbon content of up to 0.90%. In the field of
the most important property in civil engineering is the tensile strength of the steel itself.

b. Low Padawan
Steel is said to be alloyed if the composition of its alloying elements is specific, not steel.
ordinary carbon that consists of silicon and manganese. Alloy steel is increasingly found in
The most commonly used elements for alloy steel are: Cr, Mn, Si, Ni, W.
Mo, Ti, Al, Cu, Nb, Zr.
Base alloys can be classified according to:
Composition
Based on the composition, alloy steel is divided into:
Decrease three components: consisting of one guiding element in the addition of Fe and C.
Low four components: consists of two guiding elements, etc.
Structure
Low is classified based on:
Low pearlite (sorbit and trostit) is obtained if the alloying elements are relatively small.
maximum 5%, this reduction can be on the machine, its mechanical properties are improved by
heat treatment (hardening & tempering)
The martensitic low is more than 5% very hard and difficult to machine.
The decrease of the austenite sitter is from 10 to 30% of certain alloying elements (Ni, Mn, or Co), for example:
stainless steel, non-magnetic and heat-resistant steel.
Baja ferrite consists of a large number of alloying elements (Cr, W, or Si) but its carbon content
low. Cannot be hardened.
Bainite / ledeburite (ledeburite), consists of a number of carbon and forming elements.
karbit (Cr, W, Mn, Ti, Zr)
Usage
Based on its usage and properties, alloy steel is classified:
Lower construction (structural steel)
Construction waste is further categorized into three groups depending on the percentage.
unsure of its driver, namely:
low alloy steel (maximum 2 %)
Low alloy steel (2-5%)
Low alloys (more than 5%)
Low tool steel is used for cutting tools, its composition depends on
material and thickness of the object being cut / sliced at cutting speed, working temperature.
Lower with special physical properties
Low rust resistance
High temperature resistance
Organic materials are durable at high temperatures.

c. Low Rust Resistance (Stainless-steel)

Stainless steel is an iron alloy with a minimum of 12% Chromium. So without
Any addition of Iron with 12% Chromium can be called Stainless Steel.
This composition forms a thin protective layer Cr2O3.
Stainless steel is usually classified into five groups, this classification is carried out
according to the alloy content within it, namely:
 3. Stainless Steel Austenitic
4. Stainless Steel duplex
5. Precipitation hardening Stainless Steel.

IV. Steel Manufacturing Process

Pig Iron Production
The main material for making pig iron is iron ore. There are various types of iron ore.
which is found in the earth's crust in the form of iron oxide and iron carbonate, among which are
the most important is as follows.
Brown iron ore (2Fe2O3 + 3H2O) with an iron content of around 40%.
2. Red iron ore which is also called hematite (Fe2O3) with an iron content of about 50%.
3. Magnetite (Fe2O4) is dark green to black in color, magnetic in nature containing
iron is around 60%.
4. Calcitic ironstone or spat (FeCO3), also known as spheroconite, which contains iron.
around 40%.
Iron ore from the mine is usually still mixed with sand, clay, and stones.
rocks in uneven chunks. For the smoothness of the processing process.
iron ore, the lumps are broken down with a crusher, then sorted
between the ore and accompanying rocks with a magnetic trommel. The next job is
washing the iron ore and classifying it according to size, fine iron ores and
small particles are agglomerated in the sintering furnace or roller until they form into balls that
can be reused as content
kitchen.
After the iron ore is roasted in the roasting furnace to dry and the elements
it is easy for gas to escape from the ore then carried to the blast furnace to be processed into iron
rough. The high kitchen has the shape of two cones standing one on top of the other.
Alasnya. At the top is its base that widens downwards, thus its contents
easily gliding down without any congestion. The bottom widens upwards
so that its load remains in this section.
The high furnace is made from a arrangement of heat-resistant stones that are covered with steel plates for
strengthen its construction. The kitchen is filled from above with a filling tool. In sequence.
Coke, additives (limestone), and iron ore are added. Coke is coal charcoal.
that is coal that has been dry distilled and contains a very high amount of sulfur
very low. Coke functions as its fuel and requires acid substances that
banyak sebagai pengembus. Agar proses dapat berjalan dengan cepat udara pengembus itu perlu
preheated first in an air heating oven. The process in a high oven such as
in image 1.
 Liquid iron in the blast furnace is then cast and poured into crude iron.
the form of rough iron blocks used as raw material for iron production
molten (inside the dome kitchen), or in a liquid state transferred to the steel production section
in the converter or other steelmaking furnaces, such as the Siemens Martin furnace.
Limestone as an additive serves to bind coke ash and stones.
follow until it becomes slag that can be easily separated from raw iron. The slag
independently in the process acts as a protective barrier for raw iron from potential oxides
reducing the yield obtained due to the burning of the molten pig iron. Limestone (CaCO3)
dissolved binds the accompanying stones and other elements.

