Chinese ink

Chinese ink is the powder orsootthat is collected from the fumes produced by the
combustion of resinous materials, calledsmoky black,dissolved in
water. It does not require a binder, as the molecules ofcarbonthey are found
incolloidal suspensionand, upon drying, they form a water-resistant layer. It is
you can add a binder like thegelatinor, more frequently, therubber
lacquerin order to increase its durability after drying. When added a
binder, the resulting ink can be water-resistant or not.

Fig. A sumi stick, the suzuri, and the fude

Liquid ink used to be made from solid sticks.

bars, rectangular tablets, circular or canoe-shaped, were rubbed
for a rough stone specially designed for this purpose called in
Japanese suzuri (ink stone)ri). These stones, of various shapes and appearances, have
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all in common that are made of a rough material and consist of a

ink cavity. Generally, stones of Chinese origin are shaped
concave with the center being lower, and the Japanese are usually mostly
flat with one of the ends facing down.
A little water is poured over these stones and the tablet is ground on them,
slowly undoing the ink, which mixes with the water that is
accumulates in the cavity of the stone. This process can continue until
the ink acquires the required density for its use, so it generally
usually lasts a few minutes.
The liquid ink that is already prepared dries easily, and it is advisable not to leave it
that it dries on that stone or on the brush.
Currently, it is common to use jars of prepared Chinese ink, very
dense, which can be used directly or dissolved with a little water.
The compositional nature of Chinese ink is quite chemically stable.
although it is common for works created with this technique to be
susceptible to the detachment of coal particles with friction. It must
it should be mentioned that Chinese ink does not fade or disappear with exposure
prolonged in the light like Western inks do.
The dye

Colorant is a generic term for allchemical substance capable of

produce everythinggammaofinkto givecolorto products of theindustry
textilecosmeticsyfood
Dyes have been used since ancient times, being used
such diverse materials coming from plants and animals as well as from
different minerals.
In the past, the used dyes were red, blue, and yellow. The reds
they came from the roots and from an insect known ascochinealThe blues
were obtained from the leaves of indigo plants and from a black potato that grows
in the highlands. On the other hand, the yellows were obtained from vegetables such as
thepepper treethe chilca bush, thewalnutthe tara, the root of ratania, the
turmeric and saffron.
The mordant is a substance used to fix the dye color.
attached dye to the fibers, such as aluminum sulfate and potassium, which are
used to dye animal and plant fibers.
InchemistryA coloring agent is called a substance capable of absorbing certain
Longitudes are substances that attach to other substances and give them color.
stably in the face of physical or chemical factors such as light and agents
oxidants.
For a dye to work, it must have in its chemical structure
certain functional groups calledchromophoreswhat makes the
molecule absorbs in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Aauxochrome"color enhancement" consists of positively charged groups
that intensify a substance or chromophore in the synthesis of dyes.

Fig. Chemical composition of the dye Yellow 2G

Textile fiber, when subjected to dyeing, is done in an aqueous solution.
because it tends to swell, thus making the size of the pore larger
and facilitating the dye to penetrate the fiber.
Names of the colorants:
generic name
chemical denomination
Colour Index 1924 (1st edition) code
código del "Colour Index 1956 (2ª edición)
Schultz code

Natural colorants

[Link] with natural plant extracts

The terms natural colorants and dyes naturals make reference

acolorantsor dyes derived fromplants,[Link] biggest
Some natural colorants are plant-based colorants derived from
plants (rootsberries,bark,leavesywood),and other organic sources
like, for example, themushroomsand thelichens.
Thearchaeologistshe found evidence of dyestextilesdel
[Link] China, colorants derived from plants,
Barks and insects have been used for over 5,000 years.
The basic staining process has changed slightly over time.
Generally, the coloring material is placed in a vessel with water and then
the textiles are placed in the vessel, which is heated and stirred until the color
it is transferred. Thefibra textil it can be colored before carrying out theyarnpero la
most of the textiles are dyed after being [Link]
Natural colorants require the use of chemical substances.
callsbitingto fix the dye to the textile fiber; in the past, it was
they usedtanninsoriginating fromgillssalesalumnaturalvinegare
evenammoniaof theurineaged. Many mordants, and some of the
same dyes, produce strong odors, and for this reason, many dyeing jobs
on a large scale they were often kept in areas far from the city center.
Ley de Fick

