11/25/2020

 Sampling

 Boring and drilling techniques - Methods:

Geotechnical Site Investigation (CE 829)
Instructor: Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD
NUST, Pakistan
Office # 112 (NIT Building)
Email: [Link]@[Link]
Nov., 24, 2020

Figure: Soil/rocks excavation method

2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa,
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PhD

 Sampling  Sampling
 Boring and drilling techniques  Boring and drilling techniques - Methods:
To understand the ground profile and soil or rock o Test pits/trenches/drifts/shaft tunnel
stratification

To collect samples for laboratory tests

• Excavation work supervised for

purpose of observing and logging

Drilling / excavation needed To facilitate various field tests at different depths
conditions
• Typical observers view of test pit.
To understand the groundwater condition

To identify if any subsurface anomalies are present

below the ground surface
Figure: Test pit excavation with small backhoe
2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD 2 2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD 5

 Sampling  Sampling
 Boring and drilling techniques - Methods:
 Boring and drilling techniques:
o Test pits/trenches/drifts/shaft tunnel
Depth of drilling required Can be easily excavated by hand or machine

Lower in cost as compared to drilling methods and

Types and frequency of sampling Advantages relatively quick

Detailed ground investigation and facilitate the

Lithology and aquifer characteristics sampling process
Criteria for selection of
Test pits/trenches/shaft
drilling method tunnels Depth limitations ( 3 ~ 5 m)
Disposal of drilling fluid
Unstable ground conditions and hard rocks
Health and safety and noise issues
Disadvantages
Excavation of shaft tunnel or drift – quite expansive

Time and project cost Confined working space and difficulty in

identifying discontinuities
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 Sampling  Sampling
 Boring and drilling techniques - Methods:  Boring and drilling techniques - Methods:
o Auger boring o Wash boring

• easy and portable method of sampling in soft-to-stiff soil

• labour intensive with depth limitation (2– 3 m).

• impractical in difficult ground conditions and in fully saturated cohesion-less

soils

• utmost care is required to ensure good-quality samples

• not possible to collect representative samples due to the mixing of soils

during boring

• a higher depth can be reached in less time using the power auger drilling

Figure: Typical setup for wash boring: (a) driving casing; (b) chopping and jetting.
Figure: Hand tools, a – post hole auger, b- helical auger
2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD 7 2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD 10

 Sampling  Sampling
 Boring and drilling techniques - Methods:  Boring and drilling techniques - Methods:
o Auger boring o Wash boring

• lower cost than percussion and rotary core drilling

• higher depth can be reached in less time using the power • portable due to the use of a limited drilling accessories

auger drilling • a depth of 8– 15 m can be easily reached in cemented soil

• heavy downward pressure during power drilling disturbs • in hard rock this method will not work.

the soils in advance of the auger • not possible to collect undisturbed samples

• Auger boring is quick, lower in cost, and there is no access • a change of soil strata can be identified by observing the

restriction, unlike the drilling method changes in colour of the soil mud

Figure: Drilling with power earth auger • poor drainage conditions may create a messy surface

Figure: Wash boring

2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD 8 2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD 11

 Sampling  Sampling
 Boring and drilling techniques - Methods:  Boring and drilling techniques - Methods:
o Auger boring o Wash boring

• The purpose of wash boring is to drill holes only and not to make use of the disturbed

washed materials for analysis.

• Closeup: auger operation to deepen boring

• Whenever an undisturbed sample is required at a particular depth, the boring is stopped,

and the chopping bit is replaced by a sampler.

• The sampler is pushed into the soil at the bottom of the hole and the sample is withdrawn.
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 Sampling
 Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling
 Boring and drilling techniques - Methods:
 Modern drilling rigs:
 Percussion drilling

• Possibly this is the only method for drilling in river deposits

mixed with hard boulders of the quartzitic type

• used in most soil types • commonly used for locations

providing easy access
• not possible to get good-quality undisturbed samples

• very hard rock (and especially fractured hard rock), down-

the-hole (DTH) drilling can be employed

Truck-mounted rig
Figure: Percussion drilling
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 Sampling
 Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling
 Boring and drilling techniques - Methods:
 Modern drilling rigs:
o Rotary core drilling
• a method of drilling that employs a sharp, rotational drill bit to bite its
• commonly used for rugged terrain where
way through the earth's crust
wheel vehicles cannot travel.
• to collect good-quality samples from soft rock and it can also be
• Rig is transported by trailer for road travel, with
used on hard rocks
drilling mast in down or collapsed position.
• Rock strata, along with the presence of cracks, joints, and fissures,
• On site, rig is dragged (moved) to boring
can be assessed
locations by a self-winching procedure or by
• Important geotechnical parameters like core loss, total core
towing (truck, bulldozer
recovery, solid core recovery, and rock quality designation can

be determined in this method.