Process in the blast furnace

The principle of the blast furnace process is the principle of reduction. In this process, carbon compounds
monoxide can absorb acidic substances from iron acid bonds at high temperatures. At
high temperature combustion + 1800°C with hot air, results in a temperature that can
organizing the reduction.
If there are no blockages due to the ongoing process, then limestone is added.
as an additive. The additive is acidic if the iron ore has the property
base and the reverse, additives that have a basic nature are given when the iron ore is basic.
sour.
 The gas formed in the high kitchen is then channeled out through the top.
and into the air heater. The slag that drips down protects the raw iron from oxidation.
the slag is then separated by the hot air that is introduced.
Every 4 to 6 hours, the high furnace is tapped, firstly the slag is removed and then...
then iron. The iron that comes out of the blast furnace is called pig iron or raw iron which
used to make steel in steel processing furnaces or poured into blocks
The raw materials sent to steel manufacturing factories.

The production of steel from pig iron

Pig iron as a result of the blast furnace still contains many elements that
not suitable for construction materials, for example, substances like charcoal (carbon) that are too high, phosphorus,
sulfur, silicon, and so on. These elements must be as low as possible with various
face.
Below is the diagram for steel production:

To reduce the carbon content and other additive elements from raw iron, it is used with
the following way.
1. Converter Process
Consists of one tubular structure that is oval-shaped and facing sideways.
 Slanted to input raw steel materials. (1/8 of the converter volume)
Reestablished.
Air with a pressure of 1.5-2 atm is blown out from the compressor.
After 20-25 minutes, the converter is flipped to release the result.
The conversion process consists of:
a. Bessemer process for pig iron with low phosphorus content.
The Bessemer converter is a steel vessel with a refractory lining.
an acidic API. The top part is open while the part
Below it are several holes for air ducts. This vessel
should be rolled around.
The Bessemer converter is filled with gray pig iron that contains a lot of silicon.
Silicon and manganese ignite first, followed by the charcoal burning. At that time
air flows through rough iron, air burns charcoal and additional mixtures so
kitchen equipment

still remains in a liquid state.

After about 20 minutes, all the charcoal has burned and the slag that occurs
released. Considering that steel requires carbon of 0.0 to 1.7%, then at the time
too many processes have been lost to burnout,
The deficiency must be supplemented in the form of iron that contains a lot of carbon.
Through this process, the carbon content is further increased from the oxidation of iron that is formed and
substances containing acid can be reduced with iron that
contains manganese.
Air was still being blown into the vessel earlier with the intention of obtaining
a good mixture. Then the slag is discarded and the load is poured into
pouring ladle. In the Bessemer process, it uses pig iron with a phosphorus content and
low sulfur but the content of phosphorus and sulfur remains quite high because
In the process, neither of the two elements burns at all.
The result from the Bessemer converter is called Bessemer steel, which is widely used for materials.
construction. The Bessemer process is also called the acid process because its contents are acidic and rock
the fire is also acidic. If a load that is basic is used, the stone layer
will be damaged due to the salting reaction.

b. Thomas process for pig iron with high phosphorus content.

