BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION

BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION
 Oxidation is defined as loss of electrons and
reduction as gain of electrons.
 The electrons lost in the oxidation is accepted by
an acceptor which is said to be reduced.
 Thus oxidation – reduction is tightly coupled
process
 Same principle applies to biological system

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ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

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SITE OF E T C

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5
C E L L U L A R R E S P I R A T I ON

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COMPONENTS OF ETC

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PATHWAYS
 Electron Transport Chain E T C Made Easy.mp4
 [Link]
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 Electron Transport Chain E T C Part 2 (1).mp4

 [Link] sW
3o

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OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

 The transport of electrons through the E T C is

linked with the release of free energy.
 The process of synthesizing ATP from A DP and
Pi coupled with the electron transport chain is
known as oxidative phosphorylation.
 The complex V of the inner mitochondrial
membrane is the site of oxidative
phosphorylation

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 There are three reactions in the E T C that are
exergonic to result in the synthesis of 3 ATP
molecules
 The three sites of ATP formation in E T C are

1. Oxidation of F M N H 2 by coenzyme Q.
2. Oxidation of cytochrome b by cytochrome c1 .
3. Cytochrome oxidase reaction.

 Each one of the above reactions represents a

coupling site tor ATP production. There are only
two coupling sites for the oxidation of FA DH2 11
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M E C H A N I S M O F O X I DAT I V E
P H O S P H O RY L AT I O N

Chemi-
Chemical
osmotic
Coupling
Hypothesis
Hypothesis

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CHEMICAL COUPLING HYPOTHESIS
 This hypothesis was put forth by Edward Slater
(1953).
 According to chemical coupling hypothesis,
during the course of electron transfer in
respiratory chain, a series of phosphorylated
high-energy intermediates are first produced
which are utilized for the synthesis of ATP.
 These reactions are believed to be analogous to
the substrate level phosphorylation that occurs in
glycolysis or citric acid cycle.
 Disadvantage - all attempts, so far, to isolate any
one of the high-energy intermediates have not
been successful 14
CHEMI- OSMOTIC HYPOTHESIS

 This mechanism originally proposed by Peter

Mitchell.(1961), is now widely accepted.
 It explains how the transport of electrons
through the respiratory chain is effectively
utilized to produce ATP from A DP + Pi.
 The concept of chemiosmotic hypothesis is
comparable with energy stored in a battery
separated by positive and negative charges

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 The inner mitochondrial membrane, as such, is
impermeable to protons (H+) and hydroxyl ions
(OH-).
 The transport of electrons through E T C is
coupled with the translocation of protons (H+)
across the inner mitochondrial membrane
(coupling membrane) from the matrix to the
intermembrane space.
 The pumping of protons results in an
electrochemical or proton gradient. This is due to
the accumulation of more H+ ions ( low pH) on
the outer side of the inner mitochondrial
membrane than the inner side
 The proton gradient developed due to the electron
flow in the respiratory chain is sufficient to result 16
in the synthesis of ATP from A DP and Pi.
ATP S Y N T H A S E
Paul Boyeri n
1964
proposed(N
obelP rize,
1997)

Rotary
motor/engine
driving
model or
binding change
model

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 ATP synthase, presenting the complex V, utilizes
the proton gradient for the synthesis of ATP.
 This enzyme is also known as ATPase since it can
hydrolyse ATP to A DP and Pi. ATP synthase is a
complex enzyme and consists of two functional
subunits, namely Ft and F0.
 Its structure is comparable with 'lollipops'

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 The enzyme ATP synthaseis F0Fl complex (of
complex V).
 The F0 subcomplex is composed of channel
protein 'C' subunits to which Fl-ATP synthase is
attached.
 F1- ATP synthase consists of a γ central subunit
surrounded by alternating α and β subunits

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 In response to the proton flux, the γ subunit
physically rotates.
 This induces conformational changes in the β3
subunits that finally lead to the release of ATP.
 According to the binding change mechanism, the
three β subunits of F 1-ATP synthase adopt
different conformations.
 One subunit has open (O) conformation, the
second has loose (L) conformation while the third
one has tight (T) conformation
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 By an unknown mechanism, protons induce the
rotation of y subunit, which in turn induces
conformation changes in β subunits.
 The substrates A DP and Pi bind to B subunit in
L-conformation.
 The L site changes to T conformation,a nd this
leadst o the synthesis of ATP.
 The O site changes to L conformation which
binds to A D P and Pi. The T site changes to O
conformation and releases ATP.
 This cycle of conformation changes of β subunits
is repeated.
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 And three ATP are generated for each revolution
INHIBITORS
 NADH & Cyt b & C1  Cytochrome
Coenzyme Q oxidase
Antimycin A
 Fish Poison- British antile  Carbon
Rotenone wiste monoxide
 Barbiturate  Cyanide
– Amytal  H2S
 Antibiotic –  Azide
Piercidin A

