Introduction to Hardware

Unit 4
Number Systems
1. Convert the following binary numbers to decimal numbers:

(a) 110 (b) 1011 (c) 1110 (d) 1001

(a) 1102  1 22 1 21  0  20

= 4 + 2 + 0 = 610

(b) 10112  1 23  0  22 1 21 1 20

= 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 1110

(c) 11102  1 23 1 22 1 21  0  20

= 8 + 4 + 2 + 0 = 1410

(d) 10012  1 23  0  22  0  21 1 20

= 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 910

2. Convert the following binary numbers to decimal numbers:

(a) 10101 (b) 11001 (c) 101101 (d) 110011

(a) 101012  1 24  0  23 1 22  0  21 1 20

= 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 2110

(b) 110012  1 24 1 23  0  22  0  21 1 20

= 16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 2510

(c) 1011012  1 25  0  24 1 23 1 22  0  21 1 20

= 32 + 0 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 4510

(d) 1100112  1 25 1 24  0  23  0  22 1 21 1 20

= 32 + 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 5110

3. Convert the following binary numbers to decimal numbers:

(a) 101010 (b) 111000 (c) 1000001 (d) 10111000

(a) 1010102  1 25  0  24 1 23  0  22 1 21  0  20

= 32 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 0 = 4210
(b) 1110002  1 25 1 24 1 23  0  22  0  21  0  20
= 32 + 16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 5610

(c) 10000012  1 26  0  25  0  24  0  23  0  22  0  21 1 20

= 64 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + + 0 + 1 = 6510

(d) 101110002  1 27  0  26 1 25 1 24 1 23  0  22  0  21  0  20

= 128 + 0 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 18410

4. Convert the following binary numbers to decimal numbers:

(a) 0.1101 (b) 0.11001 (c) 0.00111 (d) 0.01011

(a) 0.11012 = 1  2–1 + 1  2–2 + 0  2–3 + 1  2–4

1 1 1 1
=1 +1 +0 +1
2 22 23 24
1 1 1
= + +
2 4 16
= 0.5 + 0.25 + 0.0625

= 0.812510

(b) 0.110012 = 1  2–1 + 1  2–2 + 0  2–3 + 0  2–4 + 1  2–5

1 1 1 1 1
=1 +1 +0 +1
2 22 23 + 0  24 25
1 1 1
= + +
2 4 32
= 0.5 + 0.25 + 0.03125

= 0.7812510

(c) 0.001112 = 0  2–1 + 0  2–2 + 1  2–3 + 1  2–4 + 1  2–5

 1 1 1 + 1  1 1
=0 +0 +1 +1
2 22 23 24 25
1 1 1
= + +
8 16 32
= 0.125 + 0.0625 + 0.03125

= 0.2187510

(d) 0.010112 = 0  2–1 + 1  2–2 + 0  2–3 + 1  2–4 + 1  2–5

1 1 1 1 1
=0 +1 +0 +1
2 22 23 + 1  24 25
1 1 1
= + +
4 16 32
= 0.25 + 0.0625 + 0.03125

= 0.3437510

5. Convert the following binary numbers to decimal numbers:

(a) 11010.11 (b) 10111.011 (c) 110101.0111 (d) 11010101.10111

(a) 11010.112  1 24 1 23  0  22 1 21  0  20 1 21 1 22

1 1
= 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 0 + 
2 4 = 26.7510
(b) 10111.0112  1 24  0  23 1 22 1 21 1 20  0  21 1 22 1 23
1 1
= 16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 1 + 
4 8 = 23.37510
(c) 110101.01112  1 25 1 24  0  23 1 22  0  21 1 20  0  21 1 22 1 23 1 24
1 1 1
= 32 + 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1 +   = 53.4375 10
4 8 16

(d) 11010101.101112  1 27 1 26  0  25 1 24  0  23 1 22  0  21 1 20 1 21  0  22

+ 1 23 1 24 1 25
1 1 1 1
= 128 + 64 + 16 + 4 + 1 +   
= 213.7187510
2 8 16 32
1. Convert the following decimal numbers to binary numbers:

(a) 5 (b) 15 (c) 19 (d) 29

(a) 2 5 Remainder
2 2 1
2 1 0
2 0 1

(most significant bit)  1 0 1  (least significant bit)

