First Term Week 1

Revision and welcoming test

 FIRST TERM, WEEK TWO
TOPIC: BASIC COUNTING/ OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS
SUB-TOPIC: EARLY COUNTING DEVICES
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:
By the end of the lesson students should be able to:
Define the term early counting device
Explain the history of early counting devices
Mention examples of early counting devices

INTRODUCTION:
Early counting devices are devices that were used in the early days to perform
arithmetic operations such as addition of numbers, subtraction and multiplication.
These devices were used for the usual barter trade of the early days.
Examples of Early counting devices are:
1. Fingers
2. Toes
3. stones
4. Sticks
5. Pebbles
6. Cowries among others.

The history and development of computer can be traced back to the studies of
Mathematics which started with counting. The history of Mathematics is the
history of civilization.
These has led to various computing inventions in search for a tool that could
enable man meet his computational and data processing needs until we have the
computer today.
It was in the process of finding solutions to the problem of counting that early
counting devices emerged.
Examples of fingers and toes method of calculation are seen below;
As time went on, fingers and toes method became ineffective, especially for large
numbers, hence, the emergence of counting and solving basic arithmetic problems
with the use of stones and sticks.

PROBLEM OF EARLY COUNTING DEVICES

The problems observed by these early counting and data processing method were
enormous. The following are some of the problem
1. They could not be used for counting large numbers efficiently.
2. It is stressful
3. It required man power
4. It is time consuming
5. It requires more of that device to perform a large number of counting
ASSIGNMENT:
Write a brief history of the early counting devices
Write three other problems associated with the use of early counting devices
 FIRST TERM WEEK 3
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
SUB TOPIC: MECHANICAL COUNTING DEVICES

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:
By the end of the lesson students should be able to:
Explain the brief history of counting device
Differentiate between mechanical/Electro-mechanical counting devices
Mention examples of mechanical and Electro-mechanical counting devices

HISTORY OF COMPUTER
The development of the first counting device has been dated to a man called
Abacus, about 3000 years ago. From this time, man has continuing to improve on
ways of counting for his resources through counting, since our daily activities
involve counting one thing or the other.
In the past, people uses stones, fingers, pebbles, cowries etc. for counting. But as
the need to do more counting which normally took much of their energy and time
increases, some other means where devised which made counting increasingly
faster and easier. This was achieved by the invention of series of machines called
the mechanical counting devices.
MECHANICAL COUNTING DEVICES
Mechanical counting devices are tools used in counting large numbers other than
fingers and sticks used in the ancient days.
Examples of mechanical counting devices are:
1. Abacus
2. Slide rule

ABACUS
The abacus is one of the earliest known counting devices. It is an instrument used
for performing calculations by sliding counters along rods or in grooves. It
originated in China during the sixteenth century and is still used in some cultures
today. Although modern electronic calculators and computers have largely
replaced the abacus in everyday calculations, it still holds value as a tool for mental
calculation and as a teaching aid for developing number sense and mathematical
skills.
USES OF ABACUS

Here are the uses of an abacus:

1. For Arithmetic calculations:
2. The primary use of the abacus is for performing fundamental arithmetic
operations.
3. For simple Mental Math skill:
4. Through practice and visualization, the abacus can help individuals develop
strong mental math skills, enabling them to perform calculations quickly
and accurately without relying on digital devices.
5. For Reasoning/Development:
Using an abacus can improve concentration, memory, and problem-solving
abilities, particularly in children.
SLIDE RULE
The Slide rule is used for performing calculations which involve multiplications
and divisions. The use of slide rule is only accurate to three or four decimal
places. It is also use for operations involving raising numbers to given powers
such as 32
William Oughtred invented the slide rule in 1620. It is a calculating device that
uses the principle of logarithms, the slide rule is an example of an analogue
device.

