Eco-Repellent Innovation: Calamansi Peel Extract as a

Sustainable Defense Against Houseflies

Submitted by:

Rheillen Kaye D. Martin

Rabbi James Alcantra
Rosemary Ordinario
Izzy U. Gandeza
Joel Ducusin
Liorenz Sixto

GRADE 12 YOUTUBE

Submitted to:

Ma’am Anna Rose Turqueza

SCHOOL YEAR: 2025-2026

 CHAPTER I

Background of the Study

Houseflies (Musca domestica) are among the most common and widely
distributed insects in the world. These insects thrive in warm environments, often
found near human and animal habitats where food and waste are accessible. In the
Philippines, where tropical climate conditions favor their rapid breeding, houseflies are
a frequent nuisance and are associated with various public health concerns. They are
known carriers of pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and
parasites that can cause diseases such as typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery, and food
poisoning (World Health Organization, 2011). As such, controlling housefly populations
is critical to promoting sanitation, health, and well-being, particularly in rural
communities, food establishments, farms, and markets.

Traditionally, synthetic chemical repellents and insecticides have been used as a

primary means of housefly control. However, the extensive use of these chemicals has
led to several environmental and health-related issues. Over time, houseflies can
develop resistance to chemical insecticides, reducing their effectiveness. In addition,
the prolonged use of chemical repellents contributes to air, water, and soil
contamination, posing risks to non-target organisms and human health (Kumar et al.,
2014). In light of these challenges, there is growing interest in exploring alternative,
eco-friendly, and sustainable methods of insect control that minimize harm to the
environment while remaining effective.

Calamansi (Citrus microcarpa), also known as Philippine lime, is a widely

cultivated citrus fruit in the Philippines, primarily used for culinary and medicinal
purposes. One of the notable by-products of calamansi consumption is its peel, which
is typically discarded as waste. However, calamansi peel contains various bioactive
compounds such as limonene, flavonoids, and essential oils that have been observed
to exhibit insect-repellent properties (Baldwin, 2015). These natural compounds act as
irritants or deterrents to insects, making calamansi peel extract a potential organic
alternative to chemical-based repellents.
 Recent innovations in organic and sustainable agriculture have turned attention
to waste-to-resource approaches, where agricultural and food waste are processed
into useful products. Fermenting or extracting bioactive substances from plant-based
materials such as fruit peels can be a cost-effective and eco-friendly solution for pest
management. In this context, calamansi peel extract offers a promising repellent
against houseflies, particularly in environments where sanitation is vital but access to
commercial insecticides is limited or undesirable.

Thus, this study aims to explore and evaluate the effectiveness of calamansi
peel extract as a natural, sustainable repellent against houseflies. The research
promotes an environmentally responsible approach by utilizing agricultural waste for
practical applications, encouraging zero-waste principles, and reducing dependence
on harmful synthetic chemicals. By formulating a readily available, affordable, and
safe housefly repellent from calamansi peels, this innovation contributes to public
health, environmental sustainability, and local resource utilization.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of calamansi peel extract as a

natural repellent against houseflies. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following
questions:

1. What is the effectiveness of calamansi peel extract as a natural repellent

against houseflies?
2. What concentration of calamansi peel extract provides the most effective
repellent action against houseflies?
3. Is there a significant difference in the number of houseflies repelled at varying
time intervals?

Hypothesis

This study aims to test the following hypotheses:

1. Calamansi (Citrus microcarpa) peel extract has no significant repellent effect on

houseflies; repellency at all tested concentrations does not differ from the
control.
 2. Calamansi (Citrus microcarpa) peel extract has a significant repellent effect on
houseflies, with variations in effectiveness observed across different
concentrations and time intervals.

Significance of the Study

The findings of this study may help and serve as a guide to the following:

Students

This study can help students see how science can be applied in solving real-life
problems, such as pest control. It also allows them to gain knowledge about using
natural materials, like calamansi peels, as an eco-friendly alternative to chemical
repellents.

Teachers

This study may serve as a practical example for classroom activities and
lessons. It shows that simple experiments using everyday materials can be meaningful
and can encourage teachers to guide their students in doing similar sustainable
projects.

Parents and Families

This research can provide families with a safer and cheaper option for keeping
houseflies away. Since calamansi peel extract is natural, it avoids the possible health
risks of chemical repellents and makes use of something usually thrown away at
home.