Skid-mounted rig
Figure: Rotary drilling rig
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 Sampling
 Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling
 Boring and drilling techniques - Methods:
 Modern drilling rigs:
o Rotary core drilling

• while boring in soil, the drilling bit is removed and replaced by a sampler
• typically used where terrain
is rugged or ground is soft
when sampling is required,

• in rocky strata, the coring bit is used to obtain continuous rock samples

Figure: Crawler-mounted rig

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 Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling  Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling
 Modern drilling rigs:  Drilling rigs

Figure: Oil well drilling rig

Figure: Hydraulic drilling rig

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Figure: A typical variation in drilling parameters obtained 22
from the down-the-hole-hammer drilling (automatic logging) 2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD

 Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling  Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling
 Modern drilling rigs:  Drilling bits

• Drilling bits - tools for cutting soils/rocks

(a) Process of driving protective

casing to extend boring depth. • available in different size and shape

(b) Ongoing rotary wash procedure to
• spoon bit, spiral pointed, cone type,
flush (remove) soil within driven

casing before soil sampling (metal diamond coated, forstner bit

tub is to catch and recirculate wash

Figure: Different types of drilling bits.
water).

2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD Drilling operation for wash boring procedure in soil and rock 20 2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD 23

 Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling  Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling
1
 Modern drilling rigs:  Drilling bits:
1 - Diamond coring bits:
• the most versatile of all the coring bits
• produce high quality cores in rock materials ranging from soft to extremely hard
• Tri-cone roller bit used to advance a wash
2
2 - Carbide insert bits:
boring through gravel soils and decomposed
rock. • Carbide insert bits use tungsten carbide in lieu of diamonds
• used to core soft to medium hard rock.

3 - Saw tooth bits:

• the cutting edge comprises a series of teeth. 3
• provides wear resistance increasing the life of the bit.
• less expensive but normally used to core overburden soil and very soft rocks
only.
2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD Drilling operation for wash boring procedure in soil and 21rock 2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD 24

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 Sampling
 Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling
 Boring and drilling techniques - Methods:
 Core barrels – Double tube samplers

• However, the double tube samplers do not rotate with the core barrels and the samplers, and hence samples are not disturbed.

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 Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling  Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling
 Core barrels  Core barrels – Triple tube sampler

• The core barrels are the tubes inside the drill

pipes

• The standard length of a core barrel varies from • The triple core barrel consists of a double-core

barrel sampler along with a stationary liner,

1.5 to 3 m.
which protects the sample cores during
• Core barrels are available in single tube, double
extraction (useful in case of fractured rocks).
tubes, or triple tubes

• available with a blank reaming shell and thread

protector

Figure: Schematic diagram of core barrels

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(a) Single tube, (b) Double tube

 Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling  Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling
 Core barrels – Single tube sampler  Drilling fluids

Head coupling Core lifter

Water based mud Oil based mud

Core tube Reaming shell / litter case

Figure: Single tube core barrel Synthetic based fluid

• In the case of a single tube the core barrel of the sampler rotates and a chance that the samples may be disturbed by shearing.
Water
Air
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 Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling  Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling 2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD

 Drilling fluids  Sampling – Open drive sampler

• Uses: o Undisturbed soil samples
Stationary piston sampler.
• Providing hydrostatic pressure to prevent the inflow of ground water inside the borehole.

• Cooling and lubricating the drilling bit.

• Cleaning of boreholes. Thin-wall “Shelby

Tube” sampler. Denison sampler.
• Removing the rock cores and fragments excavated by the drilling bit and carrying them to the surface.

• Transmitting the hydraulic energy to the measurement and logging tools and bits.

• Stabilizing the boreholes (casing is not required if an appropriate drilling fluid is used).