Thus, 510 = 1012

(b) 2 15 Remainder
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
2 0 1

1 1 1 1
Thus, 1510 = 11112

(c) 2 19 Remainder
2 9 1
2 4 1
2 2 0
2 1 0
2 0 1

1 0 0 1 1
 Thus, 1910 = 100112

(d) 2 29 Remainder
2 14 1
2 7 0
2 3 1
2 1 1
2 0 1

1 1 1 0 1

Thus, 2910 = 111012

2. Convert the following decimal numbers to binary numbers:

(a) 31 (b) 42 (c) 57 (d) 63

(a) 2 31 Remainder
2 15 1
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1

0 1

(most significant bit)  1 1 1 1 1  (least significant bit)

Thus, 3110 = 111112

(b) 2 42 Remainder
2 21 0
2 10 1
2 5 0
2 2 1
2 1 0

0 1
1 0 1 0 1 0

Thus, 4210 = 1010102

(c) 2 57 Remainder
2 28 1
2 14 0
2 7 0
2 3 1
2 1 1

0 1
1 1 1 0 0 1

Thus, 5710 = 1110012

(d) 2 63 Remainder
2 31 1
2 15 1
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1

0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
 Thus, 6310 = 1111112

3. Convert the following decimal numbers to binary numbers:

(a) 47 (b) 60 (c) 73 (d) 84

(a) 2 47 Remainder
2 23 1
2 11 1
2 5 1
2 2 1
2 1 0

0 1
1 0 1 1 1 1

Thus, 4710 = 1011112

(b) 2 60 Remainder
2 30 0
2 15 0
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1

0 1
1 1 1 1 0 0

Thus, 6010 = 1111002

(c) 2 73 Remainder
2 36 1
2 18 0
2 9 0
2 4 1
2 2 0
2 1 0

0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 1

Thus, 7310 = 10010012

(d) 2 Remainder
84
2 42 0
2 21 0
2 10 1
2 5 0
2 2 1
2 1 0

0 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 0

Thus, 8410 = 10101002

4. Convert the following decimal numbers to binary numbers:

(a) 0.25 (b) 0.21875 (c) 0.28125 (d) 0.59375

(a) 0.25  2 = 0. 50

0.50  2 = 1. 00

(most significant bit) . 0 1 (least significant bit)

Hence, 0.2510 = 0.012

(b) 0.21875  2 = 0. 4375

0.4375  2 = 0. 875

0.875 2= 1. 75

0.75  2= 1. 50

0.50  2= 1.00

. 0 0 1 1 1

i.e ....................... 0.2187510 = 0.001112

(c) 0.28125  2 = 0. 5625

0.5625  2 = 1. 125

0.125 2= 0. 25

0.25  2= 0. 50

0.50  2= 1.00

. 0 1 0 0 1

i.e ....................... 0.2812510 = 0.010012

(d) 0.59375  2 = 1. 1875

0.1875  2 = 0. 375

0.375 2= 0. 75

0.75  2= 1. 50

0.50  2= 1.00

. 1 0 0 1 1

i.e ....................... 0.5937510 = 0.100112

5. Convert the following decimal numbers to binary numbers:

(a) 47.40625 (b) 30.8125 (c) 53.90625 (d) 61.65625

(a) 2 47 Remainder
2 23 1
2 11 1
2 5 1
2 2 1
2 1 0

0 1
1 0 1 1 1 1

0.40625  2 = 0. 8175

0.8175  2 = 1. 625

0.625 2= 1. 25

0.25  2= 0. 50

0.50  2= 1.00
. 0 1 1 0 1

Thus, 47.4062510  101111.011012

(a) 2 30 Remainder
2 15 0
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
2 0 1

1 1 1 1 0
 0.8125  2 = 1. 625

0.625  2 = 1. 25

0.25 2= 0. 50

0.50  2 = 1. 00

. 1 1 0 1

Thus, 30.812510  11110.11012

(c) 2 53 Remainder
2 26 1
2 13 0
2 6 1
2 3 0
2 1 1

0 1
1 1 0 1 0 1

0.90625  2 = 1. 8125

0.8125  2 = 1. 625

0.625 2= 1. 25

0.25  2= 0. 50

0.50  2= 1.00
. 1 1 1 0 1

Thus, 53.9062510  110101.111012

(d) 2 61 Remainder
2 30 1
2 15 0
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1

