Week

Revision
 WEEK TWO
SUBJECT: COMPUTER STUDIES
TOPIC: OVERVIEW OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
SUB TOPIC: HARDWARE SYSTEM UNIT AND PHERIPHERALS

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:
By the end of the lesson, student should be able to
1. Define Computer.
2. Define Computer Hardware and Software
3. List the basic Hardware peripherals
4. The functions of Hardware peripherals
5. Draw and label Computer Hardware

Definition of a Computer
A computer can be defined as an electronic machine (device) which under the control of a stored
program accepts data, stores the data, processes the data and brings out the results as information.

Computer as an IPOS system

Computer performs 4 key operations on data

a. Input b. Processing c. Output d. Storage

Input: data are entered into the computer through the input unit. Data are raw facts that are to be
processed into meaningful form.

Processing: Computer performs certain operations on data entered into it; the Central Processing
Unit (CPU) handles this operation.

Output: The result of what has been processed will be displayed by the output device such as the
monitor.

Storage: Inputted data and processed information are stored in the memory and permanent storage
on the computer.
COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
There are two major components of the computer namely;
1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Peopleware

COMPUTER HARDWARE COMPONENT

Computer hardware refers to the physical parts of the computer that can be seen
felt and handled. Examples of hardware components are Mouse, keyboard,
monitor, printer, scanner, microphone, plotters, light pen, speaker, earphone, hard
drives, central processing Unit.
There are two major parts of computer hardware, namely:

 The system unit

 The peripherals

System unit: The system unit is the rectangular casing that houses
(contains) several important components that controls the operation
of the computer system such as the motherboard, CPU
(Microprocessor), RAM, Sound card, video card, CD drive, Floppy
disk drive etc. It also provides interface for connection of the
peripherals.

Peripherals: These are the devices connected to the system unit for
the purpose of input, output and storage operations. Examples of
peripheral devices are keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Printer, Scanner,
DVD, CD, USB flash drive etc.

COMPUTER SOFTWARE COMPONENT

Software refers to the part of the computer that can be seen but not handled. They
are made up of computer programs which can assist the user to make the best use
of a computer system.
TYPES OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE
There are two main types of computer software
1. System software
2. Application Software
COMPUTER
SOFTWARE

System software
Diagram showing the software component of a computer system

System Software: these are software that controls the computer system and it
usually provided by manufacturers. It include Operating system, Translator and
utilities program.
Application Software: is a software that is used to perform a specific task given to
the computer by its user. Application software maybe provided by the computer
manufacturer. They include General purpose application software eg. Word
processing, Database management system, Spreadsheet packages etc and special
purpose application software eg. Accounting Software, Banking software,
Educational management software etc.

PEOPLE WARE COMPONENT

This refers to the people that make use of the computer system. This is an
important component because without the people to use the computer, the
computer would not work on its own. These people ware ranges from computer
professional to ordinary computer users.
Computer Professional: This refers to those who have acquired formal training in
the operation and maintenance of the computer. They are usually competent in
computer Assembling/repairs, programing, networking, data base management etc.

Qualities of a good computer professional

1. Excellent analytical skills
2. Attention to detail
3. Commitment to learning
4. Good communication skills
5. An aptitude for math.
6. Versatility.
7. Solid problem solving/troubleshooting capabilities.
8. Ability to learn and memorize programming languages.

Computer Users: This refers to those who have acquired some form of literacy
training, either formally or informally. They are usually quite knowledgeable in the
use of computer application software relevant to their needs and have little or no
knowledge about the computer hardware. Computer users often depends on
computer professionals to help them tackle hardware and sometimes software
problems from time to time.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPUTER

Characteristic of a computer refer to all the features that make a computer different
from all other devices or gadget:

• Speed: Computer performs its data processing operation at a

very high speed. The speed of the computer is measured in
Hertz (Hz). A computer with speed rating of Mega Hertz (MHz)
can perform millions of cycle of operation per second.
• Accuracy: Computer gives accurate result as long as the
correct data is keyed into it.
• Versatility: computer can be used to perform various kinds
of task e.g. graphic design, word processing, web
development etc.
• Reliability/Durability: Computers do not get tired like
human; they can work continuously for days and weeks
without any error.
• Memory and storage: Computer can store large amount of
data and information. The capacity of the memory/storage
device is measured in bytes. A byte is a group of eight bits. A
kilobyte (KB) is 1024 bytes. A megabyte (MB) is 1,000,024
bytes.
• Programmable: The computer hardware is useless without
the program that controls it. Thus, all tasks and activities
performed by a computer are made possible by means of a
program.
• It is electronic in nature