2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD 31 Figure: Schematic illustrations of the “undisturbed” category of soil samplers. 34

 Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling  Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling
 Sampling – Split spoon sampler  Sampling – Open drive sampler
o Thin wall Shelby tube sampler
• an open-ended sampling spoon called a split spoon/tube

sampler – standard penetration test • thin wall tube sampler – undisturbed samples

• The thin wall tube formed from 1/16 to 1/8 inch metal, is drawn in
• likely to be highly disturbed and as such can only be used
at the lower end and is reamed so that the inside diameter of the
as disturbed samples
cutting edge is 0.5 to 1.5 percent less than that of the inside
• The samples so obtained are stored in glass or plastic jars
diameter of the tube.
or bags, referenced and sent to the laboratory for testing
• The exact percentage is governed by the size and wall thickness
• Spring core catcher – for cohesionless soil below WT
of the tube

Figure: Obtaining soil sample by driving with a

2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD 2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD Figure: Thin wall Shelby tube sampler
drop weight
32 35

 Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling  Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling
 Sampling –  Sampling – Open drive sampler
o Piston sampler

• After the sampler is pushed to the required depth, the

soil at the bottom of the sampler is sheared off by giving

• not suitable for shear and consolidation tests. a twist to the drill rod at the top.
• The sampling tube is taken out of the bore hole and the
tube is separated from the sampler head.
• The top and bottom of the sample are either sealed with
molten wax or capped to prevent evaporation of
moisture

2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD

Figure: Piston sampler
2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD
Figure: Obtaining soil sample by hydraulic pushing. 33 36

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 Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling  Sampling:

 Sampling – Piston sampler  Core sampling

• consists of a thin walled tube fitted with a piston • to control or reduce the contact between the drilling fluid and the core sample to reduce
• used to improve the quality of samples and to
changes from the coring process.
increase the recovery of soft or slightly cohesive
• The mechanical forces imposed on the core sample by the tool frequently lead to fracture
soils

• The design of piston samplers makes it possible

of the core and loss of less-competent intervals, which can greatly complicate
to take undisturbed samples of sand below WT

• piston sampling is relatively a costly procedure interpretation of the core.

• adopted only where its use is justified. • many runs can be made in succession if "quick look" analysis in the field suggests that the

zone of interest is continuing

2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD Figure: Piston sampler
37 2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD 40

 Sampling:  Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling

 Core sampling  Boring depth and spacing

Highway and dams projects:

• A core sample is a cylindrical section of (usually) a naturally • borings for a preliminary investigation may be on 500 to 1,000 ft or 150 to 300 m spacings.

occurring substance • The final program may eventually require borings on a 100 to 200 ft or 30 to 70 m spacing.
• Most core samples are obtained by drilling with special drills
With building projects:
into the substance, for example sediment or rock, with a
• borings for a preliminary investigation may be located near the planned boundaries of the building area, with a few
hollow steel tube called a core drill
borings being drilled at intermediate locations.
• The hole made for the core sample is called the "core
• A final program could include borings at building corners and at important interior locations, with spacings
bowling".
not to exceed 50 to 100 ft or 15 to 30 m, depending on conditions encountered and building code requirements

with regard to maximum spacing.

2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD Figure: Core samples
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 Sampling:  Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling

 Core sampling  Sampling – Sample extraction

o Rock core sampling

• In the coring process, the sample is pushed more or less intact

into the tube, and removed from the tube standard length of a • Rock cores are normally obtained by rotary drilling

core barrel varies from 1.5 to 3 m • The behavior of a rock mass is affected by the presence of
• Core barrels - available in single tube, double tubes, or triple
fractures in the rock
tubes - fracture rocks
• a single tube barrel - samples likely to experience disturbance
• Cores can be cut as small as a few mm in diameter up to over
due to torsion, swelling and contamination by the drilling fluid
150 mm (routine in oil exploration).
• a double tube barrel is protected from the circulating fluid.
• The lengths of samples ranges from less than a meter though

27 m to 54 m is more usual (in oil exploration)

• capable of retaining cores up to a length of 2 m.

Figure: Schematic diagram of core barrels

• Standard rock cores range from in. to nearly 6 in dia.
Figure: Core barrel sample (a) Single tube, (b) Double tube.
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 Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling  Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling
 Sampling – Sample extraction  Sampling – Sample extraction

o Rock core sampling o Rock core sampling - RQD

 Recovery ratio - the percentage ratio between the length of the core recovered and the length of the core
Table: Relation of RQD and in-situ Rock Quality
drilled on a given run

 related to the quality of rock

 Modified core recovery ratio: provides a better estimate of in-situ rock quality, known as the Rock Quality

Designation (RQD)

• = total length of intact hard and sound pieces of core of length greater than 4 in. arranged in its proper position
• = total length of drilling. 2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD
2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD 43 46

 Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling  Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling

 Sampling – Sample extraction  Sampling techniques, preservation, and transportation of samples to laboratory
o Rock core sampling Under the following conditions, field tests are preferable to laboratory tests:
1. When good-quality sampling is not possible or will be costly (e.g. granular soil, fractured rock mass, very soft
and sensitive clayey, stoney soil, etc.)
2. When good results cannot be obtained from laboratory tests for a particular soil parameter (e.g. in situ
horizontal stress, percolation value, etc.).
3. The effects of large particle size and discontinuities are represented in field test results that are otherwise not
possible from testing a small sample in the laboratory.
4. When in situ tests are cheap and quick relative to the process involved in sampling, preservation of samples and
laboratory testing (e.g. SPT test in soft clays).
5. For soil/rock profiling and to find out the soil/rock stratification.
6. During the initial planning stages of projects, when the soil/rock parameter needs to be obtained quickly and
there is no time available for conducting laboratory tests.
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 Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling  Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling

 Sampling – Sample extraction  Sampling techniques, preservation, and transportation of samples to laboratory

o Rock core sampling - RQD

Laboratory tests are required under the following conditions:
Table: Standard sizes of core barrels, drill rods, and compatible casing (Pecket et al., 1974)

• When the site is not accessible for carrying out a field test.

• Depending upon the availability of facility, skilled manpower and equipment, when it is

cheaper to obtain a certain soil/rock parameter from a laboratory test compared with the

field test.
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 Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling  Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling

 Sampling techniques, preservation, and transportation of samples to laboratory  Sampling techniques, preservation, and transportation of samples to laboratory

 Sample disturbance
Laboratory tests are required under the following conditions: • sample disturbance is significantly affected by the various dimensions of the samplers.

• When it is not possible to obtain certain soil parameters from in situ tests (e.g. cohesion

value, angle of shear resistance, etc.) • The friction drag - depends upon the inside clearance ratio

• Good quality sample: Ci = 0% ~ 1% - short samples and 0.5 ~

• For research purposes, where it is intended to use the results for different related 3% for medium length samples

projects
2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD

2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD 49 Figure: Sampler section. 52

2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD

 Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling  Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling 2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD

 Sampling techniques, preservation, and transportation of samples to laboratory  Sampling techniques, preservation, and transportation of samples to laboratory

• Sample disturbance
• sample disturbance is significantly affected by the various dimensions of the samplers.
Sand silt and clays (disturbed)

Sandy deposits containing pebbles, cohesion- Clays, silt, fine-grained soil,

less soils below water table (disturbed) clayey sands (undisturbed)

• The driving drag - depends upon the outside clearance ratio

• Good quality sample: = 0% ~ 3% - cohesive soil and 0 for non

Very soft cohesive soils, cohesive soil

Stiff to hard cohesive soil
organic soils, varved Cohesive soil, loose gravels,
(undisturbed) • Length-to-diameter ratio: 5 to 10 for cohesionless soils and 10 to 20
clays (undisturbed) sand silts (disturbed)
for cohesive soils, depending upon the soil types and laboratory

Figure: Different types of soil samplers. 50 requirements Figure: Sampler section. 53

 Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling  Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling
 Sampling techniques, preservation, and transportation of samples to laboratory  Sample extraction:

 Sample disturbance
 Example: The following dimensions are given for a Shelby tube sampler:
• sample disturbance is significantly affected by the various dimensions of the samplers.
• External diameter = 51 mm

• Internal diameter = 48 mm
(51^2-48^2/48^2)x100
• the permissible area ratio should be less than equal to 10%
• Determine the area ratio. =12.89
• permissible area ratios depend upon the soil type, its strength
and sensitivity, and the purpose of the sampling operations

• However, small area ratios may result in bending or buckling

during sampling operations
2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD
2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD
Figure: Sampler section. 51 54

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 Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling  Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling
 Sample extraction  Sampling techniques, preservation, and transportation of samples to laboratory

• Preservation and transportation of samples

• Problem: 75 mm is the external diameter of a sampling tube. If the area ratio required is

20%, determine the thickness of the sampling tube. In what type of clay would such a high • Borehole/tripit number and location details from where sample was been collected

area ratio be required? D2=75, Ar=20 • Depth and orientation of samples

0.2=D2^2-D1^2/D1^2
=1.20D1^2=75^2
D1=62.5 • Timing and method of sampling
D2-D1=75-62.5=12.5mm
• Any special site observation and weather conditions, etc.