The Thomas converter is also called a base converter and its process is a base process because the stone
The flame is basic in nature and is used to process raw iron, which is also basic.
The Thomas converter charge is crude white iron that contains a lot of phosphorus.
The combustion process is the same as the process in the Bessemer converter, only
After the charcoal burns, phosphorus ignites in the Thomas process. Air circulation does not...
continuously done because the iron itself will burn. The prevention of that burning
It is considered completed even though the phosphorus content remains high.
To bind the phosphorus formed in this process, an additional material of stone is added.
If lime becomes slag. This alkaline slag can be utilized as fertilizer.
made known as phosphate fertilizer. The result of the process that comes out of the Thomas converter.
commonly referred to as Thomas steel, which is used as construction material and boiler plate.

c. Basic Oxygen Furnace Process

The Oxidation process is:
Liquid metal is introduced into the baking chamber (tilted and then uprighted).
2. Oxygen ( 1000) is blown through the Oxygen Lance into the combustion chamber at high speed.
m3(99.5% O2each one ton of load) with a pressure of 1400 kN/m2.
3. Lime powder (CaO) is added to reduce the levels of P and S.

The more modern converter process is the oxygen process, in this process using materials
rough iron with poor composition when processed with a converter
Bessemer or Thomas. Here pure acid is blown onto the liquid and sometimes-
 The combustion results of these elements are captured by the added limestone and bound.
becoming slag that floats on top of molten iron.
The combustion process of acid substances with charcoal occurs at very high temperatures, so
Cooling is required by adding more scrap steel. The final result of the process
This is very high quality oxide steel because there are no adverse effects from air elements.
Therefore, oxidized steel is very good to be used as a construction material and
machine components, such as: shafts, bolts, pins, drive rods, and others.
The advantages of the oxy process are as follows:
a. The processing time is relatively short.
b. The results contain low levels of phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S).
c. The results produced are relatively more within the same time frame.
compared to other processes.
The production cost of steel per ton is cheaper.

2. Martin Process (Siemen Martin kitchen)

Another process for making steel from pig iron is using the Siemens furnace.
Martin, often referred to as the Martin process. This kitchen consists of one furnace for the materials that
melted and usually uses four rooms as gas and air heaters. At
this process uses scrap iron mixed with crude iron so that it can
producing steel with better quality compared to Bessemer steel
or Thomas.
Martin's process uses a regenerator system.0C.). The function of the regenerator
is
heating gas and air or increasing the temperature of the kitchen
as the foundation/base of the kitchen
saving space usage
both gray iron and white iron can be used,
gray iron walls are lined with silica stone (SiO)2),
white iron coated with dolomite stone (40% MgCO)3+ 60 % CaCO3)

Martin's process is divided into two parts:

a. Martin's acid process for low phosphorus pig iron.
b. Martin process for raw iron with high phosphorus content.
Gas that will be burned with air for combustion is channeled into the chambers.
through refractory stone that has been heated to a temperature of 600 to 900? C. with
thus, the flame has a high temperature, around 1800? C. the combustion gas that
moving outside still provides heat into the second room, using
the control valve allows hot gas and combustion air to enter the room
alternately heated and cooled.
The fuel used is high-pressure cooking gas, gasified oil (stookolie) and
also gas generator. During the combustion of charcoal, CO and CO2 gases are produced that rise up and
causing its fluid to boil, thus creating a close relationship between
API with the materials loaded into the high furnace. The additional materials will react.
with acid forming a slag that covers the liquid thus protecting the liquid
from the oxide further.
After the process has run for 6 hours, the slag is discharged by tilting the furnace.
and then molten iron can be extracted. The final result of the Martin process is called Martin steel. Steel
This is of good quality because its composition can be adjusted and determined precisely during the process.
that lasted quite a long time.
The kitchen layer in the Martin process can be acidic or basic depending on the iron.
It roughly contains a little or a lot of phosphorus. The acid Martin process occurs when processing.
rough iron that is acidic or contains low phosphorus is referred to as a process
Martin is basic when its content is alkaline and high in phosphorus.
The advantage of the Martin process over the Bessemer and Thomas processes is as follows
following:
b. Undesirable elements and impurities can be
avoided or cleaned.
c. The addition of scrap metal and other additives at the end of the process causes
its arrangement can be optimized.
In addition to the above advantages and because the combustion air flows over the liquid, the result is
finally will contain a little acid and fatty substances. The Martin base process usually still
contains several impurities such as acid substances, sulfur, phosphorus, and so on. Meanwhile
in the Martin process, the acidity of the impurities is lower.