Assignment
1. What is meant by components of the computer system?
2. How many types of computer components do we have?
3. Define the following terms
a. People ware
b. Software
c. Hardware
4. Draw two hardware component of a computer your know
5. Differentiate between System software and application Software
 Week Three

SUBJECT: COMPUTER STUDIES

TOPIC: DATA AND INFORMATION
SUB TOPIC: DEFINITON OF DATA AND INFORMATION
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:
By the end of the lesson, student should be able to
1. Define DATA and INFORMATION
2. Explain the differences between data and information
3. List the examples of Data and information

WHAT IS DATA?
Data refers to the basic raw facts and figures about an activity which have been
recorded. It can also be defined as unprocessed information. Data is very important
in our day to day life because they are the basic raw materials from which
information are manufactured.
Datum is the singular form of data. When datum combine with datum, data is
formed.

TYPES OF DATA

1. Alphabetic Data: This is a data that is made up of alphabets A-Z only;

examples are, sex, name, state of origin e.t.c
2. Numeric Data: These are data that is made up of numbers and digits value
only; examples are; number of students in a class, number of children in a
family, age e.t.c
3. Alphanumeric Data: these are data that is made up of a combination of
alphabetic and numeric data. Examples are; date of birth, e.g 16th August,
2025, address, Peugeot 406, AK47, SS1A etc
4. Symbolic data: these are data that are symbolic values; e. g +, =, ?, ( ) , *
etc
5. Multimedia data: these refers to any data that contains one or more primary
media type such as text, graphics, audio, sketches, videos etc..

EXAMPLES OF DATA
1. Numbers
 2. Observations
3. Measurement
4. Name of things, places or animals
5. Words etc

SOURCES OF DATA
1. Primary sources of data
2. Secondary sources of data.

Primary sources of data

These are sources of data that contain data collected directly by the
person/organization that wants to use it.
Examples of primary sources of data;
1. Letter
2. Diaries
3. Journals
4. Government documents
5. Autobiographies
6. Newspaper and magazines clippings
7. Original hand-written manuscripts etc..

Secondary sources of data

Secondary sources of data are information that has been collected, processed
and recorded by someone else, rather than first hand by the researcher. It is
also a source that provides criticism or interpretation of a primary source.
They provide insight based on already existing information and are useful
for research, saving time and resources compared to collecting new data
directly. Examples of secondary data sources are;
 Textbooks
 Biographies
 Review articles
 Historical films
 Music and art
 Articles about people and events from the past etc.

WHAT IS INFORMATION?
Information can be defined as a processed raw fact or data. It could be defined as
the end product of data processing. When data have been worked upon, it becomes
information.
Examples of information are;
 weather reports
 international passport
 utility bills, e.g water bill, PHCN bill etc..
 students identity card
 students report cards etc.

Information is the result of the output of processed data. It is the outcome after data
might have been changed or processed in a special way, for a specific purpose.
Information is derived from data. For example, the scores of students of SS1A in
computer test is a data gotten by the teacher.

CHARACTERISTICS/QUALITIES OF INFORMATION
The following are the characteristics of an information
1. Information must be correct and accurate
2. Must be adequate
3. Must be useful
4. Must be reliable
5. Must be timely

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DATA AND INFORMATION

DATA INFORMATION
It is raw in nature It is already processed
Observation and recordings are done to Analysis is done to obtain information
obtain data
Data makes no sense on its own It makes a lot of sense
It is not organized It is very organized
It cannot be summarized It can be summarized

Assignment
1. What is data?
2. What is Information and give two examples of data and information
3. State 4 characteristics of information
4. List the types of data we have
5. Itemize the example of data we have
 Week four
SUBJECT: COMPUTER STUDIES
TOPIC: COMPUTING DEVICES 1 (PRE-COMPUTING AGE TO 19TH CENTURY)
SUB TOPIC: Abacus, Slide Rule, Napier Bone, Pascal Calculator Leibniz
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:
By the end of the lesson, student should be able to
1. Explain the different Computing devices in pre computing age
2. Differentiate the different computing devices in the pre-computing age
3. Explain the features and component of different computing devices in the
pre-computing age

Introduction:
No one can be said to have invented the computer. Computer have evolved
gradually over the years. They can be traced to previous generations, having
existed in different forms. This gradual evolution was due to the growing needs of
people to perform fast, accurate and reliable calculations. During this periods of
evolution, many people contributed their ideas to the development of computers.
The computer evolution is still on, as more ideas and ways to make computer
faster, more sophisticated and more useful are being provided.

Pre-Computer Age
Long ago people used different and easily available and affordable counting
methods such as fingers, toes, pebbles and grains, initially, fingers were used to
count up to ten, add and subtract. As counting increased, the toes were added for
use in calculations. Later, pebbles and stones were used for counting and larger
numbers were needed.
Primitive men used lines on walls and sticks for counting and recording purposes.
These methods were not convenient for counting large numbers. Many early
mechanical calculating devices aided in their calculations.