Community

The study promotes the idea of turning waste into something useful. By using
discarded calamansi peels, communities can help reduce waste while also addressing
the common problem of houseflies, leading to cleaner and healthier surroundings.
Researchers

This study gives the researchers the chance to apply what they have learned in
science and research. It helps them improve their skills in conducting experiments,
analyzing results, and finding sustainable solutions to everyday issues.

Future Researchers

The results of this study may serve as a reference for future studies that aim to
develop natural repellents. It may also inspire others to explore the potential of
different fruit peels or plants as safe and eco-friendly alternatives to chemical
products.

Scope and Delimitation

This study focuses on determining the effectiveness of calamansi (Citrus

microcarpa) peel extract as a natural repellent against houseflies (Musca domestica).
It aims to test different concentrations of the extract in a controlled indoor setting to
observe their ability to repel houseflies. The study includes only houseflies as test
subjects, and all data were gathered through direct observation. The research was
conducted from August to October 2025 at San Francisco National High School.

The study was limited to indoor conditions, which means the results might differ
if tested outdoors. All observations were made by the researchers themselves, which
could lead to small errors in recording data. The calamansi peel extract was manually
prepared, so there might be slight differences in the concentration of each mixture.

Definition of Terms

Calamansi (Citrus microcarpa) – A small citrus fruit widely grown in the Philippines,
known for its sour juice and aromatic peel. In this study, the peel is used as the main
source of extract for the repellent.

Calamansi Peel Extract – The liquid substance obtained from crushing or soaking
calamansi peels, which is tested for its ability to repel houseflies.
Houseflies (Musca domestica) – Common insects often found in households and
surroundings. They are considered pests because they can carry germs that cause
diseases.

Natural Repellent – A substance made from plant-based or organic materials used to

keep insects away without relying on harmful chemicals.

Controlled Environment – A closed and managed setting where the experiment is

conducted to limit outside factors that might affect the results.

Concentration – The strength or amount of calamansi peel extract used in the tests,
measured by how much peel extract is mixed or applied.

Manual Observation – A method of recording results by directly watching and noting

changes in housefly behavior during the experiment.

Eco-friendly – Something that is safe for the environment, sustainable, and does not
cause harm to humans, animals, or nature.
 CHAPTER II

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework that guided the researchers in the conduct of this
study is shown in the following research paradigm. The aim of this study is to test the
effectiveness of calamansi peel extract as a natural repellent against houseflies.
 Independent Variable
Amount of
Calamansi Peel
Extract

Process:

A. Collection Dependent Variable

Housefly
B. Washing and
Cleaning

C. Cutting/ Control Variable

Crushing
Water
D. Extraction

E. Filtration
Experimental Variable
F. Preparation of
Concentrations T1 – 5ml ofCalamansi
Extract
G. Application to
Test Area T2 – 10ml of Calamansi
Extract
H. Data Gathering
T3 – 15ml of Calamansi
Extract
I. Interpretation
of T4 – 20ml ofCalamansi
Data Extract

Time Interval
:

T1 (30 minutes

T2 (1 hour)

T3 (2 hours)

T4 (3 hours)

Repellent Effectiveness of Calamansi

Peel Extract Against Houseflies
Review of Related Literature

According to Kumar, Thomas, and Singh (2014), houseflies (Musca domestica)

are common pests that spread illnesses like diarrhea, typhoid fever, and cholera
because of their contact with dirty surfaces and spoiled food. Their rapid reproduction
makes them difficult to control, creating a need for effective and safe repellent
measures.
 Chemical sprays and insecticides are the most common control methods, but
according to Kumar et al. (2014), constant use of these products can harm people,
animals, and the environment. Also, flies can become resistant to these chemicals.
This has led researchers to explore natural alternatives, with a study by Mossa et al.
(2024) showing that essential oils from citrus fruits are effective repellents against
mosquitoes.

Calamansi (Citrus microcarpa) peel contains insect-repelling compounds, such

as limonene [Baldwin, 2015]. According to Pangestika, Sari, and Ahmad (2023), the
peel has a higher concentration of these compounds than the fruit itself. Studies have
shown that calamansi peel oil can kill mosquito larvae [Pudadera et al., 2020]. A study
by Mataasnakahoy Senior High School (2023) found that calamansi peel extract can
repel houseflies, with higher concentrations being more effective. Another experiment,
according to Ducusin et al. (2022), proved calamansi peel can act as an insecticide
when combined with chili extract.

