Unit 6

Solid Geometry
Prepared by
Dr. Dereje E.
Mr. Dechasa M.

Etege Menen Girls’ Boarding Sec. School

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
May, 2025
 What is solid geometry?
• Solid Geometry is a three dimensional (3D) figures.
• It can be divided into two categories. Polyhedron & Non-polyhedron

Non-Polyhedron: A solid figure bounded

Polyhedron: A solid figure bounded by
polygons by a curved surface.
Examples: Cylinder, Cone, Sphere
Examples: Prisms, Pyramids
 Prism
Definition: Prism is a polyhedra with two
congruent faces called bases, that lie in parallel
planes.
The other faces are called lateral faces, are
parallelograms formed by connecting the
corresponding vertices of the bases. The segments
connecting theses vertices are lateral edges.
NB: To name the prism use the shape of the base.
Exercise: Name the following solid figures
a) b) c)

Right Prisms: the height of a prism is the perpendicular distance between its bases.
In right prism, each lateral edge is perpendicular to both bases.
 Surface Area and Volume of Prisms
Lateral surface Area (LSA):
LSA = ah + bh + ch = (a + b + c)h
LSA = ph
where p = a + b + c, the perimeter of the bases.

Total Surface Area (TSA):

TSA = ph + 2BA, the two bases are congruent

Volume of prism:
V = BA h
BA, base area, h: height of prisms
Solved Examples
1. Find the lateral surface area and total surface area of a
right rectangular prism with height 7cm, length 3cm,
width 4cm.
Solution: given l = 3cm, w = 4cm, h = 7cm

LSA = ph = (2l + 2w)h = 2(3 + 4)7= 14(7) = 98Cm2

TSA = 2BA + LSA= 2BA + ph

= 2 (3X4) + 98Cm2

= 122Cm2
 Surface area and volume of cylinders
A cylinder is a solid with congruent circular bases that
lie in parallel planes.

The height (h) of a cylinder is the perpendicular distance

between its bases.

The radius of the base is the radius of the cylinder.

In right cylinder, the segment joining the centers of the

bases is perpendicular to the bases.
 The lateral surface area (LSA) of a
cylinder is the area of its curved surface.

i.e the product of the circumference of the

base and the height.

Total surface area (TSA) is the sum of

LSA and the areas of the two bases.

The lateral surface area of cylinder is:

LSA= 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒉

TSA= 𝐋𝐒𝐀 + 𝟐𝑩𝑨 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒉 + 𝟐𝝅 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓 𝒉 + 𝒓

Volume of the cylinder is:

V= 𝑩𝑨 𝒉 = 𝝅 𝒓𝟐 𝒉
Solved Examples:
1. Find the LSA, TSA, volume of a right cylinder with height 18cm and radius 10cm.
Solution: Given, h = 18cm, r = 10cm
𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ = 2𝜋 10 18 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝝅𝒄𝒎𝟐
𝑻𝑺𝑨 = 2𝐵𝐴 + 𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 360𝜋𝑐𝑚2 .
= 2𝜋(10)2 +360𝜋𝑐𝑚2 .
= 200𝜋𝑐𝑚2 + 360𝜋𝑐𝑚2 .
= 𝟓𝟔𝟎𝝅𝒄𝒎𝟐 .
Volume: 𝑉 = 𝐵𝐴 ℎ = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 𝜋 10 2 18 = 𝜋 100 18 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎𝝅𝒄𝒎𝟑

2. Find the radius of a right cylinder with height 5cm and total surface area of 208𝜋𝑐𝑚2 ? Then find,
lateral surface area and its volume?
Exercise:
1. The length of each side of a cube is multiplied by 3. what is the change in the TSA of the cube?
A. TSA is 6 times the original TSA.
B. TSA is 3 times the original TSA.
C. TSA is 9 times the original TSA.
D. TSA is 27 times the original TSA
2. The radius of and height of a right cylinder area each divided by 5. what change is the TSA of the
cylinder?
3. Find the height of a cylinder with TSA of 108𝜋𝑚2 . The radius of the cylinder is twice the height.
4. What is the height of a cylinder with radius 4unit and volume 64𝜋 cubic unit?
5. The base of a right prism are right triangles with side length, 3cm, 4cm, and 5cm. The volume of
the prism is 96 cubic centimeters. What is the height of the prism?
 Pyramids & Cones
Pyramids
A pyramids is a polyhedral in which the base is a
polygon and the lateral faces are triangles with
common vertex called the vertex of the pyramid.
The intersection of two lateral faces is a lateral edge.
The intersection of the base and lateral face is a base
edge.
The height (h) of the pyramid is the perpendicular
distance between the base and the vertex.
A regular pyramid has a regular polygon for the
base and the segment joining the vertex and the
center of the base is perpendicular to the base. The
lateral face a regular pyramid are congruent isosceles
triangles.
The slant height of regular pyramid is the height of
lateral face of the regular pyramid.
 Surface Area and Volume Pyramids

Lateral Surface Area (LSA) of Pyramid:

Where, = the perimeter of the base, and

= the slant height lateral faces

Total Surface Area(TSA) Pyramid:

Volume (V) of the pyramid:

Solved Examples:
1. A regular square pyramid has a height of 15cm and a base edge length of 16cm.
Find its LSA, TSA, and volume?
Solution:
Use the Pythagoras theorem to find the slant height l
2
1
𝑙 2 = ℎ2 + 𝑏
2
1
𝑙2 = 152 + 8 2
, substitute for h and 𝑏
2
𝑙2 = 289 ⟹ 𝑙 = 17. The slant height of lateral faces is 17cm.
lateral surface area: Total surface Area:
1 1
𝑳𝑺𝑨 = 𝑝𝑙. 𝑻𝑺𝑨 = 𝑝𝑙 + 𝐵𝐴
2 2
1
= 64 17 = 𝟓𝟒𝟒𝒄𝒎𝟐 + (𝟏𝟔𝒄𝒎)𝟐 .
2
= 𝟓𝟒𝟒𝒄𝒎𝟐 . = 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝒄𝒎𝟐 .
𝟏
Volume: 𝑽 = 𝑩𝑨 𝒉.
𝟑
𝟏
= 𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝟏𝟓.
𝟑
= 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟎𝒄𝒎𝟑 .
 Cones
Cone has a circular base and vertex that is not in
the same plane as the base.
The radius of the base is the radius of the cone.
The height is the perpendicular distance between
the vertex and the base.
In a right cone, the segment joining the vertex and
the center of the base is perpendicular to the base
and the slant height is the distance between the
vertex and a point on the base edge.
The lateral surface of a cone consists of all
segments that connect the vertex with points on
the base edge.
 Surface area and Volume of a Cones
Surface Area:
When you cut along the slant height and base edge and
lay a right cone flat, you get the net shown.
The circular base has area 𝜋𝑟 2 and the lateral surface is
a sector of a circle.

Area of sector arc length

=
area of circle circumference of circle

Area of sector 2π𝑟

=
π𝑙 2 2π𝑙

2π𝑟
Area of sector = π𝑙 2 . 2π𝑙

𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 = 𝛑𝒓𝒍

Lateral surface area (LSA) of a cone:
𝐋𝐒𝐀 = 𝛑𝒓𝒍.

Total surface area (TSA) of a cone:

𝐓𝐒𝐀 = 𝑳𝑺𝑨 + 𝑩𝑨
= 𝝅𝒓𝟐 + 𝛑𝒓𝒍
= 𝝅𝒓(𝒓 + 𝒍)

Volume (V) of a cone:

𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝑽 = 𝑩𝑨 𝒉 = 𝝅𝒓 𝒉
𝟑 𝟑
Solved example:

1. What is the total surface area of the right cone?

A. 72𝜋𝑚2
B. 96𝜋𝑚2
C. 132𝜋𝑚2
D. 136𝜋𝑚2
Find the lateral surface area and its volume?
Solution:
𝐓𝐒𝐀 = 𝜋𝑟(𝑟 + 𝑙)
= 𝜋6 6 + 10
= 6 16 𝜋
= 𝟗𝟔𝝅𝒎𝟐

LSA= 𝜋𝑟𝑙 = 𝜋 6 10 = 𝟔𝟎𝝅𝒎𝟐

1 1
Volume (V) = 3 𝜋𝑟 2 h = 3 6 6 8 𝜋 = 𝟗𝟔𝝅𝒎𝟑
 Spheres
A sphere is the set of all points in space equidistant
from a fixed point called center of the sphere.
A radius of sphere is a segment from the center to a
point on the sphere,
A diameter of a sphere is a chord that contains the
center.
Great Circles
If a plane contains the center of the sphere, the
intersection is a great circle of the sphere.
The circumference of a great circle is the circumference
of the sphere.
Every great circle of a sphere separates the sphere into
two congruent halves called hemispheres.
 Surface area and Volume of the Spheres
The total surface area of the sphere with radius r
is:
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 2

The total surface area of the hemisphere of the

sphere with radius r:
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 3𝜋𝑟 2

The volume of the sphere with radius r;

4 3
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟
3
Solved Examples:
1. Find the surface area and volume of a sphere whose radius is 8cm?
Solution:
𝐒𝐀 = 4πr 2 .
= 4π(8)2 .
= 4π(64).
= 𝟐𝟓𝟔𝛑𝐜𝐦𝟐 .
4
𝐕 = πr 3 .
3
4
= π 8 3.
3
𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟖
= 𝛑𝒄𝒎𝟑 .
𝟑
 Horizontal cross-section of Pyramids and Cones

Definition 6.4

If a pyramid (or cone) is cut by a plane

parallel to the base, the intersection of
plane and the pyramid (or cone) is
called a horizontal cross-section of the
pyramid(or the cone).

E is the plane containing the bases of the cone (pyramid), E’ is the

plane parallel to E and intersects the Cone and pyramid
Theorem 6.1
Every horizontal cross-section of a triangular pyramid is a triangular region
similar to the base.