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INHIBITORS OF OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION

Oxidative
ETC phosphorylation

2, 4 dintrophenol,
Dinitrocresol, Increases the
Pentachlorophenol, permeability of
Trifluorocarbonyl inner
cyanide, Uncouplers mitochondrial
Phenyl hydrazone membrane 24
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a complex organic
chemical that provides energy to drive many processes in
living cells, e.g. muscle contraction, nerve impulse
propagation, and chemical synthesis. Found in all forms
of life, ATP is often referred to as the "molecular unit
of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. When
consumed in metabolic processes, it converts either
to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or to adenosine
monophosphate (AMP).
ATP can be synthesized in 2 ways:

1. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
This is the major source of energy in aerobic organisms. It is linked
with the mitochondrial electron transport chain .

2. SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION

ATP may be directly synthesized during substrate oxidation in
metabolism. The high energy compounds such as phosphoenol
pyruvate and 1,3-biphosphate and succinyl Co-A can transfer high
energy phosphate to ultimately produce ATP
The ATP molecule is composed of three components. At the centre is a
sugar molecule, ribose (the same sugar that forms the basis of RNA).
Attached to one side of this is a base (a group consisting of linked rings
of carbon and nitrogen atoms); in this case the base is adenine. The
other side of the sugar is attached to a string of phosphate groups.
These phosphates are the key to the activity of ATP.
Glucose → ATP!
But how?!?
So… for a quickrecap
• Cellular respiration!

ADP + 6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

oxygen + glucose → carbon + water +ENERGY!
dioxide

• So, cellular respiration turns glucose (chemical energy) in to ATP

(usable energy)
Glucose

ATP
 ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate
Adenosine diphosphate [ADP]
• ATP is energy the cell can use to do
work!

• Like currency/money: Only this one

molecule (ATP) is the right type of
energy the cell can use

• Energy is stored in the phosphate bonds

• Energy is released when the phosphate bonds arebroken

KNOW THIS SLIDE!!!

ADP
In order to turn Glucose into ATP there are three steps!

1) Glycolysis

2) Krebs Cycle

3) Electron Transport Chain

Pause, Think, and TakeNotes!
• What is ATP?

• Where is energy stored in ATP?

• What are the three steps needed to turn glucose into ATP?
Pause, Think, and TakeNotes!
• What is ATP?
ATP is the ONLY molecule that the cell can use for energy to do work
• Where is energy stored in ATP?
Energy from ATP is stored in the phosphate bonds
• What are the three steps needed to turn glucose into ATP?
Glycolysis, The Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
Glycolysis
A
• Occurs in the Cytoplasm
T
• No oxygen required
P
C
• 1 glucose → 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 high energy moleculesO(NADH)
U
• BUT WE NEED MORE!!!!! N
T
:

2
The Krebs Cycle

• Occurs in the Mitochondria

• Requires Oxygen

• High energy molecules (NADH, FADH,GTP)

Electron Transport Chain
• Occurs in Mitochondria cell membrane

• Requires Oxygen

• 10 high energy molecules (NADH, FAD) → 30 ATP

• Uses enzyme called ATP Synthase

Let’s wrap it up!
• Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and ETC…

1 glucose → 32 ATP!!!!!
 Anaerobic Respiration
• What happens if we have to make ATP and don’t have oxygen???

• No Oxygen = Anaerobic Respiration!

• Only GLYCOLYSIS can take place which makes 2 ATP!
• Two kinds of anaerobic respiration
• In animals- Produces 2 ATP + Lactic Acid
• (sore muscles!)
• In yeast- Produces 2 ATP + Ethyl Alcohol (yes, that alcohol)
Aerobic Respiration
• Have oxygen = Aerobic Respiration

• What we do on a daily basis

• Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and ETC can occur

• Makes 32 ATP!
 Anaerobic Aerobic
Respiration Respiration
No Oxygen Oxygen

Makes Lactic acid or Alcohol Makes H2O and CO2

2 ATP 32 ATP