Other researchers also support the potential of citrus-based repellents.

According to Nerio, Olivero-Verbel, and Stashenko (2010), plant-based repellents
derived from essential oils are promising because they contain volatile compounds
that naturally deter insects. Limonene, the major component in calamansi peel, has
been reported to cause toxicity and behavioral avoidance in several insect species,
making it a strong candidate for pest control formulations. Similarly, Isman (2006)
emphasized the importance of botanical insecticides, highlighting their
biodegradability, minimal environmental impact, and low cost compared to synthetic
chemicals.

In the Philippine context, calamansi is widely cultivated and often generates

peel waste from juice and food production. Utilizing calamansi peel as a repellent not
only provides an affordable and eco-friendly solution but also supports waste
reduction and sustainable practices [Pangestika et al., 2023]. Moreover, local studies,
such as those by Villaverde and Tabiliran (2021), have demonstrated that calamansi
extract exhibits antimicrobial and insecticidal properties, reinforcing its potential use
as a natural household remedy.
 Additionally, alternative natural repellents have been explored to address the
risks posed by houseflies. For example, Azadirachta indica (neem) extracts were found
to effectively repel flies and mosquitoes [Okumu et al., 2007]. While neem is effective,
calamansi is more accessible in the Philippines, making it a practical option for
community-based pest management.

In summary, according to the reviewed literature, calamansi peel extract shows

potential as a natural repellent because of its bioactive compounds. Existing studies
confirm its effectiveness against houseflies and other insects, but more research
specifically focusing on houseflies is needed. This research will address that gap by
testing different concentrations of the extract in a controlled environment.

CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY

A. Research Design/Method
This study utilized an experimental research design to determine the
effectiveness of calamansi peel extract as an eco-friendly repellent against houseflies
(Musca domestica). The experiment compared the number of houseflies repelled by
different concentrations of calamansi peel extract to identify which formulation
provides the most effective result. Observations and data were collected through
controlled testing and documentation.

B. Time and Place of the Study

The study was conducted at San Francisco National High School, specifically in
the Science Laboratory, from August to October, 2025. The location was chosen
because it provided a controlled environment suitable for preparing and testing the
repellent samples.
C. Materials and Procedures

Materials:
 • Knife and Cutting Board
• Fresh Calamansi peel
• Measuring cup
• Spray bottles
• Clean Cloth
• Cooking pot
• Strainer
• Water

Procedures:

The researchers collected fresh calamansi (Citrus microcarpa) fruits from one of
the researchers’ backyards located in Bigbiga, Sudipen, La Union. The fruits were
carefully selected to ensure freshness and quality, as these factors may affect the
amount of oil and active compounds present in the peels. Each calamansi fruit was
thoroughly washed to remove any dirt or residue that could interfere with the
extraction process. The fruits were then peeled manually, and only the outer colored
portion of the peel was collected, since it contains the highest concentration of
essential oils responsible for repelling insects.

After peeling, the calamansi peels were cut into small pieces to increase their
surface area and improve the efficiency of extraction. The prepared peels were then
placed in a clean pot containing a small amount of water and boiled for approximately
15 minutes. The heating process helped release the natural oils and bioactive
compounds from the peel, such as limonene and citral, which are known for their
insect-repelling properties. Once the boiling process was completed, the mixture was
allowed to cool at room temperature to prevent burns and maintain the quality of the
extract.

When the mixture had completely cooled, it was strained using a fine strainer to
separate the solid peel residues from the liquid solution. The filtered extract, which
contained the essential compounds from the calamansi peel, was carefully collected
and poured into clean, labeled spray bottles. This extract was then used for the
experimental testing to determine its effectiveness as a natural and eco-friendly
repellent against houseflies (Musca domestica).
Preparation of Experimentation/Concentration

The researchers began the process by collecting fresh calamansi fruits and
carefully peeling them. After peeling, the calamansi peels were cut into small pieces
and cooked in a pot with a small amount of water for about 15 minutes to extract their
natural oils and compounds. Once cooked, the mixture was strained using a fine
strainer, and the remaining peels were squeezed using a clean cloth to obtain the
remaining extract. The collected liquid was then measured using a measuring cup in
portions of 5 mL, 10 mL, 15 mL, and 20 mL. Each measured amount was mixed with
the same amount of water and transferred into four separate spray bottles for testing
its effectiveness as a natural repellent against houseflies.