To show that ∆𝐀𝐁𝐂 ≈ ∆𝐀′ 𝐁′ 𝐂′

1.∆𝐕𝐀′ 𝐃′ ≈ ∆𝑽𝑨𝑫 . . 𝐛𝐲 𝑨𝑨…..(1)
𝑽𝑨′ 𝑽𝑫′ 𝒌
⟹ = =
𝑽𝑨 𝑽𝑫 𝒉
′
𝟐. ∆𝐕𝐃 𝐁′ ≈ ∆𝑽𝑫𝑩…..𝐛𝐲 A𝑨
𝑽𝑩′ 𝑽𝑫′ 𝒌
⟹ = =
𝑽𝑩 𝑽𝑫 𝒉
3. < 𝐀′ 𝐕𝐁′ ≈< 𝑨𝑽𝑩
∆𝐕𝑨′ 𝐁′ ≈ ∆𝑽𝑨𝑩 … . 𝒃𝒚 𝑺𝑨𝑺
In general,
𝑨′ 𝑩′ 𝑩′ 𝑪′ 𝑨′ 𝑪′ 𝒌
= = =
𝑨𝑩 𝑩𝑪 𝑨𝑪 𝒉
Theorem 6.2
Let h be the altitude of triangular
pyramid and let k be the distance from
vertex to a horizontal cross-section.
The ratio of the area of cross-section
𝐤𝟐
to the area of the base is 𝟐 .
𝐡

Exercise 6.6 (page-310)

1.
2. The area the base of triangular pyramid is 100𝑐𝑚2 . The altitude of the pyramid is 5cm.
Find the area of the horizontal cross-section of the pyramid 2cm from the vertex.
3. Proof theorem 6.3 (page-310) and Ex 6.7 home work
CAVALIERI’S PRINCIPLE:
If two solids have equal height
and equal cross-sectional areas
at every level parallel to the
respective bases, then the two
solids have equal volume.

Theorem 6.5
If two pyramids have equal altitude and equal base area , then their volume are equal.
 Frustum of Pyramids and Cones
Frustum
The part of a pyramids(or cones) that remains when the top of the pyramids(or
cones) is cut off by plane parallel to their base. That is, the frustum of a pyramid(or
cone) is a part of pyramid(or cone) between the base and cross-section of the
pyramid (cone).

 The lateral faces of a frustum of pyramid are trapeziums

 The lateral faces of a frustum regular pyramid are congruent isosceles trapeziums
 The slant height of a frustum of a regular pyramid is the altitude of any one of the lateral faces.
 The lateral surface area of a frustum is of a pyramid is the sum of the areas of the lateral faces.
 Surface Area and Volume of Frustum
1. Surface area and Volume of Frustum of Pyramid
Example:
The lower base of the frustum of a regular pyramid is a square of
4cm long, the upper base is 3cm long. If the slant height is 6cm, find
its lateral surface area?
Solution: (since the faces are Trapezium and the area formula of
𝟏
trapezium is given by 𝑨 = 𝒉(𝒃𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐 )
𝟐
Given: lateral height = 6cm
𝐛𝟏 = 𝟒𝐜𝐦, 𝐛𝟐 = 𝟑cm
𝟏
𝐋𝐒𝐀 = 𝐡(𝐛𝟏 + 𝐛𝟐 ).
𝟐
𝟏
𝐋𝐒𝐀 = 𝟔 𝟒+𝟑 𝟒
𝟐
= 𝟖𝟒𝐜𝐦𝟐
 The Lateral surface Area (LSA) of a frustum of a regular pyramid is equal
half the product of the slant height 𝒍 and the sum of the perimeter P of the
lower base and perimeter P’ of upper base.
𝟏
i.e. LS𝐀 = 𝒍(𝐏 + 𝑷′)
𝟐

Let the frustum is the frustum of square pyramid

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑳𝑺𝑨 = 𝒍 𝒔 + 𝒔′ + 𝒍 𝐬+ 𝐬′ + 𝒍 𝒔+ 𝒔′ + 𝒍 𝒔 + 𝒔′
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝟏
= 𝒍 𝒔 + 𝒔 + 𝒔 + 𝒔 + 𝒔′ + 𝒔′ + 𝒔′ + 𝒔′
𝟐

𝟏
= 𝒍 𝑷 + 𝑷′ .
𝟐
HW: Ex:6.10 (p-324)
 2. Lateral surface of Frustum of the Cone
Lateral surface (LSA) of Frustum of the cone
1
𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 𝑙 𝑃 + 𝑃′
2
1
= 𝑙 2𝜋𝑟 + 2𝜋𝑟 ′
2
= 𝜋𝑙 𝑟 + 𝑟 ′

Volume (V) of Frustum of the pyramid or cone

1
𝑉 = ℎ 𝐴 + 𝐴′ + 𝐴𝐴′
3
where h: the height the frustum,
A: area of lower base
A’: area of upper base.
HW: Ex 6.11 (p-326), Ex 6.12 (p-328),Ex 6.13(p-330), Ex. (p-331)