REPLANTING AND INSTALLATION OF CIRCULAR CULVERTS

REINFORCED CONCRETE FOR DRAINAGE IN ROADS

Erika Betzabeth Calderón Pico1

Eng. Eduardo Santos Baquerizo2
Faculty of Engineering Earth Science
Higher Polytechnic School of the Coast
Campus "Gustavo Galindo" Km. 30.5 Perimeter Road
Apartado 09-01-5863. Guayaquil–Ecuador
erikabetzabeth@yahoo.com1esantos@[Link].ec2

SUMMARY
This work used as a reference the road design that includes drainage culverts carried out by the
Miss Silvia Velásquez and Mr. Geovanny Nicola and Mr. Darwin Arroyo, due to the need to build
a road to reduce the entry or exit time of people and vehicles during winter
Water flows appear that would cause damage to the road, which is why construction must be carried out.
from sewers, they allow the controlled passage of water and protect the street embankment. The works of
Sewage systems may require additional concrete or stone structures immediately for water.
upstream or downstream in order to prevent the possible undermining of the earth material by effect
dynamic of water. These structures generally have the shape of a wing wall where the energy of the water
both at the entrance and exit of the sewer, it dissipates without causing damage, taking into
considering the provisions of the Ministry of Transport and Public Works of Ecuador, 'MTOP'.

Keywords: Reassessment and installation of circular concrete drainage pipes, types of

sewers, installation of sewers.

ABSTRACT
In this work I take since reference the design of road that includes sewers realized by miss Silvia Velasquez
and the gentlemen Geovanny Nicola and Darwin Arrollo, for the need to construct a road to diminish the time
of entry or persons' exit and vehicles, in winter epochs they appear water steps that would provoke hurts in
the road for it must make him realize the construction of sewers, they allow the controlled flow of water and
Protect the terrace of the street. The sewer works may require an additional structure of concrete or stone.
immediately downstream or upstream with the purpose of preventing the possible undercut of the material
of land for dynamic effect of the water. These structures in general have the form of a wing wall where the
energy of the water both in the entry and in the exit of the sewer vanishes without provoking hurts, taking in
considering the dispositions of the Department of Transport and Works published by Ecuador.

Keywords: Setting out and installation of sewer circularof reinforced concrete, sewer rates,
installing culverts.
INTRODUCTION
In this work, the need to know was considered.
the steps to follow in the layout and installation of
reinforced concrete circular manholes, in addition
to identify the type of material they are made of
how many classes of concrete pipes are built
concrete pipes exist, the type of tests
of laboratory tests performed on the piping, such as
download it, how to store them, the proper handling
of them at the time of installing them, data of
pipe diameters in relation to length,
When simple concrete piping is used and
reinforced concrete, identify the problems that
they can arise as the installation is carried out,
how to join the small pipes,
medium and large, what are the problems that Technical specifications
they arise from a bad installation, what is the
pipe joining procedure In the technical specifications are found the
provisions that the design needs, such as data
technicians, specifications, parameters, about trenches,
1. INFORMATION PRELIMINARY DE excavation, backfilling, and filling, data about
CULVERTS diameters with respect to the length of pipe, this
they help to identify and correct problems
In the construction of a road throughout the constructive.
national territory, road use projects
public, and for security reasons, it must be done Trench
studies on drainage which is important. If a
the channel has a poor hydraulic design or it does not A ditch is a cut and excavation of soil. And it is a
they considered important, in rainy seasons the technique that is done when the land next to a cut
water rise can cause the undermining of the it must support vertical loads. The
subgrade of the road entibaciónand depletion of the soil,to eliminate the
water and prevent slipping and accidents. For the
Criteria for building a culvert, The builder the trench shoring can use wood or a
must have knowledge about: metal structure.
Soil Quality
Know the location of the sewage system
Cementing Material
Know Technical Standards

Vertical Design (Sewer Levels)

Considering the actual dimensions of the project and

having the exact measurements of the embankment. It
proceed to carry out the vertical design of the
manholes, where the cutting levels must be stated,
fill levels, subgrade levels, levels of the
natural land, abscissas, and also the location of
every sewer, etc.