0 1
1 1 1 1 0 1

0.65625  2 = 1. 3125

0.3125  2 = 0. 625

0.625 2= 1. 25

0.25  2= 0. 50

0.50  2= 1.00
. 1 0 1 0 1

Thus, 61.6562510  111101.101012

1. Determine in binary form: 10 + 11

10
+ 11
sum 101
carry 1

2. Determine in binary form: 101 + 110

101
+ 110
sum 1011
carry 1

3. Determine in binary form: 1101 + 111

1101
+ 111
sum 10100
carry 1111

4. Determine in binary form: 1111 + 11101

1111
+ 11101
sum 101100
carry 1 1 1 1 1

5. Determine in binary form: 110111 + 10001

110111
+ 10001
sum 1001000
carry 1 1 1 1 1

6. Determine in binary form: 10000101 + 10000101

 10000101
+ 10000101
sum 100001010
carry 1 1 1

7. Determine in binary form: 11101100 + 111001011

11101100
+ 111001011
sum 1010110111
carry 1 1 1 1

8. Determine in binary form: 110011010 + 11100011

110011010
+ 11100011
sum 1001111101
carry 11 1

9. Determine in binary form: 10110 + 1011 + 11011

10110
1011
+ 11011
sum 111100
carry 111 1

10. Determine in binary form: 111 + 10101 + 11011

111
10101
+ 11011
sum 110111
carry 11111

11. Determine in binary form: 1101 + 1001 + 11101

1101
1001
+ 11101
sum 110011
carry 1 111
12. Determine in binary form: 100011 + 11101 + 101110

100011
11101
+ 101110
sum 1101110
carry 111111
1. Convert the following decimal numbers to binary numbers, via octal:
(a) 343 (b) 572 (c) 1265

(a) 8 343 Remainder

8 42 7
8 5 2
8 0 5

5 2 7

From Table 20.1, 5278 = 101 010 1112

i.e. 34310 = 1010101112

(b) 8 572 Remainder

8 71 4
8 8 7
8 1 0

0 1

1 0 7 4

From Table 20.1, 10748 = 001 000 111 1002

i.e. 57210 = 10001111002

(c) 8 1265 Remainder

8 158 1
8 19 6
8 2 3

0 2

2 3 6 1
From Table 20.1, 12658 = 010 011 110 0012

i.e. 57210 = 100111100012

2. Convert the following decimal numbers to binary numbers, via octal:

(a) 0.46875 (b) 0.6875 (c) 0.71875

(a) Multiplying repeatedly by 8, and noting the integer values, gives:

0.46875  8 = 3.75

0.75 8= 6.00

. 3 6

Thus, 0.4687510 = 0.368

From Table 20.1, 0.368 = 0.011 1102

i.e ....................... 0.4687510 = 0.011112

(b) Multiplying repeatedly by 8, and noting the integer values, gives:

0.6875  8 = 5.50

0.50 8= 4.00

. 5 4

Thus, 0.687510 = 0.548

From Table 20.1, 0.548 = 0.101 1002

i.e ........................ 0.687510 = 0.10112

(c) Multiplying repeatedly by 8, and noting the integer values, gives:

0.71875  8 = 5.75

0.75 8= 6.00

. 5 6

Thus, 0.7187510 = 0.568

From Table 20.1, 0.568 = 0.101 1102

i.e ....................... 0.7187510 = 0.101112

3. Convert the following decimal numbers to binary numbers, via octal:

(a) 247.09375 (b) 514.4375 (c) 1716.78125

(a) 8 247 Remainder

8 30 7
8 3 6
8 0 3

3 6 7

From Table 20.1, 3678 = 011 110 1112

i.e. 36710 = 111101112

0.09375  8 = 0.75

0.75 8= 6.00

. 0 6

Thus, 0.0937510 = 0.068

From Table 20.1, 0.068 = 0.000 1102

i.e. 0.0937510 = 0.000112

Hence, 247.0937510  367.068  11110111.000112

(b) 8 514 Remainder

8 64 2
8 8 0
8 1 0

0 1
1 0 0 2

From Table 20.1, 5148 = 001 000 000 0102

 i.e. 51410 = 10000000102

0.4375  8 = 3.50

0.50 8= 4.00

. 3 4

Thus, 0.437510 = 0.348

From Table 20.1, 0.348 = 0.011 1002

i.e. 0.437510 = 0.01112

Hence, 514.437510  1002.348  1000000010.01112

(c) 8 1716 Remainder

8 214 4
8 26 6
8 3 2

0 3
3 2 6 4

From Table 20.1, 17168 = 011 010 110 1002

i.e. 171610 = 110101101002

0.78125  8 = 6.25

0.25 8= 2.00

. 6 2

Thus, 0.7812510 = 0.628

From Table 20.1, 0.628 = 0.110 0102

i.e. 0.7812510 = 0.110012

Hence, 1716.7812510  3264.628  11010110100.110012
4. Convert the following binary numbers to decimal numbers via octal:

(a) 111.011 1 (b) 101 001.01 (c) 1 110 011 011 010.001 1

(a) 111.0111 = 111.011 100 2

3 4
= 7. 3 48 = 7  80  3 81  4  82  7   = 7.437510
8 82
(b) 101001.01 = 101 001.010 2
2
= 5 1 . 28 = 5 81 1 80  2  81  40 1 = 41.2510
8
(c) 1110011011010.0011 = 001 110 011 011 010.001 100 2
= 1 6 3 3 2 . 1 48
= 1 84  6  83  3 82  3 81  2  80 1 81  4  82
1 4
= 4096 + 3072 + 192 + 24 + 2 + 
= 7386.187510
8 64
1. Convert E716 into its decimal equivalent.

E 716 = E×161 + 7 ×160 = 14×16 + 7 ×1 = 224 + 7 = 23110

2. Convert 2C16 into its decimal equivalent.

2 C16 = 2×161 + C×160 = 32 +12 = 4410

3. Convert 9816 into its decimal equivalent.

9816  9 161  8160  9 16  81  144  8 = 15210

4. Convert 2F1 16 into its decimal equivalent.

2 F116 = 2×162 + F×161 +1×160 = 2×162 +15×161 +1×160

= 512 + 240 + 1 = 75310

5. Convert 5410 into its hexadecimal equivalent.

16 54 Remainder

16 3 6  616

0 3  316

most significant bit  3 6  least significant bit

Hence, 5410 = 3616

6. Convert 20010 into its hexadecimal equivalent.

 16 200 Remainder
16 12 8  816

0 12  C 16

C 8

Hence, 20010  C816

7. Convert 9110 into its hexadecimal equivalent.

16 91 Remainder

16 5 11  B16

0 5  516

5 B

Hence, 9110 = 5B 16

8. Convert 23810 into its hexadecimal equivalent.

16 238 Remainder

16 14 14  B 16

0 14  E 16

E E

Hence, 23810  EE16

1. Convert 11010111 2 into its hexadecimal equivalent.

110101112 = 1101 0111 grouping in 4s

= D 716 from Table 20.2
i.e. 110101112  D 716

2. Convert 11101010 2 into its hexadecimal equivalent.

111010102 = 1110 1010 grouping in 4s

= E A16 from Table 20.2
i.e. 111010102  EA16

3. Convert 10001011 2 into its hexadecimal equivalent.

100010112 = 1000 1011 grouping in 4s

= 8 B16 from Table 20.2
i.e. 100010112  8B16

4. Convert 10100101 2 into its hexadecimal equivalent.

101001012 = 1010 0101 grouping in 4s

= A 516 from Table 20.2
i.e. 101001012  A 516

5. Convert 3716 into its binary equivalent.

3716 = 0011 0111 2 = 110111 2 from Table 20.2

6. Convert ED16 into its binary equivalent.

ED16 = 1110 1101 2 from Table 20.2

7. Convert 9F16 into its binary equivalent.

9F16 = 1001 1111 2 from Table 20.2

8. Convert A21 16 into its binary equivalent

A2116 = 1010 0010 0001 2 from Table 20.2