Introduction

The measurement of the flow rate or amount of water that passes through the cross-section of a
The water conduit (river, stream, canal, pipe) is known as gauging or measurement.
of flows. This flow directly depends on the area of the cross-section.
to the current and the average speed of the water.

In this work, the report of the river gauging practice will be presented.
made in the hydraulic laboratory. The knowledge of how to gauge a river and
how to calculate the flow rate, it is important because this will depend on the design of a
work that we could carry out.
 Theoretical Framework

Hydrometry: It is a part of hydrology that measures the volume of water that

circulates through a section of a duct in a given time. The name derives
from the Greek hydro (water) and metron (measurement). In addition to measuring the amount of water
that circulates through the section of a river, pipe or channel, also deals with processing
the information about irrigation systems or the distribution of water in a city,
in order to know the amount of water available and the efficiency of its
distribution.

Hydrometric system:

Hydrometric network: It is the set of water measurement points of a system,

in a way that allows for the relation of information, and it is the physical support of the network.

Control points: These are where the flow rate is measured.

Record: It is the set of collected data. Its subsequent use depends on the
where the data was taken from.

Report: Final result of the process.

Importance of hydrometry:

Provide information for adjusting the forecast of availability.

water, through the statistical analysis of historical records of
flows of the source (river, groundwater, etc.)
Monitor the execution of the distribution. Hydrometry provides
the results that allow us to know the quantity, quality and the
opportunity of the irrigation; establishing whether the established flows in
the distribution plan is the ones actually delivered and based on this
decide the modification of the distribution plan, if necessary.
In addition to the previously mentioned, hydrometry helps us determine the
efficiency in the irrigation system and eventually as information about
support for conflict resolution.

Water measurement:

The measurement of the flow rate or water discharge that passes through the cross section of a
water conduit (river, stream, canal, pipe) is known as flow measurement or measurement.
of flows. This flow depends directly on the area of the cross-section
to the current and the average speed of the water.

The formula that represents this concept is as follows:

Q=V . A

Where:

Flow or Output.
A= Area of the cross section.
V = Average speed of the water at the point.

Measuring methods:

Current Meter Method: In this method, the speed of the water is measured by
by means of an instrument called a current meter that measures the speed at a point
given the mass of water.

There are several types of current meters, with the most commonly used being the helical ones.
which come in various sizes; the larger the flows or the more
The higher the speeds, the larger the size of the device must be.

Each flow meter must have a calibration certificate indicating the

formula to calculate speed knowing the number of laps or revolutions
from the propeller per second.

Float Method: It is used when there are no measuring equipment available and for
this weekend the area of the section and the velocity of the water need to be known, in order to
to measure the speed a float is used, with it the speed of the water is measured.
surface, being able to use any small floating object as a float:
like a cork, a small piece of wood, a weighted little bottle, This method is
use in the following cases:

In the absence of a current meter.

Excessive water speed that hinders the use of

current meter.

Frequent presence of foreign bodies in the water flow,

which complicates the use of the current meter.

When the life of the person performing the assessment is at risk.

 When the integrity of the current meter is at risk
Volumetric Method: It is generally used for very small flow rates and is
requires a container to collect the water. The flow rate results from dividing the
volume of water collected in the container over the time that passes in
collect that volume.

Q=V/T

Where:

Q= Caudal m3 /s
V= Volume in m3
T= Tiempo en segundos

Chemical Method: It consists of the incorporation into the flow of certain

chemical substance over a given time; taking samples downstream where
it is estimated that the substance has dissolved uniformly, to determine the
amount of substance contained per unit of volume.

Capacity with floats

This float measurement method is generally used when not

it has ammeter, there are excessive speeds it causes, dangers for the
people and for the teams.

The methodology consists of:

Select a straight section of the riverbed between 15 to 20 meters.

Determine the width of the channel and its depths in three.