Typical Embankment Section

Excavation
Typical sections are taken into consideration In the excavation, the layout of the axis must be carried out.
for the construction of the road, these can be from the sewer, the leveling of the stakes with
of embankment, of cut or mixed section. They are obtained
help from a level or a total station, to obtain the
according to the terrain's topography, every 20 cm. longitudinal profile, as shown in the figure, and of
in accordance with the MTOP regulations.
 The selection of materials for the sewer has
to be governed by the specifications of the plans or of
in accordance with the provisions of the auditor, but the
constructor must verify that there are no errors in the
design of the sewers, in addition to considering the
chemical and physical properties of materials such as
the cement, iron and the water-cement ratio that gives
as a result, the resistance of the concrete, also the
constructor must request the respective from the factory
inspections and tests of the pipes. In the market
you find steel, PVC, and concrete pipes
Armored.

Concrete Pipe

Concrete pipes are rigid elements, and they

they are classified into plain concrete pipes, which are
used in places where they will not support loads
verticals, like the pipes installed next to
the road, and of reinforced concrete, that are designed
to support vertical loads, such as in the transition of a
road, etc.

Replanting

The replanted layer is a layer of soil that contains fines.

where the pipe is going to rest is also called
bed or mattress must have a thickness of 20cm.
according to the MTOP Standards. The thickness of
replanting varies from 30cm to 1m in sites that
they present rocks. If the soil type is unstable, it must
be replaced. The MTOP specifies that the material
imported must be 35%.

Selected Fill

The type of soil found on the site is verified, the

what must meet 95% of the maximum density according to
Pipeline the MTOP. If the natural terrain is not suitable for the
the expected function will proceed to reject it, the contractor
The pipes are concrete structures, the he will proceed to remove it according to the instruction and
The dimensions of the pipe must be included in the drawing. approval of the inspector. The filling is done in
are provided by the engineer who designs the layers of 20cm. According to MTOP.
sewer, consider the flow, the speed of the water,
the topography, the slope, and the vertical load that is going to Wall of Wings
support, etc.
The wing wall is an energy dissipater, designed
Materials used in construction to protect the sewer, at the entrance and the exit
drainage of the flow, and the embankment of the road of erosion,
upstream as 'headwall' and downstream
as "terminal wall". The wing wall prevents the Machinery and Surveying Instruments Assistant,
tubes separate. etc.

Components of Pipe Diameter

Topographic Equipment
The diameter of the sewer is composed of
internal diameter y exterior a continuation The procedures, operations, and fieldwork
we detail each one. they need topographic instruments to take the
data, which is then processed, and used for the
The Interior Diameter pipe installation, angle placement, dimensions
cut, fill levels, tube back levels, etc. Those that
The interior diameter of the pipe for the sewer They are classified into three categories: To measure angles,
it depends on the critical flow that it receives. measure distances, measure slope.

The Outer Diameter

El diámetro exterior depende del diámetro interior

plus the thickness of the pipe which is linked to the type
of the material used, this can be steel,
concrete or PVC, As an example we have the of
the metal pipes have a thickness of 16mm, etc.

Length of Sewer

The length of the sewer is given by the width

from the road, plus the width of the shoulder, plus the
horizontal projection of the slope of the sub-base, and more
horizontal projection of the embankment slope, also
the height of the embankment is considered, in addition to the
length of the pipe, this is taken from the sizes Earth Movement Equipment
standards offered by manufacturers.
Excavator.- The excavator has the function
2. TEAM DE INSTALLATION DE excavar zanjas, produce, rellena, tiende, peina, talud,
SEWERS tighten the filler material, the excavators are coming
in small, medium, and large sizes, depending
The concrete pipe installation team in the type of excavation that is going to be carried out, there are several
the sewers are composed of the technical team, important factors to consider before
topographic and earthmoving equipment, which request the machine, how it is articulated, capacity,
is detailed below. performance.