Experience shows us that when we open a bottle of perfume or

any other volatile liquid, we can quickly smell it in a closed room.
We say that the liquid molecules, after evaporating, diffuse through
the air, spreading throughout the surrounding space. The same happens if
we put a lump of sugar in a glass of water, the sucrose molecules
they spread all over the water. These and other examples show us that for
the phenomenon of diffusion takes place, the spatial distribution of molecules does not
it must be homogeneous, there must be a difference, or concentration gradient
between two midpoints.

Fig. Matter flow through a volume element

Supongamos que su concentración varía con la posición al lo largo del eje X.

Let's call Ja the particle current density, that is, the effective number.
of particles that cross a unit area in a unit time
perpendicular to the direction in which diffusion takes place. Fick's law states
that the particle current density is proportional to the gradient of
concentration

(1)
The proportionality constant is called the diffusion coefficient Dy.
characteristic of both the solute and the medium in which it dissolves.
The accumulation of particles per unit of time that occurs in the
volume element S·dxes is equal to the difference between the incoming flow JS,
minus the outgoing flow J'S, that is

(2)

The accumulation of particles over time is

(3)
Igualando ambas expresiones y utilizando la Ley de Fick se obtiene

(4)
Partial differential equation that describes the phenomenon of the
diffusion. If the diffusion coefficient D does not depend on the concentration

(5)

One-dimensional diffusion

Let's consider the problem of the one-dimensional diffusion of a mass M.

solution, located at the origin of a one-dimensional medium represented by the axis
X.

Fig. Representation of one-dimensional diffusion

The solution of the differential equation gives us the concentration at the points x of the
medium at every moment of time.

(6)
Which can be verified by simple substitution in the differential equation.

Fig. Concentration in radio diffusion for a fixed t

In the interactive program, every time the value of time is entered, it

trace in the applet window the function n(x,t). It can be observed that the area
Under the bell-shaped curve, it is the same for all the graphs. As it can be
to check oneself

(7)

To this end, the result of the integral is used.

(8)

Mean square displacement

(9)

We integrate by parts

10
 (11)

Under each curve, a segment is drawn whose length is equal to twice the
the square root of the average of the squares of the displacements of the
particles and measures the effective extent of the particles in the medium.

(12)

Fig. Concentration in diffusion of the radius for a fixed t

We are going to study two types of diffusion.

1. Gas in air will be assumed to be ideal gases. In this approximation, the

the diffusion coefficient remains constant and does not vary with the
concentration.
2. The diffusion coefficient of a solid solute in a solvent is sensitive
to the concentration, although we will assume diluted solutions. For
at low concentrations, the diffusion coefficient remains
approximately constant.
In the two examples of diffusion, of a gas in air, or of a solute in water.
(liquid), the relationship between the order of magnitude of is evident.
diffusion coefficient and the length or time scale in which they occur
both phenomena.
Actividades:
1. The solute and the solvent are chosen. Two groups are presented: gases and
vapor in air where the exponent of the diffusion coefficient is -4, and
aqueous solutions in which the exponent of the diffusion coefficient is
-9.
Gases and vapors in air
1 Hydrogen 0.64 10-4

2 Oxygen 0.18 10-4

3 Alcohol 0.10 10-4

4 Benzene 0.08 10-4

Aqueous solutions

5 Sugar 0.36 10-9

6 Common salt 1.10 10-9

7 Alcohol 0.80 10-9

2. The instant, in hours (Gases and vapors) or in days (Aqueous solutions),

in which we wish to represent the distribution of concentrations n(x,
t) from each point x of the one-dimensional medium, in the editing control or
acting on the scroll bar titled Time.
The button titled Graph is clicked.
The concentration n(x, t) of each point x of the one-dimensional medium is represented
at the current moment (in red) and at the previous moment entered (in
color blue)

Questions
Below the curve, a segment is drawn that measures the effective span of the
solvent solute particles. In the upper right, it is provided
the numerical value of the length of that segment.
Compare the diffusion in two cases belonging to the same group, measuring the
effective solute extension in the solvent at the same moments.
Compare the diffusion of a gas in air and of an aqueous solution, measuring the
effective extension of solute in the solvent at the same moments. The
Units of measure on the X axis are marked in dm.

