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Key Concepts in Distributed Systems

The document provides an overview of distributed systems, covering definitions, design goals, types, and trade-offs, as well as communication methods and synchronization techniques. It outlines key concepts such as middleware, client-server architecture, and various communication protocols. Additionally, it discusses synchronization methods including clock synchronization and mutual exclusion strategies.

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10 views1 page

Key Concepts in Distributed Systems

The document provides an overview of distributed systems, covering definitions, design goals, types, and trade-offs, as well as communication methods and synchronization techniques. It outlines key concepts such as middleware, client-server architecture, and various communication protocols. Additionally, it discusses synchronization methods including clock synchronization and mutual exclusion strategies.

Uploaded by

shivamsingh0718
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Distributed Systems - Super Short Notes

Unit 1: Introduction

• Definition: Collection of independent computers appearing as single system.


• Design Goals: Transparency, Openness, Reliability, Performance, Scalability.
• Types: Distributed Computing, Distributed Information, Distributed Pervasive.
• Trade-offs: Transparency ↑ => Performance ↓ sometimes.
• Clusters/Grids/Cloud: Cluster = tightly coupled; Grid = loosely; Cloud = on-demand service.
• Architecture: Layered, Object-based, Event-based, Hybrid.
• Models: Interaction, Failure, Security models.
• Middleware: Bridge between OS & applications, hides complexity.
• Threads: Lightweight processes for parallelism.
• Virtualization: Abstract hardware/software resources.
• Client-Server: Client requests, server responds.
• Code Migration: Moving code between machines.

Unit 1: PYQs

• Dist vs Parallel: Distributed = multiple computers, Parallel = tightly coupled processors.


• Example: ATM network, Google search, DNS.
• Middleware role: Transparency, communication, resource mgmt.
• Reliable System: Replication, Redundancy, Fault detection, Recovery.
• Adv vs Centralized: Adv: Reliability, Scalability; Disadv: Complexity, Security.
• Transparency types: Access, Location, Concurrency, Replication, Failure, Migration,
Performance, Scaling.

Unit 2: Communication

• Fundamentals: Message passing, socket, protocols.


• RPC: Call remote procedure like local one.
• Message-Oriented: Send/receive messages asynchronously.
• Stream-Oriented: Continuous flow (audio/video).
• Multicast: One-to-many communication.
• Sync vs Async RPC: Sync = wait, Async = don’t wait.
• Publish-Subscribe: Publisher broadcasts, subscribers get updates.
• Multicast Streams: Live sports streaming, stock updates.

Unit 3: Synchronization

• Clock Sync: Cristian’s, Berkeley algorithm.


• Logical vs Physical: Logical = ordering, Physical = real-time clock.
• Mutual Exclusion: Centralized, Distributed, Token-based.
• Decentralized: Voting-based, multiple coordinators.
• Election: Bully, Ring algorithm.
• Berkeley Algorithm: Average time from all nodes, master adjusts clocks.

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