Technical Team Backhoe.- The backhoe can excavate,

load produce, stretch, tighten, transport material to
The plant engineer or resident intervenes, he short distances, combing shallow slopes.
supervisor, warehouse workers or laborers, operator of The backhoe is used for excavation of
level, Theodolite operator, Operator of the trenches for sewers, foundations, earthworks,
total station, Machinery operators,
also for raising pipes, which must not exceed Vibratory Smooth Roller.-The vibratory smooth roller is
the capacity of the arm a 12-ton heavy machinery compacts the
soil, through vibration, made several passes,
Grader.- The grader is used to and the work ends when the machine does not stop
leveling, grading slopes, mixing the material with water, footprint on the ground.
and press. It has a cabin with a hydraulic system and
advanced electronics and optimal productivity, for Vibro Compactor.-The vibro compactor is classified in
satisfy the needs in any application. the lightweight compaction group, and its function is
vibrate, making the operator move as if it were
Water Tanker.-Hydrates the soil before it is dancing, it is known by the name of Dancer, it
compressed, the moisture content is vital for determines that the soil is compacted
achieve maximum density, a dry soil does not when it leaves no trace, or bounces on the compacted floor.
pack tightly. Capillary pressure causes the grains
individual soil particles cling together in clumps, A Compactor.- Compacts soils in tight spaces
very wet soil does not compact, because of the water streets have 4-stroke gasoline engines and
separate the particles. The maximum compaction is diesel engines are high-performance work engines,
possible when the exact right amount is present frequency, impact force and adapted amplitude for
of water for a given weight of the material. Each type of compaction in different terrains.
the soil at the construction site has specific content
optimal humidity. Double Smooth Roller.-The double smooth roller compacts
small extensions of land, where it is not possible to
Transporter (Trailer, Low bed type or Type heavy machinery is generally used in
platform).- It transports heavy machinery such as: the construction of houses and installation of pipes.
Bulldozers, Roller, Excavator, Backhoe, etc.
Since this type of machinery should not travel long distances. [Link] OF SEWERS
spaces.
Before proceeding with the construction of the sewers
Telescopic Crane.-A crane is a machine for it is important that the data and specifications of the
elevation of discontinuous movement intended for plans to be transferred to the site, taking care in
raise and distribute loads in the space suspended from the installation, so that the sewer works properly
a hook, it is used in construction for according to the design, for this the notebooks are needed
drains to raise and locate pipes in the trench, control, such as the bottom quota notebook
with a diameter greater than 60 inches. excavation, fill levels of replanting, levels of
subgrade fill, and others.

Location of Abscissa

It is considered that the pipe will be found in the

round axis of the road, but if not, it
he will take a measuring tape to measure distances, and with a
the stake is located, it is painted the stake of
red. At the time of the excavation, the stake is
it will lose for what it will be placed as many times as it is
necessary, the pipe will have to pass through this point.

Location of the Sewer Axis Angle

The theodolite is placed next to the road, by

where the sewer will go, that is to say that the
the theodolite has to see each tube at the moment of the
installation, and does not allow them to change their address. The
the theodolite should not change its position until it is finished
the installation.

Compaction Equipment
 Calculation of Input and Output Invert Quota

The level of the subgrade axis is taken and subtracted from the
minimum fill material height above the back of the
tube that indicates the technical specifications,
less the inner diameter of the tube and the thickness of the
pipe.

Calculation of Fill Quota (Replanting)

It is calculated by taking the level of the subgrade axis.

minus the sum of the height of fill material
minimum on the tube's back, the diameter of the
pipe, and the thickness of the pipe.

Calculation of Inlet and Outlet Rib Height

It is obtained from the difference in the axis elevation of the

subgrade and the minimum height of fill material
Replanteo notebook on the back of the tube that indicates the
technical specifications. The input dimension is
To elaborate it, all the data from the find at the beginning of the sewer (higher level), and
cross section, slopes, interior diameter y the outlet level is the water drainage level (level
exterior of the pipe, number of tubes, that will be minor).
used by the contractor, in this way trying to
achieve good results. Pre-installation leveling
Sewer Lid In the leveling prior to the installation of sewers,
It should be considered that the slope, the distance between the
It is calculated by the engineer, according to the geography walls and the piping be appropriate. In leveling
from the land, both the entrance and the a level or a total station is needed with its
outlet of the sewer with a wing wall design. respective operator, of the persons in charge of the
The slope range, the min. 1% and the max. 3%. stadia or prism, to locate the stakes, when it is
It is possible to have slopes greater than 3% according to the
once the excavation is done, the surface of the trench must
site. be clean of the excavated material, and must be
properly compacted.
Calculation of the Number of Tubes

The number of tubes is obtained from the division between the

length of the drain and the length of the pipe that
They are standard values.

Calculation of Excavation Bottom Quota

It is obtained from the elevation of the subgrade axis minus the

sum of the minimum fill material height, over
the spine of the tube, which indicates the specifications
techniques, and the outer diameter of the tube, depends on the 4. PROCESS CONSTRUCTIVE DE
type of soil, a layer called must be placed INSTALLATION OF CULVERT
replanting or mattress.
The excavation, placement, and execution will proceed.
filling. The engineer must consider in the project
the slopes, embankments, and verify that in the
the pipe installation should have the same data as
specified in the plans. In the event that the plans
if there is an error, the constructor must inform the
supervisor who must approve to carry out the
respective corrections and prevent the sewer from failing.