The abacus
Abacus is a small device consisting of beads strung on wires or wooden rods.
Abacus was invented between 2,000 and 5,000 years ago. It has its origin I ancient
China, Egypt and Greece.
Diagram of abacus

One of the first mechanical methods used to handle calculations was the ABACUS.
It was used thousands years ago. It is a highly effective calculating device, both in
speed and in accuracy. It is still being used today in some elementary schools to
teach addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of numbers.

Features of Abacus counting Machine

1. It was made up of strings or wires, frames and beads
2. The upper part is called the heaven
3. The lower part is called the “earth

Components of Abacus
1. Frame
2. Bar
3. Upper beads
4. Lower beads
5. Pointer.

Uses
1. For addition and subtraction
2. It is used for teaching number concepts.
3. Regular practice with the Abacus helps improve mental math skills,
particularly visualizing and solving complex calculation.

Slide Rule
This is a rule consisting of graduated scale which can move relatively to aid simple
calculations mechanically. In ordinary and simple slide rule, multiplication,
division and square roots can be made. William Oughtred invented the slide rule in
1620. It is a calculating device that uses the principle of logarithms. The slide rule
is an example of analog device.
Features of Slide Rule Machine
1. It uses two logarithmic scales to allow rapid multiplication and division of
numbers.
2. Is a mechanical analog computer

Components of slide rule

1. The body (or stock)
2. The slider
3. The cursor (indicator)
4. Scale.

Uses
1. The slide rule is used mainly for multiplication and division of numbers.
2. It is also used for trigonometry computation.
3. It is used for computing the exponential of numbers.
4. It is used for finding the square root of numbers.

Napier Bones
John Napier’s of Nevechiston, Scotland, attempted to reduce tedious calculations
involving large numbers. His “bones” or rods made a great impression on
Europeans and Chinese. Each rod is divided into nine squares; eight squares are
divided diagonally.

The figure above is the Napier’s Bone device

Features of Napier Bones Device

1. John Napier in 1617 invented the Napier’s bone.
 2. The device involves a collection of moveable numbered rods and a board.

Components of Napier Bones

1. 10 detachable oblong pieces of wood
2. A wooden board
3. A fixed rod on the left side of the board numbered 1, 2, 3,………9

Uses

1. It is used to perform multiplication

2. It is also used to calculate the quotient of numbers.

PASCAL CALCULATOR

Wide spread of the use of Arabic system of numeration in Christian Europe at

about the 13th Century makes mathematician developed computing devices to
calculate at a much higher level than that of the abacus. The first of such device
was numerical wheel calculator (the world first adding machine) made around
1642 by Blaise Pascal at the age of 18. He is a philosopher. Pascal built his
calculator because we wanted to help his father, who was the superintendent of
taxes in Raven, France at that time. His calculator was capable of registering
decimal values by rotation of a log wheel gear by one to nine steps with a carry
lever to operate the next higher digit. This is considered as an example of the
present day Odometer- a machine that applies Pascal’s use of log wheel to evaluate
data.

Features of Pascal Calculator

It is a gear or dial driven (just as that on analogue telephone) calculating device.

Components of Pascal calculator

1. Spoked metal wheels displaying digits 0, 1, 2, ……9
2. A stylus used for inputting numbers
3. A display window at the top of the calculator
4. An accumulator
5. A horizontal bar
 6. Gears of the calculator.
Uses
1. It could only be used for addition and subtraction operations.
2. It’s use is evident in odometer and electricity meter

Leibnitz Multiplier Machine

1n 1673 Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibnitz a philosopher and a mathematician,
showed how a mechanical multiplier could be made. He felt that multiplication
could be traced like addition. For example, multiplying 5 x 4 means 5 added to
itself four times or 4 added to itself 5 times. In each case two counter would be
needed. One to perform the addition and the other to show when the addition
should stop. Division was looked upon as the reverse of multiplication and
subtraction was adding the second quantity in reverse. Thus, these four basic
arithmetic operations were based on counting.
Subsequently, of one the more in dependable and successful machine was
developed by Charles Thomas of Colmar France in1820. It performed the four
functions of arithmetic.

Components/Features of Leibnitz Multiplier Machine

1. It contains a special kind of gear called “Leibniz wheel”.
2. It is made up of copper and steel
3. Its carriage is performed with a stepped wheel.

Uses
It could add, subtract, multiply and divide.