2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD

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 Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling

 Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling 2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD

 Sampling techniques, preservation, and transportation of samples to laboratory  Preservation and transportation of samples

• Sample disturbance
Categories of sample preservation during transportation:
• the samples are subjected to disturbance at different stages due to various reasons as follows
Group A Visual inspection Samples – not lost or adulterated
Before sampling Base heave, piping, caving, swelling, stress relief, displacement
moisture content, grain size analysis, soil classification,

Failure to recover, mixing or segregation, remoulding, stress relief, obtaining Proctor compaction results and relative
During sampling Group B Laboratory testing
displacement, stones along cutting edge density, swelling potential, consolidation, permeability,
CBR, shear strength, etc., on remolded samples
Chemical changes, migration of moisture, changes of water content, stress
After sampling relief, freezing, overheating, vibration, disturbance caused during extrusion, Group C • preserved and transported in sealed moisture proof containers like plastic
bags, glass jars, thin-walled tubes
disturbance caused during transportation and handling, disturbance caused due
• The cylindrical and cube samples should be wrapped with aluminium foil
to storage, disturbance caused during sample preparation. and coated with several layers of wax and cheesecloth
Group D • Whilst shipping, the samples should be kept in a wooden cardboard or
2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD 56 59
metallic box.

 Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling

 Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling 2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD

 Sampling techniques, preservation, and transportation of samples to laboratory  Preservation and transportation of samples

• Sample disturbance Categories of sample preservation during transportation:

• A sample with a particular rating should be used for a particular purpose only
Group A
Table: Rating of soil samples (German Standard DIN 4021, Rowe, 1972)

Group B swelling potential, consolidation characteristics, in

situ density, permeability, shear strength, etc.

Intact undisturbed
Group C samples Laboratory
• protected from any kind of disturbance due to
testing
vibration and shock, as well as extreme heat and cold
• The sealed samples are fitted into cardboard boxes

Group D with proper cushioning and/or insulation

arrangements inside
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 Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling 2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD  Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling

 Preservation and transportation of samples  Borehole and trial pit logging

Categories of sample preservation during transportation:  List of the items to be incorporated into a log for engineering geological description:

• Type of drilling operation used to advance and the process to stabilize the hole
Group A
• Comparative resistance to drilling (rate of excavation in case of trial pit along with the method of

swelling potential, consolidation characteristics, in

Group B excavation, i.e. manual or using an excavator); drilling parameters (rate of penetration, downward thrust,
situ density, permeability, shear strength, etc.

rotary pressure, drilling fluid used, etc.) can be obtained in situ in case of automated drilling rig used
Intact undisturbed
Group C samples, but fragile • All the stages of transportation of these
or highly sensitive • Loss of drilling fluid
samples should be supervised by a
nature
geotechnical professional • Water level observations with remarks on possible variations due to nearby water bodies
Group D
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 Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling  Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling

 Borehole and trial pit logging  Borehole and trial pit logging

 List of the items to be incorporated into a log for engineering geological description:  List of the items to be incorporated into a log for engineering geological description:

• Field and laboratory test results if available (in factual reports that are submitted every week, or month, or so,
• Drilling crew, project name, name of client, consultants, and any other parties involved
depending upon the project requirement, laboratory test results might be missing in the logs; however, these can
• The date and time that the borings were started and completed along with the weather conditions
be included later on in the final report when the test results are ready)

• Drilled or excavated soil/rock in pictorial form can be incorporated (optional) in the bore log itself for better
• Topographic survey data including boring location and surface elevation, and bench mark location and datum
visualization of the geologic strata; otherwise, core/trial pit photographs are presented along with the bore
• The identification of the subsoil and bedrock including density, consistency, colour, moisture content, strength
logs/trial pit logs

• Closure of borings
of rock mass, extent of weathering, etc. (expressed in a standard sequence of systematic description).

2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD 62 2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD 65

 Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling  Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling

 Borehole and trial pit logging  Borehole and trial pit logging

 List of the items to be incorporated into a log for engineering geological description:

• The depths of the various generalized soil and rock strata encountered

• Sampler type, depth, penetration, and recovery

• Sampling resistance in terms of hydraulic pressure or blows per depth of sampler penetration, size and type of

hammer, and height of drop

• Soil sampling interval and recovery

• Rock core run numbers, depths and lengths, core recovery (core loss, solid core recovery as well as total core

recovery) and rock quality designation (RQD)

2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD 63 Figure: Typical core photographs. 2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD 66

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 Boring and drilling techniques -Sampling

 Borehole and trial pit logging

2020-11-24 / Tariq Mahmood Bajwa, PhD Figure: Trial pit photographs 67

Thank you very much / Dr. Tariq Mahmood Bajwa

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