HYDROLOGICAL CALCULATION OF THE PUERTO HUALLANA PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE PROJECT

CALCULATION OF THE MAXIMUM HEAD BASED ON THE MAXIMUM FLOW RATE

Due to the lack of hydrometeorological information in certain areas that justify the hydraulic design of the
projected structures, empirical calculation methods are proposed based on observations and determined parameters
according to the geomorphological characteristics and vegetation cover of the area where the project is located.
In order to obtain the maximum height that the bridge will have, the instantaneous flows will be calculated.
of different empirical methods; in this way we will determine the maximum flow, then with this calculated flow
Using the Manning formula, we will obtain a new water height that will be higher than the mark left by the footprint.
for the water in a major avenue.

A.- METHOD OF SECTION AND SLOPE

To apply the following method, the following fieldwork must be carried out:
1.- Selection of several sections of the river.
2.- Topographic survey of the selected cross sections (minimum of 3 sections).
3.- Determination of the slope of the water surface with the marks or traces left by the highest waters
avenues.
4.- Choose the most optimal roughness coefficient value (n).
5.- Apply calculations in the Manning formula.

wet section area (m2)

Wet section area / wet perimeter
Qmax. = A * R^(2/3) * S^(1/2) / n slope of the riverbed surface
roughness of the riverbed.

The following table shows us the different values of 'n' that will be adopted:

ACCORDING TO COWAN:

River conditions:
channel material: A earthy
B rocky
C grave until
D heavy thick

material of the adopted riverbed: A = 0.020

Degree of irregularity: A none

B Light
C regular
D severe

Degree of irregularity adopted: B = 0.005

Sections A level
Variables B regular
C severe

variation of the adopted section: A = 0

Effect of the obstructions: A despicable

B younger
C appreciable
D severe

Effect of the adopted obstructions: C = 0.020

vegetation A none
B poco
C regular
D high

adopted vegetation: D = 0.050

grado de sinuosidad: A Insignificant

B regular
C considerable

degree of sinuosity adopted: B = 1.150

value of 'n' adopted according to COWAM n = 0.109

ACCORDING TO SCOBEY:
River conditions:

Page 1
 n = 0.025
Natural earth channels clean with good alignment with or without some vegetation on the slopes and scattered gravel.
on the slopes

n = 0.030
Channel of fragmented and eroded stone with a variable cross-section and some vegetation at the edges and considerable slope.
(typical of the entrance rivers of rainforest fringes)

n = 0.035
Gravel and pebble channel with considerable variation in cross-section with some vegetation on the slopes and
low slope. (typical of rivers at the edge of the jungle)

n = 0.040-0.050
Channel with a large amount of loose and clean gravel, with variable cross-section with or without vegetation on the slopes.
(typical of the rivers of the mountains and jungle fringe)

n = 0.060-0.075
Channel with significant weed growth, with a section obstructed by external and aquatic vegetation of alignment and section.
irregular. ( typical of jungle rivers )

value of 'n' adopted according to SCOBEY n= 0.060

Selecting the smaller value of 'n' from these two criteria 0.060
N.A.M.E quota left by the footprints : 408.00 m.a.s.l
Aa: Area of the river section on the avenue : 25.60m2
wet perimeter of the avenue : 25.60m
slope of the riverbed surface : 0.050
n: roughness of the riverbed. : 0.060

Qmax. = A * (A/P)^(2/3) * S^(1/2) / n

Qmax. = 95.41 m3/s

B.- METHOD OF SPEED AND AREA

To apply the following method, the following fieldwork must be carried out:
1.- Selection of 2 sections of the river.
2.- Measure the current depth at the center of the river ( h ).
3.- Topographic survey of the selected cross-sections indicating marks or traces left by the
waters of maximum flow.
4.- Measure the surface velocity of the water (Vs) that flows, taking into account the time it takes for a floating object to...
to get from one point to another in a regularly uniform section, having previously defined the distance between
both points.
5.- Calculate the area of the river's cross-section during the flood left by the footprints (Aa). The area can be
calculate using Simpson's rule or by drawing the section on graph paper.
6.- Apply calculations in the following formulas:

Ha = (coef.) * Aa / Ba

Ba = 19.70 m Ha: Maximum water height in the flood

coef. = 0.60 Aa: Area of the river section on the avenue
Aa 25.60 m2 Ba: Maximum width of the water mirror on the avenue.
Ha = ( coef.) * Aa / Ba coef.: Adopted amplification coefficient
Ha = 0.780 m

Va = Vs * Ha / h

Va: Water speed during the flood

Vs: Current surface water velocity
Ha: Maximum water height in the avenue
Current depth at the center of the river

Vs = 1.9 m/s
h = 0.900 m
Ha = 0.780 m it must be greater than h

Go = 1.646 m/s
Flow of the avenue: Qmax = Va * Aa = 42.14 m3/s

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C.- RATIONAL FORMULA METHOD
To apply the following empirical method, the following office work must be done:
1.- Determine the area of influence of the basin in hectares.
2.- Estimate a maximum rain intensity (mm/h)
3.- Apply calculations using the rational formula

Maximum runoff flow that will cause a maximum flood. (m3/s)

Q = C * i * A / 360 Runoff coefficient
A: Influence area of the basin. (ha) ( < 300 has )
i: maximum rainfall intensity (mm/h)
runoff coefficient (C):
A general crops in rolling topography (S = 5 to 10 %)
B general crops on sloping topography (S = 10 to 30%)
C grass crops in rolling topography (S = 5 to 10%)
D grass crops on sloped terrain ( S = 10 to 30 % )
E forest crops in undulating topography (S = 5 to 10 %)
F forest crops on sloping topography ( S = 10 to 30 % )
G bare areas in rolling topography ( S = 5 to 10 % )
H bare areas on sloped topography (S = 10 to 30 %)

indicate the letter corresponding to the selected coefficient

coeficiente escorrentia adoptado ( C ) : E = 0.18

Area of the adopted basin ( A ) = 250has

maximum rainfall intensity adopted (i) = 85.16mm/h

Maximum flow: Qmax = C * i * A / 360 = 10.65 m3/s

From the three maximum flows calculated, the following will be adopted:

1. the maximum of the flows

2. the average of the flows
3 .- the weighted average

MAXIMUM FLOW SELECTED Qmax= 95.41 m3/s

Then, with the adopted maximum flow rate, it will be entered again into Manning's formula, and the new value of the height will be found.
of water from maximum avenues.

Qmax. = A * (A/P)^(2/3) * S^(1/2) / n Qmax = A^(5/3) * S^(1/2)

P^(2/3) * n

Qmax = ( Aa + &A)^(5/3) * S^(1/2)

(1.1P)^(2/3) * n

&A = [ Qmax * n * (1.1P)^(2/3) / S^(1/2) ]^(3/5) - Aa

&A = 0.996 m2
A = (Ba + H) * H = 0.996 m2

INCREASE THE N.A.M.E IN &H = 0.05m

NEW N.A.M.E. QUOTA. = 408.05 m above sea level

MAXIMUM FLOW Qmax = 95.4 m³/s

Page 3
 STUDY OF SCOUR AT THE PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE OF PUERTO HUALLANA

Sinking
The erosion that occurs in a river cannot be calculated precisely, only estimated; many factors influence its occurrence.
of this phenomenon, such as:

a.- The flow.

b.- Size and shape of the channel material.
c.- Amount of solid transport.
The equations presented below are a guide to estimate the hydraulic geometry of a river channel. They are
depending on the material of the channel.