Activities
1. List the devices used for counting before the advent of computer
2. Mentions the features of Abacus, Napier bone and Pascal counting device
3. Who invented Leibnitz Multiplier Machine and what year
 4. Napier bone is used for _________________

Week five

SUBJECT: COMPUTER STUDIES

TOPIC: COMPUTING DEVICES 1 (PRE-COMPUTING AGE TO 19TH CENTURY)
SUB TOPIC: Jacquard’s loom, Charles Babbage Analytical Engine, Hollerith
Census Machine
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:
By the end of the lesson, student should be able to
1. Explain the different Computing devices in pre computing age
2. Differentiate the different computing devices in the pre-computing age
3. Explain the features and component of different computing devices in the
pre-computing age

Jacquard's Loom
In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard (French), a silk weaver, invented an improved
textile loom. The Jacquard loom was the first machine to use the punched card.
These punched cards controlled the weaving, enabling an ordinary workman to
produce the most beautiful patterns in a style previously accomplished only with
patience, skill, and hard work. Jacquard’s loom was one of the first machines to be
run by a program.
Features: It consists of a loom that controlled the raising of the thread through
punch cards

Components of Jacquard’s Loom

1. Hooks
2. Knife
3. Knife frame
4. Neck cord
5. Rode
6. Grade
7. Horizontal needle
8. Needle board
9. Cylinder
[Link]
[Link] box
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Uses:
 1. It is used to produce a textile design as per the program on the punch card.
2. Industrial manufacturing: paved way for industrial textile production.

Difference Engine In 1822, An English mathematics professor called Charles

Babbage invented the Difference engine Features and components: It was
composed of 25000 parts, weighed 15 tons and stood 8 feet (2.4m) high. Use: Used
for calculating differential equations

Analytical Engine In 1832, Charles Babbage designed another machine called the
Analytical engine which was deemed to be the first mechanical computer.

Features and components: The machine was steam-powered, though never

completed, and outlined the basic elements of a modern-day general-purpose
computer. It contains input in the form of a punched card containing operating
instructions and a "store" for a memory of 1,000 numbers of up to 50 decimal
digits long. It also contained a "mill" with a control unit that allowed processing
instructions in any sequence, and output devices to produce printed results. Use: It
could store 1000 numbers of up to 50 decimal digits long. It was programmable

Hollerith Census Machine

In 1880, a census Statistician Herman Hollerith, devised a card machine called
“Tabulator. He set up a company called “The Computing Tabulating Machine
Recording Company” and later became International Business Machine (I.B.M)
which today is one of the largest computer manufacturing companies in the world.
Features: He proposed to store information in the form of holes punched through a
strip of paper
Components
1. Punch cards
2. Card reader
3. Counter
4. Sorter
 5. Tabulator.

Uses:
It was used to process information obtained in the census of the population carried
out in the United State in 1890. With this machine, he was able to achieve in three
years what will take seven years to do manually.

Assignment
1. Jacquard's Loom was created in what year?
2. Charles Babbage designed another machine called _______ in what year
3. Difference Engine was composed of _______parts
4. Who was a silk weaver?
 Week six

SUBJECT: COMPUTER STUDIES

TOPIC: COMPUTING DEVICES II (PRE-COMPUTING AGE TO 19TH CENTURY)
SUB TOPIC: Features/Components and uses of ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, and
UNIVAC 110
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:
By the end of the lesson, student should be able to
1. Explain the different Computing devices in pre computing age
2. Differentiate the different computing devices in the pre-computing age
3. Explain the features and component of different computing devices in the
pre-computing age

ENIAC
The title of ‘forefather’ of today’s all-electronic digital computers is usually
awarded to ENIAC, which means Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator.
ENIAC was built at the University of Pennsylvania between 1943 and 1945 by two
professors, John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, who got funding from the war
department after promising they could build a machine that would replace all the
“computers”, meaning the women who were employed to calculate the firing tables
for the army’s artillery guns. ENIAC filled a 20 by 40 foot room, weighed 30 tons,
and used more than 18,000 vacuum tubes. It employed paper card readers obtained
from IBM. When operating, the ENIAC was silent, each of the 18,000 vacuum
tubes generated waste heat like a light bulb and all this heat (174,000 watts of heat)
meant that the computer could only be operated in a specially designed room with
its own heavy duty air conditioning system. ENIAC is commonly accepted as the
first successful high-speed electronic digital computer and was used from 1946 to
1955. ENIAC was used mainly for engineering calculations, Ballistic tables,
Atomic energy calculation, Random number studies and weather forecasting.
EDVAC
Eckert and Mauchly next teamed up with the mathematician John Von Neumann to
design EDVAC short for Electronic Discreet Variable Automatic Computer, which
pioneered the stored program. Because he was the first to publish a description of
this new computer, von Neumann is wrongly credited with the realization that the
sequence of computation steps could be represented electronically just as the data
was. But this major breakthrough was found in Eckert’s notes long before he ever
started working with von Neumann. EDVAC was to be a vast improvement upon
ENIAC. Mauchly and Eckert started working on it. Their idea of this device was
to have programs stored inside the computer and also for EDVAC to have more
internal memory.
EVALUATION
Give the full meaning of the following:
(a) ENIAC
(b) EDVAC
READING ASSIGNMENT: HiiT @ School, Computer Studies for Senior
Secondary Education. Chapter Two, page 10.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
OBJECTIVE
1. The first electronic digital machine was ____ a) Abacus (b) ENIAC (c)
EDVAC
2. ENIAC used _____ vacuum tubes. a) 18,000 b) 18,800 c) 81,800
3. How many people teamed up to make EDVAC? a) 3 b) 2 c) 4
4.___ is commonly accepted as the first successful high-speed electronic digital
computer.
a) UNIVAC (b) ENIAC (c) EDVAC
5. The following are the professors who built ENIAC except a) John Mauchly b) J.
Presper
Eckert c) John Von Neumann
THEORY
1. Write the full meaning of the following: a) ENIAC b) EDVAC
2. Write short note on the following: i) EDVAC ii) ENIAC
 Week Eight