ELECTRO-MECHANICAL COUNTING DEVICES

These are counting devices that could be operated both electrically and
mechanically. Electro-mechanical devices include the following:
1. Speeding Clock
2. Blaise Pascal machine
3. Gottfried Leibniz Machine
SPEEDING CLOCK OR CALCULATING CLOCK
In 1623 and 1624, Schickard reported his design and construction of what he
referred to as an arithmetical instrument that he has invented but which would later
be described as a (calculating clock). The machine was designed to assist in all the
four basic functions of arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division). Amongst its uses, Schickard suggested it would help in the laborious
task of calculating astronomical tables.
The machine could add and subtract six-digit numbers, and indicated an overflow
of this capacity by ringing a bell. The adding machine in the base was primarily
provided to assist in the difficult task of adding or multiplying two multi-digit
numbers. To this end an ingenious arrangement of rotatable Napier's bones were
mounted on it. It even had an additional "memory register" to record intermediate
calculations. Schickard’s machine was not programmable.

BLAISE PASCAL’S CALCULATING MACHINE (Pascaline)

Blaise Pascal was a French man who invented the first true adding machine in
1642. He was a mathematician as well as a philosopher. In 1642, he began working
on calculating machines and after 3 years invented the mechanical calculator called
Pascaline. Blaise Pascal was born in France in 1623 and died in Paris in 1662. His
machine was based on Abacus principle.
The machine was built to assist his father to perform tedious tax accounting
(auditing of government tax accounts). The machine was invented when he was 19
years old. He designed the Pascaline to add and subtract two numbers directly and
to perform multiplication and division through repeated addition and subtraction.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Which of the following is NOT an electro-mechanical counting device? (a) John
Napier bone (b) Stepped Reckoner (c) Jacquard Loom (d) Calculating Clock
2. Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz invented a machine known as ________ (a)
Adding machine (b) Textile loom (c) Stepped Reckoner (d) Napier bone
3. Which of the following inventors designed a machine with similar elements to
modern digital computers. (a) Blaise Pascal (b) Charles Babbage (c) John Napier
(d) Ada Lovelace
 WEEK FOUR
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:
By the end of the lesson students should be able to:
Explain the historical development of Computer
Mention the different individuals who contributed immensely to the development
of computer

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS:

ELECTRONIC COUNTING DEVICES AND MODERN COMPUTER
JOHN VON NEUMANN’S MACHINE In 1945, mathematician John von
Neumann undertook a study of computation that demonstrated that a computer
could have a simple, fixed structure, yet be able to execute any kind of
computation given properly programmed control without the need for hardware
modification. Von Neumann contributed a new understanding of how practical fast
computers should be organized and built; these ideas, often referred to as the
stored-program technique, became fundamental for future generations of high
speed digital computers and were universally adopted. The primary advance was
the provision of a special type of machine instruction called conditional control
transfer which permitted the program sequence to be interrupted and reinitiated at
any point, similar to the system suggested by Babbage for his analytical engine and
by storing all instruction programs together with data in the same memory unit, so
that, when desired, instructions could be arithmetically modified in the same way
as data. Thus, data was the same as program.

The von Neumann architecture is a design model for a stored program digital
computer that uses a processing unit and a single separate storage structure to hold
both instructions and data. It is named after the mathematician and early computer
scientist John von Neumann. The terms "von Neumann architecture" and "stored
program computer" are generally used interchangeably.
A stored program digital computer is one that keeps its programmed instructions,
as well as its data, in read-write, random access memory (RAM). His area of
interest included: Use of binary codes for representing data and instructions. Use of
codes to store both data and instruction together and share the same storage
location (space) within the computer Use of computer to process both data and
instructions Modification of programs by programs.
 WEEK FIVE
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:
By the end of the lesson students should be able to:
List and explain the different generation of computer with their years of
establishment
Explain the characteristics of each computer generation
Mention examples of devices used in the different generation of computer