3. Electric Kitchen for Alloy Steel

Electric furnaces are used for the production of heat-resistant steel.
high. This kitchen has the following advantages,
a. The amount of heat required can be adjusted optimally.
b. The influence of acids is practically non-existent.
c. The arrangement of iron is not affected by electric current.
d. Easy to reach high temperatures in a short time
The temperature can be adjusted
f. High thermal efficiency kitchen
g. The iron liquid is protected from dirt and environmental influences so that its quality is good.
The loss due to evaporation is very small.

The electric kitchen process is divided into:

a. Electric arc kitchen.
This kitchen is based on the principle of heat radiating from the arc of fire, this kitchen is also known
known as the arc flame stove. This stove is a type of furnace with an upper part
two pieces of charcoal are hung as electrodes on alternating current or with three pieces
the charcoal electrode through which alternating current is passed. For example, in the Stassano furnace, an arc occurs between
three tips of carbon electrodes that are above the molten steel through the tips of the electrodes
with the rotating current. In the Girod kitchen, the alternating current flows through a single electrode that
forming an arc of fire between the poles and molten metal is then expelled through six pieces
water-cooled bottom electrode in the furnace. In the Heroult furnace use
two carbon electrodes with alternating current and can also use three electrodes
on the rotating current. Electric current forms an arc of flame from the electrode to the liquid and back
from the liquid to the other electrode.
b. Induction electric stove.
Induction stoves can be categorized into low-frequency induction stoves and
high-frequency induction stove. In the induction stove, an induction current is generated in the liquid
drops, causing heat within the steel liquid itself, while the walls of the furnace
only receives a small electrical influence.
I. Low frequency induction cookers operate based on the principle of transformers. This cooker is in the form of
the terrace perimeter channel made of steel along with its contents is regarded as a secondary roll
the transformer that is short-circuited, as a result of the short circuit in the kitchen
flowing a large electric current and generating high heat. As a result, the contents
the kitchen melts and the additional mixtures are oxidized.
II. High-frequency induction stove, this stove consists of a pot that is equipped with a large coil.
around it. When an alternating current flows through the coil, a rotating current occurs.
inside the kitchen. This current is a short circuit and heat flow that
raised very high so as to melt the contents of the kitchen and other additives
and then carbonizing it.
The final result of the electric furnace is called electrosteel, which has very good quality for use.
as tools such as chisels, hammers, and others.

Bab III
 CONCLUSION
Alloy is a metal, with iron as the basic element along with several elements.
others, including carbon. Some general properties of steel are:
The properties of steel are as follows: the physical properties of steel include: weight, specific weight, thermal conductivity and

electric conductivity. Steel can change its properties due to the influence of load and heat and
The mechanical properties of steel refer to the material's ability to resist when subjected to stress.
the load on the material. Or it can be said that mechanical properties are the strength of the material within
bearing loads that come from outside.
In general, there are 3 types of steel, namely:
a. Low Carbon is also called plain carbon steel, primarily containing carbon and a small amount of other elements.
silicon, sulfur and phosphorus.
b. Low Alloy Steel is a composition of its alloying elements specifically, not regular carbon steel.
which consists of silicon and manganese components.
c. Stainless Steel is an iron alloy with a minimum of 12% Chromium.
Without any additional elements, the combination of Iron with 12% Chromium can be called Stainless Steel.
Process in steel making
The blast furnace process, which is the initial process of making steel from iron ore into
raw data for further processing.
The Converter process includes the Bessemer process for pig iron with phosphorus content that
low, Thomas process for pig iron with high phosphorus content, Oxi process.
The Martin process (Siemen Martin furnace) includes the Martin process for pig iron.
with low phosphorus content, the basic Martin process for high phosphorus pig iron.

Electric furnace for alloy steel includes, electric arc furnace and furnace
induction electricity.