SUBJECT: COMPUTER STUDIES

TOPIC: COMPUTING DEVICES II (PRE-COMPUTING AGE TO 20TH CENTURY)
SUB TOPIC: Features/Components and uses of Computer
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:
By the end of the lesson, student should be able to
1. Explain the different Computing devices in pre computing age
2. Differentiate the different computing devices in the pre-computing age
3. Explain the features and component of different computing devices in the
pre-computing age

PERSONAL COMPUTERS (PCs)

Personal computers come in varieties such as desktop and tower units, laptops,
notebooks, PDAs and so on. In this sense, the term ‘desktop’ refers specifically to
a horizontally-oriented case, usually intended to have the display screen place on
top to save space on desk.
The first ‘personal computer’ was the sphere 1 computer, created in Bountiful,
Utah in 1975 by computer pioneer Michael D. Wise (1949-2002). At first, Sphere
1 was sold as a kit, but was later sold as fully assembled PC, including a keyboard,
a number pad, and a monitor. PCs then were generally expensive specialized
computers sold for business and scientific uses. The introduction of the
microprocessor, a single chip with all the circuitry that formerly occupied lager
cabinets, led to the proliferation of personal computers after 1975. Early PCs
generally were sold in kit form and in limited volumes, and were of interest mostly
to hobbyists and technicians. Minimal programming was done with toggle switches
to enter instructions, an output was provided by front panel lamps. Practical use
required peripherals like keyboards, computer terminals, disk drives, and printers.
Micral N was the first commercial, non-kit microcomputer based on a
microprocessor, the Intel 8008. It was built starting in 1972 and about 90,000 units
were sold. In 1976 Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak sold the Apple I computer
circuit board, which was fully prepared and contained about 30 chips. The first
successfully mass marketed pc was the Commodore PET introduced in January
1977, which bore a striking resemblance to Sphere 1 of two years earlier. It was
soon followed by TRS-80 from Radio Shack and the popular Apple II.
TYPES OF PCs
Workstation: a workstation is a high-end personal computer designed for
technician scientific applications. Intended primarily to be used by one person at a
time, they are commonly connected to a local area network and run multi-user
operating systems. Workstations are used for tasks such as computer aided design,
drafting and modeling, computation/intensive scientific and engineering
calculations, image processing, architectural modeling and computer graphics for
animation and motion picture visual effects.
Single unit PCs: these are the subtype of desktop computers also known as all-in-
one PCs, which combine the monitor and the case of the computer within a single
unit. The monitor often utilizes a touch screen as an optional method of user input;
however, detached keyboard and mouse are normally still included. The inner
components of the PC are often located directly behind the monitor, and many are
built similar to laptops.
CONCLUSION
Different devices finally gave birth to the design of the computer system i.e. from
Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine and Analytical Engine to UNIVAC which is
the first commercial computer.
EVALUATION
1. Give the full meaning of the following:
(a) UNIVAC (b) PCs
2. Write briefly on UNIVAC.
READING ASSIGNMENT: HiiT @ School, Computer Studies for Senior
Secondary Education. Chapter Four, pages 11-12.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
OBJECTIVES
1. ____is known as the first commercial computer. (a) ENIAC (b) UNIVAC
(c) EDVAC
2.____is commonly connected to a local area network. a) Workstation b) single
PCs c) UNIVAC
3. The first personal computer was created in __ a) 1975b) 1957 c)
1759
4. ______ PCs were built similar to laptops. a) single unit b) multi unit c)
workstation
5. The first PC was pioneered by a) Michael D. Wise b) Eckert G. Wright c)
Mauchly D. Wise
THEORY
1. Write briefly on personal computer and its types stating its features, components
and uses.
2. Discuss briefly UNIVAC.