GENERAL EROSION OF THE CHANNEL:

It is the one that occurs across the entire width of the channel when a rise occurs due to the hydraulic effect of a narrowing of the
section; the degradation of the riverbed stops when new equilibrium conditions are reached due to a decrease in speed
due to the increase in the cross-section because of the erosion process.
For the determination of general scour, the Lischtvan - Levediev criterion will be employed:

Erosive velocity, which is the average speed required to degrade the bottom, is given by the following expressions:

Ve = 0.60 gd1.18b Hsx m/seg cohesive soils

Vc = 0.68 b dm0.28Hsx m/seg non-cohesive soils

Where:
Ve = Sufficient average speed to degrade the channel in m/s.
gd = Volumetric weight of the dry material found at a depth Hs, measured from the water surface (Ton/m3)
b= Coefficient that depends on the frequency with which the avenue being studied is repeated. See Table No. 3
x= It is a variable exponent that depends on the volumetric weight gs of the dry material (Ton/m3)
Hs = Tie considered, at whose depth it is desired to know what value of Ve is required to drag and lift
the material (m)
dm = It is the average diameter (in mm) of the grains at the bottom obtained according to the expression.

dm= 0.01 S of pi
In which
of Average diameter, in mm, of a fraction in the granulometric curve of the total sample being analyzed
pi = Weight of that same portion, compared to the total weight of the sample. The chosen fractions must not be
equal to each other.

( 1 ) - Profile before erosion. B

(2) - Profile after erosion

Hs Ho 1

ds
2

Calculation of scour depth in homogeneous soils:

Cohesive soils:

Hs = a Ho5/3 1 / (1 + x)

0.60b gd1.18

Non-cohesive soils:

Hs = a Ho5/3 1 / (1 + x)

0.68b dm 0.28

Where: a = Qd / (Hm5/3Bem)
Qddesign flow rate (m3/sec)
Beeffective width of the liquid surface in the cross section
m = contraction coefficient. See table No. 1
Hm= average depth of the section = Area / Be
x = exponent variable that depends on the diameter of the material and is found in table No. 2
dm= diámetro medio (mm)
 TABLE N° 1
CONTRACTION COEFFICIENT, m
Velocidad media en la Free length between two stirrups
section, in m / s 10 13 16 18 21 25 30 42 52 63 106 124 200
Under 1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.50 0.94 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00
2.00 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.00
2.50 0.90 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.00
3.00 0.89 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99
3.50 ["0.87","0.90","0.92","0.93","0.94","0.95","0.96","0.97","0.98","0.98","0.99","0.99","0.99"]

4.00 or higher 0.85 0.89 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99

TABLE No. 2
VALUES OF X FOR COHESIVE AND NON-COHESIVE SOILS
COHESIVE SOILS NON-COHESIVE SOILS
Specific gravity gd (T/m3) x dm (mm) x
0.80 0.52 0.05 0.43
0.83 0.51 0.15 0.42
0.86 0.50 0.50 0.41
0.88 0.49 1.00 0.40
0.90 0.48 1.50 0.39
0.93 0.47 2.50 0.38
0.96 0.46 4.00 0.37
0.98 0.45 6.00 0.36
1.00 0.44 8.00 0.35
1.04 0.43 10.00 0.34
1.08 0.42 15.00 0.33
1.12 0.41 20.00 0.32
1.16 0.40 25.00 0.31
1.20 0.39 40.00 0.30
1.24 0.38 60.00 0.29
1.28 0.37 90.00 0.28
1.34 0.36 140.00 0.27
1.40 0.35 190.00 0.26
1.46 0.34 250.00 0.25
1.52 0.33 310.00 0.24
1.58 0.32 370.00 0.23
1.64 0.31 450.00 0.22
1.71 0.30 570.00 0.21
1.80 0.29 750.00 0.20
1.89 0.28 1000.00 0.19
2.00 0.27

TABLE No. 3
VALUES OF THE COEFFICIENT b
Return period coefficient
of the design expense b
years

2 0.82
5 0.86
10 0.90
20 0.94
50 0.97
100 1.00
500 1.05

SCOURING AT THE FOOT OF THE ABUTMENTS:

V
St Hi
 So

The method to be presented is due to K. F. Artamonov and allows for estimating not only the depth of scour at the foot of
stirrups, but also at the foot of breakwaters. This erosion depends on the flow that is theoretically intercepted by the breakwater,
relating to the total expenditure that flows down the river, the slope that the sides of the abutment have, and the angle that the axis
longitudinal of the work forms with the current. The increased tension at the foot of a stirrup measured from the free surface of
the current is given by:

St = PaPq PRHo
in what

Pacoefficient that depends on the angle formed by the bridge axis with the current, as indicated in the figure.
next; its value can be found in table No. 4
Pqcoefficient that depends on the Q relation1/Q, in which Q1it is the expense that theoretically would pass through the place occupied by
the strut if it did not exist and Q is the total flow that drains through the river. The value of Pqcan be found in the
Table N° 5
PRcoefficient that depends on the slope of the sides of the abutment, its value can be obtained from Table No. 6
Hostrut that is held in the area near the bridge before erosion

AXIS OF THE STRAP

STIRRUP
a
a

SLOPE OF THE WINGS R : 1 Q2

Q1
Q - ( Q1+ Q2)

TABLE N° 4
VALUES OF THE CORRECTIVE COEFFICIENTaIN FUNCTION OF
a 30º 60º 90° 120º 150º
Pa 0.84 0.94 1.00 1.07 1.19

TABLE No. 5
CORRECTIVE COEFFICIENT VALUESqIN FUNCTION OF Q1/Q

Q1/Q 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80

Pq 2.00 2.65 3.22 3.45 3.67 3.87 4.06 4.20

TABLE No. 6
VALUES OF THE CORRECTIVE COEFFICIENT PRIN FUNCTION OF

SLOPE R 0 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 3.00

PR 1.00 0.91 0.85 0.83 0.61 0.50

DETERMINATION OF THE DEPTH OF SCOUR

TYPE OF CHANNEL 2 (see attached chart) channel TYPE

COHESIVE SOIL 1
NON-COHESIVE SOIL 2
A.- Calculation of the general erosion in the channel:

Hs = profundidad de socavación (m)

Qd = caudal de diseño 95.41m3/s
Be = effective width of the water surface 29.33m
Ho = tension before erosion 0.80m
Vm = average speed in the section 1.88m/s
m = contraction coefficient. See table No. 1 0.970
gdspecific weight of the soil of the channel 2.35 tons/m3
dm = diámetro medio 0.02mm
x = variable exponent. See table No. 2 0.430
Tr = Return period of design expenditure 50.00 years
b = coefficient that depends on the frequency of the design flow. 0.97
A hydraulic section area 26.65 square meters

Hm = average depth of the section 0.800m

a = 4.864

So,

Hs = 6.71 m

ds = depth of scouring relative to the riverbed

ds = 5.91 m

We assume ds = 4.25 m

B.- Calculation of scour at the base of abutments:

1.- Left margin stirrup downstream

St = increased tension at the foot of the abutment due to scour in meters.

Ho = tension that is held in the area close to the abutment before the erosion 0.82m
Q design flow 95.41m3/second
Q1 = flow theoretically passing through the location occupied by the riverbank spur 63.52 m3/s
Q1/Q = 0.67
Pq = coefficient that depends on the ratio Q1/Q. See Table No. 5 4.200
a angle formed by the brace axis with the current 90.00 °
Pa = coefficient that depends on the angle a. See table No. 4 1.00
R = slope that has the abutment 1.50
PR= coefficient that depends on the slope of the abutment. See table No. 6 0.83

So,

St = 2.86 m

ds = depth of erosion relative to the bottom of the channel

So 2.04 m

We assume So = 2.04 m

2.- Right bank downstream strut

St = increased tension at the foot of the abutment due to scouring in meters.

Ho = tension that is held in the area near the abutment before erosion 0.82m
Q design flow 95.41m3/s
Q1 = flow that would theoretically pass through the place occupied by the margin's support. 63.50 m3/s
Q1/Q = 0.67
Pq = coefficient that depends on the ratio Q1/Q. See table No. 5 4.200
a angle that the axis of the stirrup forms with the current 90.00°
Pa = coefficient that depends on angle a. See table No. 4 1.00
R = slope that has the abutment 1.50
PR= coefficient that depends on the slope of the abutment. See table No. 6 0.83

So,

St = 2.86 m
ds = depth of scour relative to the bottom of the channel

So 2.04 m

We assume So = 2.04 m