Diffusion of salt in water

The following example explains the essential characteristics of the mixture in a
estuary, of the salt water coming from the sea with the water of a river. The water of the
less dense river flows over the seawater. Therefore, there is a discontinuity.
in density with depth, due to differences in salinity.
Let's consider the following one-dimensional distribution of concentration
c=c0parax<0
c=0, for x>0
at instant=0.

The solution of the diffusion equation is

(13)

The error function is defined

(14)

D=1.484·10-9m2D is the diffusion coefficient of salt in pure water

Two-dimensional diffusion. Ink drop

A drop of radio ink is placed in a container of water of radius R,

The water depth is small, on the order of 1 cm,
that the drop of ink reaches the bottom of the container quickly and the movement
the ink is determined solely by the diffusion process.
The two-dimensional diffusion process of ink in water is described by
the following equation.

(15)
where is the diffusion coefficient of the ink in water and is the concentration
of ink.

At the initial moment t=0, the ink is distributed uniformly in the water within a circle of radius a.

n=n0stop

The solution of the differential equation is

(16)

where I0(x) is the modified Bessel function of order zero. Making the change
of variable

(17)

We obtain the equation

(18)

what is independent of the radius of the droplet and the diffusion coefficient D of the
ink in the water.
 In the figure, the concentration is represented.
relativan(x, τ)/n0based on dex=r/a (in blue) and
it is compared to the initial situation (red color) for the
instantτ=0.02.

Knowing the value of the diffusion coefficient D

initial radius of the drop a, we can determine the
concentration(r, t) of ink at a distance x = x·at
drop center in the instantet=a2·τ/D

The program is unable to calculate the concentration based on

distance for a time less than τ=0.003.
As a check, it can be verified that

Fig. Volume element below the surface that determines n(x,r)/n0 at fixed t

the total amount of ink remains constant, so the integral

(19)

what is proportional to the initial amount of ink contained in a circle of radius

unity.
Concentration gradient

A concentration gradient is amagnitudephysical chemistrywhat describes in

what sense and to what extent the greatest change occurs in
theconcentrationof asolutodissolved in asolutionnot homogeneous around
at a particular point. It can be deduced that the concentration gradient is
onedimensional quantityexpressed inunitsconcentration per unit
in length, with variants in the particular way of measuring concentration
and the distance. In theinternational system of units the gradient of
concentration is defined by the dimensionsmol·m-4however in the
In practice, it is common to use other non-homogeneous units, for examplemol·L-
[Link]-1A concentration gradient expression is part of thelaws

the Fickfor the dissemination.

The concept of concentration gradient of a certain can be assimilated
solution, like avectorthat, originating from any point of a solution, points
in the direction of the greatest change in concentration of that given solute, with
direction towards the area of highest concentration, and with a module proportional to
the magnitude of the change.

In biology, the concentration gradient is often defined from

of the notion of the transport of substances, or of the concept [Link]
it is important to note that the mathematical expression of the gradient of
concentration delivers a vector with an opposite meaning to what is implied
of these texts, since the gradient points towards the area of higher
concentration, while the solutes (as expressed by theFick's lawshimself
they move "falling" to areas of lesser potential, in these cases the expression
"moves in favor of its gradient" paradoxically expresses the opposite of the
mathematical definition.
Concentration gradients are important for understanding dynamics
of the oceans, in the functioning offuel cellsand batteries, and in
the properties of thechemical potentials of solutes on both sides of
onebiological membrane.
Fig. Definition of concentration gradient.