COMPUTING DEVICES II (20th Century to Date)

Reference book: Hiit @ School, Computer Studies for Senior Secondary
Education.
CONTENT
LAPTOP AND NOTEBOOKS
A laptop computer also called a notebook computer is a small personal computer
designed for portability. Usually all of the interface hardware needed to operate the
laptop, such as USB ports, graphics card, sound channel, etc., is built in to a single
unit. Laptops contain high capacity batteries that can power the device for
extensive periods of time, enhancing portability. Once the battery charge is
depleted, it will have to be recharged through a power outlet. In the interest of
saving power, weight and space, they usually share RAM with video channel,
slowing their performance compared to an equivalent desktop machine.
One more drawback of laptop is sometimes, due to the size and configuration of
component, relatively little can be done to upgrade the overall computer from its
original design. Internal upgrades are either not manufacturer recommended, it can
damage the laptop if done with poor care or knowledge, or in some cases
impossible, making the desktop PC more modular. Some internal upgrades, such as
memory, hard disks upgrades are often easy, a display or keyboard upgrade is
usually impossible.
NOTEBOOKS
Notebooks are a subtype of notebook computers with most of the features of a
standard laptop computer but smaller. They are larger than hand-held computers,
and usually run full versions of desktop/laptop operating systems. Ultra-Mobile
PCs (UMPC) are usually considered sub-notebooks or Tablet PCs.
PALM TOP COMPUTER
This is a small computer that fits in the palm. Compared to full-size computers,
palmtops are limited but they are practical for certain functions such as phone
books and calendars. Palmtops that use a pen rather than a keyboard for input are
often called hand-held computers or PDAs., because of their small sizes, most
palmtop computers do not include disk drives. However, many certain PCMCIA
(Personal Computer Memory Card International Association) slots in which you
can insert disk drives, modems, memory, and other devices.
CONCLUSION
Different devices finally gave birth to the design of the computer system i.e. from
Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine and Analytical Engine to UNIVAC which is
the first commercial computer.
EVALUATION
READING ASSIGNMENT: HiiT @ School, Computer Studies for Senior
Secondary Education. Chapter Four, pages 12-13.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Explain briefly the following: i) Palmtop ii) Laptop iii)
Notebooks
OBJECTIVE
1. The first electronic digital machine was ____ a) Abacus (b) ENIAC (c)
EDVAC
2. ENIAC used _____ vacuum tubes. a) 18,000 b) 18,800 c) 81,800
3. How many people teamed up to make EDVAC? a) 3 b) 2 c) 4
4.___ is commonly accepted as the first successful high-speed electronic digital
computer.
a) UNIVAC (b) ENIAC (c) EDVAC
5. The following are the professors who built ENIAC except a) John Mauchly b) J.
Presper
Eckert c) John Von Neumann
THEORY
Explain briefly the following: i) Palmtop ii) Laptop iii)
Notebooks
WEEK NINE: INPUT DEVICES
Reference book: Hiit @ School, Computer Studies for Senior Secondary
Education.
CONTENT
INPUT DEVICES

An input device for a computer is anything that sends information to the CPU to
perform a specific function. A computer has the ability to use many different types
of input devices to provide a unique experience to each user. Computer input
devices include many types of hardware such as a keyboard, mouse, webcam,
scanner as well as a microphone.

An input device is a peripheral device that converts symbols that people

understand into bits that computer can process.

Types of Input devices

An input device includes
1. Keyboard,
2. Terminal,
3. Touch screen,
4. Mouse,
5. Scanner etc.
They are discussed below:

Keyboards
A keyboard is a device used to encode data by key depression, which enters
information into a system. The keyboard is one of the most common type of input
devices that are used with a computer. A keyboard consists of letters, numbers and
other types of keys that perform different types of functions when used with a
computer system. A keyboard can connect to the computer through a cord as well
as through wireless connection. These are the hardware devices that are used for
entering data and instructions into the computer system. The input devices allow
human to interact with the computer system.
The keyboard is very much like a typewriter keyboard with a few additional keys.
The keys when pressed send an input signal into the computer.