Application of Concentration on the Experimental Subject

After preparing the different concentrations of calamansi peel extract, the

researchers proceeded to apply the solution in a household setting to test its
effectiveness against houseflies. Four different concentrations—5 mL, 10 mL, 15 mL,
and 20 mL of calamansi peel extract mixed with water—were placed in separate,
properly labeled spray bottles. Each concentration was sprayed in different areas of
the house where houseflies were commonly found, such as the kitchen and dining
area. The researchers observed the behavior of the houseflies after spraying each
concentration, noting visible changes such as flies moving away or avoiding the
treated areas. Observations were conducted at 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3
hours after application to measure how long the repellent effect lasted. All data and
observations were carefully recorded and compared to determine which concentration
provided the most effective repellent action.
D. Flowchart of the Study

Collection of Calamansi Peels

Cutting into
SmallPieces

Extraction of Peel Juice

Preparation of Different Concentrations

Application to Experimental Subjects (Houseflies)

Observation and Data Recording

Data Analysis and Interpretation

D. Statistical Tool/Data Analysis

The data collected from the experiment were analyzed using descriptive
statistics. The researchers summarized their observations through frequency counts,
percentages, and mean values to determine the effectiveness of each concentration of
calamansi peel extract in repelling houseflies. Data were taken at specific time
intervals (30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours) after application. The results were
organized in tables and graphs to compare the repellent effects of the four treatments
—5 mL, 10 mL, 15 mL, and 20 mL. Through this analysis, the researchers were able to
identify which concentration showed the most effective and longest-lasting repellent
action.
 CHAPTER IV
Results and Discussion

A. Extent of Effectiveness of the Different Treatments

The results of the experiment showed variations in the effectiveness of the
different concentrations of calamansi peel extract in repelling houseflies. Among the
four treatments—5 mL, 10 mL, 15 mL, and 20 mL—the higher concentrations
generally produced stronger repellent effects. The 20 mL concentration was observed
to repel the greatest number of houseflies, followed by the 15 mL concentration. The
10 mL solution showed moderate effectiveness, while the 5 mL concentration had the
least noticeable effect.

Observations recorded at time intervals of 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3

hours indicated that the repellent effect of the calamansi extract gradually decreased
over time. The strongest response occurred within the first 30 minutes after
application, as more houseflies moved away from the treated areas. However, after
two to three hours, fewer flies were observed reacting to the extract, suggesting that
the effect was temporary and may require reapplication for continued effectiveness.

Overall, the findings suggest that calamansi peel extract has a noticeable
repelling effect on houseflies, especially at higher concentrations. This supports the
idea that natural compounds found in calamansi peels, such as essential oils and citric
acid, contribute to its ability to repel insects.

A. Show here the tools that you have used

The tools used in this experiment included a knife and cutting board, measuring
cup, spray bottles, clean cloth, cooking pot, and strainer. The knife and cutting board
were used for cutting and preparing the calamansi peels, while the cooking pot and
strainer were used in extracting the liquid from the peels. The measuring cup ensured
accurate measurement of the liquid, and the spray bottles were used to contain and
apply the more juice from them.
 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusion

1. Calamansi peel extract effectively repels houseflies, especially at higher

concentrations.

2. The 75% concentration demonstrated the highest effectiveness, showing that more
concentrated formulations yield better results.

3. The study supports the potential of using calamansi waste (peels) as a sustainable,
natural repellent, reducing dependence on chemical-based products.

Recommendation

1. Future researchers may test calamansi peel extract on other insects such as
mosquitoes or ants.

2. Longer observation periods could be conducted to test the lasting effect of the
repellent.

3. Combining calamansi peel extract with other natural ingredients (e.g.,

lemongrass or vinegar) may enhance effectiveness.

4. The extract can be further developed into a commercial eco-repellent spray for
household or agricultural use.

5. Communities should be encouraged to recycle fruit peels for environmental and

economic benefits.