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER:
Generation of computers is the developmental stages that the computer has gone
through. There are 5 generations of computers and their accompanying
innovations.
1 ST GENERATION 1940 – 1956: First Generation – Vacuum Tubes First
generation computers were those manufactured between 1940s and 1950s. The
computers used the stored program concept. First generation computers were
associated with the vacuum tubes or valves technology as circuitry and magnetic
drums for memory.
CHARACTERISTICS:
1. They were very bulky and heavy.
2. They measured between 50 – 100ft long and about 80ft high.
3. The computers weighed up to 200 tons and occupied 3000 cubic ft.
4. They used vacuum tubes to store and process data.
5. Examples of first generation computers are ENIAC, EDSAC, and UNIVAC.
6. It generates a lot of heat
7. It relies on machine language
8. These computers were limited to solving one problem at a time
PROBLEMS OF FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS
1. The vacuum tubes also generated a lot of heat hence, they needed a cooling
system.
2. They were very bulky and heavy and are not mobile
3. It occupies excess space
4. It consumes a lot of energy.
2ND GENERATION TRANSISTOR 1956 – 1963:
Second Generation – Transistor The replacement of vacuum tubes by transistors
saw the advent of the second generation of computing. They were a big
improvement over the vacuum tube, despite still subjecting computers to damaging
levels of heat. However they were hugely superior to the vacuum tubes, making
computers smaller, faster, cheaper and less heavy on electricity use. They still
relied on punched card for input/printouts. The language evolved from cryptic
binary language to symbolic (assembly) languages. This means, programmers
could create instructions in words. About the same time high level programming
languages were being developed (early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN).
Transistor-driven machines were the first computers to store instructions into their
memories – moving from magnetic drum to magnetic core technology. The early
versions of these machines were developed for the atomic energy industry.
Examples of second generation computers are NCR, 315, International Business
Machine (IBM), 7030.
CHARACTERISTICS:
1. They were smaller in size than first generation computers. 2. They occupied
smaller space than the first generation computers.
3. Second generation computers used less electricity and generated less heat.
4. The transistors could do all that the vacuum tubes did.
5. The computers were faster and lighter in weight than first generation computers.
6. It uses assembly language
7. It uses punch card for input and output
 Week 6

THIRD AND FOURTH GENERATION OF COMPUTER

These are computers that were produced between 1964and1971. They used
integrated circuit (IC) as their processor. They are faster, smaller, better and
produced less heat than second generation computers. [Link] are Honeywell 200
series, CDC600, IBM 360, IBM 370, etc.
The computer programs was designed to make the machine work. Operating
system was a program designed to handle a machine completely. Because of the
operating system machine could execute multiple jobs simultaneously. Integrated
circuits were used to replace many transistors used in the second generation.
A single IC has many transistors, registers, and capacitors built on one thin slice
of silicon. The value size was reduced, and memory space and dealing efficiency
were increased during this generation. Programming was now wiped out Higher
level languages like BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code).
Minicomputers found their shape during this era

Characteristics of Third-Generation Computers

Characteristics Components

Main electronic component Integrated circuits (ICs).

Programming language High-level language.

Large magnetic core, magnetic

Memory
tape/disk.
 Characteristics Components

Magnetic tape, monitor, keyboard,

Input/output devices
printer, etc.

IBM 360, IBM 370, PDP-11, NCR

Examples of third-generation
395, B6500, UNIVAC 1108, etc

FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS (1971-PRESENT):

These computers used microprocessors which were designed using the large scale
integration (LSI) and very large scale integration (VLSI) technology. They are
faster, smaller, cheaper, better and produced less heat than third generation
computers. The fourth generation computers are available everywhere, many
computers were linked to form networks which led to the emergence of the
internet. [Link] are microcomputers.
The computers using microchips were called microcomputers. This generation
provided even smaller-sized computers with larger capacities. That's not enough,
then Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits replaced LSI circuits. The Intel
4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the pc from the
central processing unit and memory to input/ output controls on one chip and
allowed the dimensions to reduce drastically. VLSI placed several hundred
thousand transistors on a single silicon chip. This silicon chip is known as the
microprocessor.
Technologies like multiprocessing, multiprogramming, time-sharing, operating
speed, and virtual memory made it a more user-friendly and customary device.
The concept of private computers and computer networks came into being within
the fourth generation.