There are two types of keyboard:

1. Standard
2. Enhance Keyboard

Keyboard Function Keys:

A function key is a key on a computer or on the computer keyboard which can be
programmed so as to cause an operating system program to per form certain
actions. The function keys are arranged at the top of your keyboard numbered
across from F1 to F12 and are commonly referred to as F keys or FN keys. The
keys provide some interesting shortcuts for common computer functions that can
be useful tools in everyday computing. The keys are frequently used in
combination with other keys such as the CTRL key , the ALT key , and the SHIF T
key .
F1
F1 is mostly used as the help key . Almost every program will open the help screen
when this key is pressed . Windows Key + F1 would open the Microsoft Windows
help and support centre. Opens the Task Pane .
Note: The Windows key has the Microsoft flag logo on it and is located between
the CTRL and ALT keys on the keyboard .
F2 In Windows commonly used to rename a highlighted icon or file. Alt + Ctrl +
F2 opens a new document in Microsoft Word . Ctrl + F2 displays the print preview
window in Microsoft Word .
F3 Often opens a search feature for many programs including Microsoft Window
s. Shift + F3 will change the text in Microsoft Word from upper to lower case or a
capital letter at the beginning of every word .
F4 Opens find window . Repeat the last action per formed - for Word 2000+ Alt +
F4 will close the open Window that you are currently working on. Ctrl + F4 will
close the open window within the current active window in Microsoft Windows.
Keyboard Function Keys –
F5
Pressing F5 will refresh or reload the page or document window - This can be a
handy shortcut Open the find , replace , and go to window in Microsoft Word .
Starts a slideshow in PowerPoint .
F6 This key is often used to move the cursor to the Address bar Mozilla Fire fox or
Internet Explorer . Ctrl + Shift + F6 opens to another open Microsoft Word
document.
F7 Commonly used to spell check and grammar check a document in Microsoft
programs such as Microsoft Word , Outlook , etc . Shift + F7 runs a Thesaurus
check on the word highlighted . Turns on Caret browsing in Mozilla Fire fox .
F8 The F8 key can be used to access Safe Mode if pressed during the computer's
boot up process.
F9 Opens the Measurements tool bar in Quark 5 .0 .
F10
F10 is the key that is used to activate the menu bar in many programs. F10 can be
used to highlight the first menu choice, and then use the arrow keys to move
around the menus . Shift + F10 is the same as right -clicking on a highlighted icon ,
file , or Internet link . Keyboard Function Keys –
F11
Full-screen mode in all modern Internet browsers - Pressing F11 when you are
working in Internet Explorer will open the window to full screen mode. All the tool
bars disappears making i t possible to see more information on the screen. Pressing
F11 when you are in full screen mode will toggle you back to your normal view .
F12 Open a new document in Microsoft Word Open the Save as dialog box in
Microsoft Word . Shift + F12 save the Microsoft Word document. Ctrl + Shift +
F12 prints a document in Microsoft Word
SHORTCUT KEYS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS:
Some commonly used computer short cut keys are documented below .
Short-cut Keys and their Descript ions
Alt + F: File menu options in current program.
Alt + E: Edit options in current program
F1: Universal Help in almost every Windows program.
Ctrl + A: Select all text.
Ctrl + X: Cut
Shift + Del: Cut selected item.
Ctrl + C: Copy selected item.
Ctrl + Ins: Copy selected item.
Ctrl + V: Paste selected item.
Shift + Ins: Paste.
Home: Goes to beginning of current line.
Ctrl + Home: Goes to beginning of document.
End: Goes to end o f current line .
Ctrl + End: Goes to end of document.
Shift + Home: Highlights from current position to beginning of line.
Shift + End: Highlights from current position to end of line.
Ctrl + Left arrow: Moves one word to the left at a time.
Ctrl + Right arrow: Moves one word to the right at a time.
Shortcut Keys and their Functions:
Below is a listing of all the major shortcut keys in Microsoft Word. Shortcut Keys
and their Descript ions
Ctrl + A: Select all contents of the page.
Ctrl + B: Bold highlighted selection.
Ctrl + C: Copy selected text.
Ctrl + X: Cut selected text.
Ctrl + P: Open the print window.
Ctrl + F: Open find box.
Ctrl + I: Italic highlighted selection.
Ctrl + K: Insert link (Shortcut Keys and their Functions).
Ctrl + U: Underline highlighted selection.
Ctrl + V: Paste.
Ctrl + Y: Redo the last action per formed.
Ctrl + Z: Undo last action.
Ctrl + L: Aligns the line or selected text to the left of the screen.

MOUSE:
THE COMPUTER MOUSE
Mouse is an input device, which is used to control the movement of a pointer in
Graphical User Interface (GUI) environment such as windows environment. It is
used as point and click device with the operating system and programs in the
computer.
A computer mouse is a handheld hardware input device that controls a cursor in a
GUI (graphical user interface) and can move and select text, icons, files, and
folders on your computer. For desktop computers, the mouse is placed on a flat
surface (e.g., mouse pad or desk) in front of your computer. Mouse can be
categorized as either optical and wheel types or Wired and Wireless Types.

