Introduction to Inferential Statistics
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Unit 1
1° Introduction to Inferential Statistics
1.1 Brief History of Statistics
1.2 Concept of Statistics
1.3 Descriptive Statistics
1.4 Inferential Statistics
1.5 Brief Introduction to Inferential Statistics
1.6 Statistical Decision Theory
1.7 Components of a Statistical Research
1.8 Data Collection
1.9 Parametric Statistics (Population and Random Sample)
1.10 Applications
1.1 Brief History of Statistics
The word Statistics comes from the term 'State', as it was a main function of the Governments.
from the States to establish records of population, births, deaths, taxes, harvests.
The need to have encrypted data about the population and their material conditions of
Existence must have been felt since human societies were established.
organized.
It is difficult to know the origins of Statistics. Since the beginnings of civilization, they have
simple forms have existed, as graphic representations and other symbols were already used in
skins, rocks, wooden sticks, and cave walls to count the number of people, animals, or
certain things.
• The island of Sardinia
• The Babylonians, around the year 3000 B.C.
• The Egyptians
• In the Bible
• In China, around the year 2200 B.C.
• In Rome around the year 500 B.C.
• In the Middle Ages, in the year 762,
• After the Norman conquest of England
The applications in this period of Statistics to Economics lead to
a discipline with its own content: Econometrics. The research
statistics in military problems during World War II and the
new methods of mathematical programming lead to research
Operational.
From the middle of the 20th century begins what we can call the
modern statistics, one of the determining factors is the emergence and
popularization of computers
1.2 Concept of Statistics
It is a science that is responsible for analyzing, investigating, collecting data, organizing,
present and interpret a series of data to make better decisions
within organizations.
1.3 Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics is a large part of statistics that is dedicated to
collect, organize, analyze, and represent a set of data, in order to
appropriately describe the characteristics of this.
The set of different numerical values that a quantitative character adopts is
statistical variable.
Variables can be of two types:
• Qualitative or categorical variables:
• Quantitative variables:
Variables can also be classified into:
• Unidimensional variables
• Bivariate variables:
• Multidimensional variables:
1.4 Inferential Statistics
It is dedicated to the generation of models, inferences, and associated predictions.
the phenomena in question, taking into account the randomness of the
Observations. It is used to model patterns in the data and extract inferences.
about the population under study. These inferences can take the form of
of answers to yes/no questions (hypothesis testing), estimates of
numerical characteristics, forecasts of future observations and
descriptions of association.
Its fundamental task is the analysis of the data obtained from
experiments, with the aim of representing reality and knowing it. It allows
provide answers to problems in a useful and meaningful way
Inferential statistics starts by taking a sample from a population that can
To be representative or probabilistic, all elements of the population have the
same probability of being chosen, where this probability is different from 0 to 1
where it could be a simple random, systematic, stratified, or clustered sample and
thus, the selection of a representative and probabilistic sample allows for
inference based on the information held.
1.5 Brief Introduction to Inferential Statistics
Statistical inference studies how to draw general conclusions for the whole
population based on the study of a sample, and the degree of reliability or significance of the
obtained results. Through the following types of sampling:
• Probabilistic sampling
It consists of randomly selecting a sample from a population.
• Simple random sampling
To obtain a sample, the elements of the population are numbered and selected.
draw the n elements contained in the sample.
• Systematic random sampling
An individual is randomly chosen and from that person, others are selected at constant intervals.
until the sample is complete.
• Stratified random sampling
The population is divided into classes or strata and a number is randomly selected.
individuals from each stratum proportional to the number of components in each stratum.
1.6 Theory of Statistical Decision
At the beginning of the 1950s, the statistical decision theory was born.
supports probability. This has to do with determining, based on a set
of possible alternatives, what is the optimal decision for a particular set of
conditions.
Statistics is used as a valuable aid in different fields of
knowledge and in the various sciences. It is a language that allows communication
information based on quantitative data.
In practice, individuals are often forced to make decisions about
populations based on sample information. Such decisions are called
statistical decisions.
Most complex administrative decisions are made under uncertainty.
Managers approve substantial capital investments with an understanding that
it is not complete regarding the demand for products.
There are 3 elements for making any decision
1.-The available options: are the possibilities of the decision-maker.
2.- The states of nature: they are uncontrollable future events
3.-Benefits table: it would result from each possible combination of alternative of
decision and state of nature (expressed in utilities or in any other
measure that is appropriate to the situation.
1.7 Components of a Statistical Investigation
The process of applying statistics involves a series of steps:
• Selection and determination of the population or sample and its characteristics
contents that are desired to be studied. In the case that one wishes to take a
sample, it is necessary to determine its size and the type of sampling
to be carried out (probabilistic or non-probabilistic).
• Data collection. This can be done through observation.
directly from the elements, the application of surveys and interviews, and the
conducting experiments.
• Classification, tabulation, and organization of the data. Classification includes the
treatment of data considered anomalous that may at some point,
falsifying an analysis of statistical indicators. Tabulation involves summarization
from data in tables and statistical graphs.
• Descriptive analysis of the data. The analysis is complemented by obtaining
of statistical indicators such as measures of central tendency, dispersion,
position and shape.
• Inferential analysis of the data. Data handling techniques are applied.
that involve probabilistic elements that allow for drawing conclusions from
a sample towards the population (optional).
• Drafting conclusions. The final report is being prepared.
1.8 Data Collection
It is the activity that consists of the collection of information within a certain
context.
Statistics deals with collecting data, organizing it, and analyzing it with a
determined objective.
Why do we need to Collect Data?
• They provide the essential introduction for a research study.
• Measure the performance in a service or production process.
• Assist in formulating alternatives for decision-making.
• Satisfy our curiosity.
Techniques and Instruments
• Survey:
His instrument is the Questionnaire.
• Interview:
• Their instrument is the Question Guide.
• Observation:
• His instrument is the Observation Guide.
• Documentary Analysis:
• His instrument is the Registration Form.
1.9 Parametric Statistics
(Population and Random Sample)
Parametric statistics is a branch of inferential statistics that encompasses
the statistical and decision-making procedures that are based on the
distributions of real data. These are determined using a finite number
of parameters.
1.10 Aplicaciones
Statistics can be presented at different levels of mathematical difficulty and
it may be directed towards applications in various fields of research,
some examples of this can be:
• Health Sciences
• Social sciences
• Quality control
• Manufacturing processes
• Psychology
• Medicine
• Industry
Conclusion
In this presentation of the subject Inferential Statistics, we show the content of the
unit number one, called Introduction to Inferential Statistics.
We briefly develop each of the themes and subthemes present, providing
additional information, as well as comments and explanations regarding each one
of the topics.
We can briefly conclude by making a generalized reference to Statistics
inferential, also known as: Statistical inference, which studies how
to obtain general conclusions for an entire population from the study of one
small sample, through different methods of collection, management and
interpretation of the information, and the degree of reliability or significance of the
obtained results.
Bibliography
• 1.1[Link]
• 1.2[Link]
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• 1.4[Link]
• 1.5[Link]
• 1.6[Link]
• 1.7[Link]
• 1.8[Link]