Characteristics of Fourth-Generation Computers

Characteristics Components

Large-scale integration (VLSI) and

the microprocessor (VLSI has
Main electronic component
thousands of transistors on a single
microchip).

Memory semiconductor memory (such as N,

 Characteristics Components

etc.).

pointing devices, optical scanning,

Input/output devices
keyboard, monitor, printer, etc.

IBM PC, STAR 1000, APPLE II,

Examples of the fourth generation
Apple Macintosh, Alter 8800, etc.
 WEEK 8
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:
By the end of the lesson students should be able to:
Explain the year 5th generation of computer was made
Explain the different tools use in 5th generation of computer
Mention then problems associated with 5th generation of computer

FIRTH GENERATION OF COMPUTER

Fifth Generation Computers
The technology behind the fifth generation of computers is AI. It allows
computers to behave like humans. It is often seen in programs like voice
recognition, the area of medicine, and entertainment. Within the field of game
playing also it has also shown remarkable performance where computers are
capable of beating human competitors.

The speed is the highest, the size is the smallest and the area of use has
remarkably increased within the fifth generation computers. Though not a
hundred per cent AI has been achieved to date, keeping in sight the present
developments, it is often said that this dream also will become a reality very soon.
To summarize the features of varied generations of computers, it is often said that
a big improvement has been seen so far because of the speed and accuracy of
functioning care, but if we mention the dimensions, it's been small over the years.
The value is additionally diminishing and reliability is increasing.
Characteristics of Fifth-Generation Computers
Characteristics Components

Based on artificial intelligence, uses

the Ultra Large-Scale Integration
(ULSI) technology and parallel
processing method (ULSI has millions
Main electronic component
of transistors on a single microchip
and the Parallel processing method
use two or more microprocessors to
run tasks simultaneously).

Understand natural language (human

Language
language).

Size Portable and small in size.

Trackpad (or touchpad), touchscreen,

pen, speech input (recognize
Input/output device
voice/speech), light scanner, printer,
keyboard, monitor, mouse, etc.

Desktops, laptops, tablets,

An example of the fifth generation
smartphones, etc.

WEEK 9
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:
By the end of the lesson students should be able to:
Define the term computer
Explain the basic components of a computer system
Mention the features and characteristics of computer
List the part of the computer system

WHAT IS COMPUTER?
Computer is an electronic device that accepts data through input devices process it
in the system unit and gives us the result as information through the output devices.
Computer is an electronic device that accept data process date and give us the
result as information through the output device.
INPUT DEVICE is the part of the computer used to send data to the computer.
Examples are: Keyboard, Mouse, Microphone, Scanner, Digital Camera Joystick
etc
OUTPUT DEVICE is the part of the computer that gives us the result of data
processed. Examples are: printer, monitor, plotter, speaker
COMPONETS OF THE COMPUTER ARE:
1. Hardware: e.g. Monitor, keyboard
2. Software
3. Human ware Hardware: eg. Monitor, keyboard
FEATURES OR CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COMPUTER
1. Speed. A computer works with much higher speed and accuracy compared to
humans while performing mathematical calculations. ...
2. Accuracy. Computers perform calculations with 100% accuracy. ...
3. Diligence. A computer can perform millions of tasks or calculations with the
same consistency and accuracy.
4. Versatility.
5. Reliability.
6. Consistency
7. Memory
8. Storage capacity
9. Remembrance
10. Automation
PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
 Central processing unit (CPU) The CPU controls the computer processes and
communicates with the other components of a personal computer
1. Motherboard
2. Random Access Memory (RAM)
3. Video graphics array port. .
4. Power
5. supply. ... Cooling fan.
6. Hard drive. ...
7. Monitor
8. Mouse
9. Keyboard System unit
[Link]

Assignment
1. Define Computer
2. List and explain the components of a computer system
3. What are the major component of a CPU
4. Explain why computer is better than any other mechanical or
electromechanical device
5. Who is the father of computer?
WEEK 10