USES OF MOUSE
1. To point at objects
2. Used to open application programs
3. To select/highlight text, characters, paragraph etc
4. To move items around on the screen by drag and drop method
5. To select commands that copy, paste, cut etc
6. Used to draw in graphical application programs

Microphone: A device that is used to capture and record sound.

Bar code reader: These are photoelectric scanners that read bar codes printed on
product containers. They are generally used in super markets.
Scanner: Scanner reads texts, images or illustrations printed on paper and translate
the information into a form that the computer can use. It works by digitizing an
image.

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR): MICR can identify character

printed with a special ink that contains particles of magnetic material. This device
is widely used in banking industry.

Optical Mark Recognition (OMR): Also called mark sense reader is a

technology where an OMR device senses the presence or absence of a mark, such
as pencil mark. OMR is widely used in tests such as aptitude test.
Joystick: Is an input and pointing device used in computer games.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MOUSE AND KEYBOARD

Keyboard Mouse
Used to enter instructions Used to point and select Keys are pressed Buttons are clicked
Combination of keys can be pressed Left or right button is clicked
Cannot drag and drop text Drags and drops text
It has keys It has buttons
Requires no mouse pad Requires a mouse pad

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
List and briefly explain ALL set of keys on the keyboard. Hint: Alphabet keys
Draw and explain the function of four input devices
WEEK TEN: INPUT DEVICES
Reference book: Hiit @ School, Computer Studies for Senior Secondary
Education.
CONTENT

Features, Operations, and functions of a mouse:

Features of a Mouse
1. Tracking Technology: Optical, laser, or ball-based tracking for precise cursor
movement.
2. Buttons: One or more buttons for clicking, selecting, and executing commands.
3. Scroll Wheel: A wheel for scrolling through documents and web pages.
4. Ergonomic Design: Contoured shape for comfortable grip and reduced strain.
5. Wireless Connectivity: Wireless connectivity options, such as Bluetooth or radio
frequency(RF).
6. DPI (Dots Per Inch): Adjustable DPI settings for customizable cursor speed.

OPERATIONS OF A MOUSE
1. Movement: Moving the mouse to control the cursor on the screen.
2. Clicking: Pressing the buttons to select, execute commands, or interact with on-
screenelements.
3. Scrolling: Using the scroll wheel to navigate through documents and web pages.
4. Dragging: Holding down a button while moving the mouse to drag and drop
items.
Functions of a Mouse
1. Cursor Control: Controlling the cursor on the screen to interact with graphical
user interfaces (GUIs).
2. Selection: Selecting items, such as text, images, or icons.
3. Execution: Executing commands, such as opening files or launching
applications.
4. Navigation: Navigating through documents, web pages, and applications.
5. Gaming: Providing input for games that require mouse control.
6. Graphic Design: Assisting with graphic design tasks, such as drawing and
editing images.

7. Precision Tasks: Performing precision tasks, such as photo editing and video
editing.
TYPES OF A MOUSE
1. Wired Mouse
- Connected to the computer via a physical cable
- Reliable connection, no interference or latency
- Examples: Logitech Wired Mouse, Microsoft Wired Mouse
2. Wireless Mouse - Connected to the computer via radio frequency (RF) or
Bluetooth
- Offers greater mobility and convenience
- Examples: Logitech Wireless Mouse, Apple Magic Mouse
3. Optical Mouse
- Uses a light source and sensor to track movement
- More accurate and reliable than ball-based mice
- Examples: Logitech Optical Mouse, Microsoft Optical Mouse
4. Laser Mouse
- Uses a laser light source and sensor to track movement
 - Even more accurate and reliable than optical mice
- Examples: Logitech Laser Mouse, Razer Laser Mouse
5. Ball Mouse
- Uses a physical ball to track movement
- Less accurate and reliable than optical or laser mice - Examples: Older
Microsoft Mouse, IBM Mouse
6. Trackball Mouse
- Uses a ball to track movement, but the ball is stationary
- Offers ergonomic benefits and precise control
- Examples: Logitech Trackball Mouse, Kensington Trackball Mouse
7. Touchpad Mouse
- Integrated into laptops, uses touch-sensitive surface
- Allows for gesture recognition and multi-touch input
- Examples: Apple MacBook Touchpad, Dell Inspiron Touchpad
8. Gaming Mouse
- Designed for gaming, often with customizable buttons and DPI
- Offers advanced features like ergonomic design and adjustable weight
- Examples: Razer Gaming Mouse, Steel Series Gaming Mouse
9. Ergonomic Mouse
- Designed to reduce strain and discomfort
- Often features contoured shape and adjustable angle
- Examples: Microsoft Ergonomic Mouse, Logitech Ergonomic Mouse

ASSIGNMENT
1. List 5 types of mouse and their uses
2. Explain 3 differences between a mouse and a keyboard
3. What are the similarities between touchpad mouse and gaming mouse