Calculate the area of the cross section:

A=B ∙ H

Where:

A= Área
B = Width of the channel
H = Average height of (a + b + c) / 3
a, b. c depths of the riverbed
Calculation of velocity: To measure the velocity in small channels or streams,
a straight section of the watercourse is taken and around 5 to 10 m, it is dropped
float at the beginning of the section that is properly marked and at the center of the course of
water as much as possible and the initial time t1 is taken; then the time t2 is taken,
when the float reaches the end of the section that is also
properly marked; and knowing the distance traveled and the time that the floater
delay in reaching the final end of the section, the speed of the course is calculated
water according to the following formula:

V =L/T

V= Velocidad
L = Length of the section (approximately 10 m)
T = Time of the float's travel two points

Calculation of Flow:

Q= A · V

Where:

Flow
A= Área
V= Velocidad

CALCULATIONS

DATA

SECTION TIME DISTANCE SPEED

1 1.6sec 0.16m 0.1m/second
2 4.4sec 0.605m 0.1375m/s

TRANSVERSAL AREAS OF THE RIVER

 SECTION 1 Y

2.4c 1cm
2cm2cm
2cm 2cm 2cm 2cm 2cm 2cm 2cm

Agu 0,0

2.3c
1.4c
5.4c
6.8c 2.9c
7.9c
6.9c 7.6c
7.9c
7.7c 7.8c 7.9c 6.9c 7.4c

AXIS X cm AXIS Y cm Since we have the coordinates of each point in a

In plane X, Y we can calculate the area using the formula
0 0
-0.4 -2.3
| |
SECTION 2 YX− XY
-1.4
-3.4
-1.4
-2.9
A= ∑
2
∑ A= | 1442.02−1295.86
2 |
-5.4 -5.4
-7.4 -6..8
-9.4 -7.9
-11.4 -7.6 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2.3c
2c
-13.4 -7.9 0,0
EJ-E15X.4cm EJE-7Y.4cm We have to A= 73.08cm3

0 0
0 1.9 And the flow Q is equal to Q= A∗V Q=67.6∗0.1
1.6c
2 2.1
2.4c 1.3c
4 1.5 cm3 0.007308 L/seg
2cm
6 2 2.6c 1.4c
8 2.4 1.5c
2.8c
10 2.6 1.8c
3.4c 3.4c 1.5c0.6c
12 2.8 3.1c 3.2c3.3c
14 3.4
16 3.1
18 3.4
20 3.2
22 3.3 Since we have the coordinates of each point in a
24 1.5 plane X, Y we can calculate the area using the formula
26 0.6
28
30
32
1
1.8
1.6
|
A= ∑
YX−∑
2
XY
| A= | 705.3−597.4
2 |
34 1.3
37 1.4
 We have to A= 53.95cm3

And the flow Q is equal to Q= A∗V Q=53.95∗0.1375

We have Q = 7.41 cm3 0.00741 liters per second

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

The flow of a river can be calculated by obtaining the area of a section.

transversal and the speed of the water at that point, during the practice
they obtained these data taken from two sections of the river; knowing that the theory
it tells us that the flow rate of a flow is constant due to the conservation of
Well, we have to determine the flow rate in both sections, it must be the
same for both. In the following table we have a brief summary of the
results.

SECTION SPEED AREA Flow

1 0.1 m/s 73.08 cm
3 3
7.308 cm /seg
2 0.1375 m/s 53.95 cm
3 3
7.41 cm /seg
By observing the results, we see that there is an approximation to the flow in both.

sections, the error between them is 0.102 cm3 and this is due to

During data collection, there may be measurement errors due to inaccuracy.

of the instrument or either to the inaccuracy or lack of skill of the person
involved, but we can say that the result is acceptable, since both are
they approximate too closely; if we decide to take an average, we can say that the
3
the river's flow would be 7.359 cm which indicates that the river was almost dry
since its water transit is too slow, and this may be due to us
we found ourselves in summer on the day the practice took place, since during the
In winter, the flow changes due to frequent rains.

José Manuel López Maldonado 201431450

Victor Omar Corzo 201431217

 Bibliography

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