Excavation

First, it is checked that the site is marked

with plaster, and that the data is as specified in
the plans, the necessary machinery is available, the from your assistant, how much should be excavated, the level in the
operators, chain workers, the surveying team, with their that is found, is done several times this
respective assistants, and most importantly, the notebook procedure.
excavation control. To proceed with the
the axis of the pipe should be indicated using lime and Pipe Installation
making a line to maintain the shape of the excavation
what is stated in the plan. A tube puller or excavator is used, chains the
which the pipe is held and with the help of the chain holder and the
Excavation Process look indicate at an appropriate distance, when descending to
the ditch, leave a separation of 20cm to 30cm for
In the excavation, the site is replanned. locate the pipe, this is done manually. The
the pipe will be found with the help of the level, pipes are being installed at a slope,
placing auxiliary landmarks, stakes that help to first corresponds to the water outlet, then those that
identify the place where the pipe will pass. they come behind to complete the number of pipes
Then the backhoe is placed in a calculated.
safety distance. If the foundations rest on
cohesive soil,the excavation of the last 30cm.
It will be done shortly before placing the pipe.

Filling

After placing the pipe, it is filled with the same.

material that was excavated, using the same
machinery involved in the excavation. The
excavation has to place the fill on the sides of the
pipe, never over the pipe, heavy machinery not
It must pass over the pipe.

Filling Level

While filling is being done, control must be maintained.

of the levels that is rising so that it does not exceed the
fill level of the replanting and of the fill level of
the subgrade and have control of the volumes of
compacted fill.

Excavation Level Compaction Level

After starting work with all the teams To achieve good compaction of each layer, it
technicians, topographical, in addition to the machinery, and it must hydrate the soil, then the mixture is made, for
with the use of the Excavation Level notebook, there proceed to compact with a small device like a
must be monitored with the help of the level, its operator and vibratory plate also called dancer.
Work Completed

In the pipe installation one must have the BIBLIOGRAPHY

caution in each of the processes, both in the
excavation, installation, backfill and compaction, and of ROADS, STREETS, AND AIRPORTS
make the respective corrections, as long as by RAUL VALLE RODAS, Fifth edition.
the supervising engineer has given their authorization, and THE ART DEL TRACE DE
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Following the recommendations for the work of Roads of the Ministry of Development and
conclude under the best conditions, proceed to Public Works of Peru. 2nd edition 1965
carry out other processes, such as the construction of walls INFORMATION ABOUT PIPES
of wings, to prevent erosion at the entrance and exit APCI CONCRETE PRODUCT
of the pipe. 2010
MANUAL OF LOCAL ROADS
Conclusions MANUAL DE REPLANTING DE
CURVES, WITH AND WITHOUT ARCH OF
In this work, I have been able to apply what I have learned.
LINK FOR RAILWAYS AND
in the Road Seminar, and in the race ROADS AND CANALS by O.
of Civil Engineering. Sarrasin Y H. OBERBECK
I have been able to feel that the engineer always
completed by MAX HOFER. 6th edition
you must review the plans, specifications MANUAL FOR DESIGN OF
techniques, the recommendations, and making a PAVED ROADS OF
recognition of the site where it is going to
LOW TRAFFIC VOLUME.
build y that agree with the
INSTRUCTION MANUAL FOR
information that is in the plans.
THE CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS AND
It was identified that in unstable soils, AGREEMENT BRIDGES WITH THE
It should be excavated to a depth of PROJECTS FEDERAL EN
between 40cm to 1m lower than the bed where ROADS. First edition 1972
the pipe will rest and be replaced MTOP STANDARDS 'MINISTRY OF
completely the natural ground. TRANSPORT AND PUBLIC WORKS.
I was able to confirm that in places where the level
2010
the groundwater is found almost at the surface, it
EQUIPMENT TOPOGRAPHIC
you should use ¾ inch or ½ inch stone to improve
THEODOLITES, LEVELS, PRISMS,
the base where the pipe will rest. If used
DISTANCEMETERS, ODOMETERS,
arena or imported fill, the water will move the
TOPOGRAPHY IN MEXICO.
sand and the fine left without a firm base to the
[Link]/TOPOG
pipe.
[Link]
If there is no control over the quantity of CRANE (MACHINE) - WIKIPEDIA
water that is used in compaction, it
FREE ENCYCLOPEDIA
there is a risk of separating the fines.
[Link]/wiki/Grúa