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POWER PLANT INSTRUMENTATION

A power station (also referred to as generating station, power plant, or powerhouse) is an industrial
facility for the generation of electric power.
At the centre of nearly all power stations is a generator, a rotating machine that converts
mechanical energy into electrical energy by creating relative motion between a magnetic field and
a conductor, and a modular synth from which all power comes. The energy source harnessed to
turn the generator varies widely. It depends chiefly on which fuels are easily available and on the
types of technology that the power company has access to.
In thermal powerstations, mechanical power is produced by a heat engine that transforms thermal
energy, often from combustion of a fuel, into rotational energy.
Thermal Power Plants contribute maximum to the generation of Power for any country.
Thermal Power Plants constitute 75.43% of the total installed captive and non-captive power
generation in India.
In thermal generating stations coal, oil, natural gas, etc are employed as primary sources of
energy.

Coal conveyor : This is a belt type of arrangement. With this coal is transported from coal storage
place in power plant to the place near by boiler.

Stoker : The coal which is brought near by boiler has to put in boiler furnace for combustion. This
stoker is a mechanical device for feeding coal to a furnace.

Pulverizer : The coal is put in the boiler after pulverization. For this pulverizer is used. A
pulverizer is a device for grinding coal for combustion in a furnace in a power plant. A pulverizer
is a device for grinding coal for combustion in a furnace in a power plant.
Boiler : Now that pulverized coal is put in boiler furnace. Boiler is an enclosed vessel in which
water is heated and circulated until the water is turned in to steam at the required pressure. Coal is
burned inside the combustion chamber of boiler. The products of combustion are nothing but
gases. These gases which are at high temperature vaporize the water inside the boiler to steam.
Some times this steam is further heated in a super heater as higher the steam pressure and
temperature the greater efficiency the engine will have in converting the heat in steam in to
mechanical work. This steam at high pressure and temperature is used directly as a heating
medium, or as the working fluid in a prime mover to convert thermal energy to mechanical work,
which in turn may be converted to electrical energy. Although other fluids are sometimes used for
these purposes, water is by far the most common because of its economy and suitable
thermodynamic characteristics.

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Superheater : Most of the modern boilers are having super heater and reheater arrangement.
Superheater is a component of a steam-generating unit in which steam, after it has left the boiler
drum, is heated above its saturation temperature. The amount of superheat added to the steam is
influenced by the location, arrangement, and amount of super heater surface installed, as well as
the rating of the boiler. The super heater may consist of one or more stages of tube banks arranged
to effectively transfer heat from the products of combustion. Super heaters are classified as
convection , radiant or combination of these.

Reheater : Some of the heat of superheated steam is used to rotate the turbine where it loses some
of its energy. Reheater is also steam boiler component in which heat is added to this intermediate-
pressure steam, which has given up some of its energy in expansion through the high-pressure
turbine. The steam after reheating is used to rotate the second steam turbine where the heat is
converted to mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is used to run the alternator, which is
coupled to turbine , there by generating electrical energy.

Economiser : Flue gases coming out of the boiler carry lot of heat. Function of economiser is to
recover some of the heat from the heat carried away in the flue gases up the chimney and utilize for
heating the feed water to the boiler. It is placed in the passage of flue gases in between the exit
from the boiler and the entry to the chimney. The use of economiser results in saving in coal
consumption , increase in steaming rate and high boiler efficiency but needs extra investment and
increase in maintenance costs and floor area required for the plant. This is used in all modern
plants. In this a large number of small diameter thin walled tubes are placed between two headers.
Feed water enters the tube through one header and leaves through the other. The flue gases flow
out side the tubes usually in counter flow.

Air preheater : The remaining heat of flue gases is utilized by air preheater. It is a device used in
steam boilers to transfer heat from the flue gases to the combustion air before the air enters the
furnace. Also known as air heater; air-heating system. It is not shown in the lay out. But it is kept
at a place near by where the air enters in to the boiler.
The purpose of the air preheater is to recover the heat from the flue gas from the boiler to improve
boiler efficiency by burning warm air which increases combustion efficiency, and reducing useful
heat lost from the flue.

Deaerator : A steam generating boiler requires that the boiler feed water should be devoid of air
and other dissolved gases, particularly corrosive ones, in order to avoid corrosion of the metal.
Generally, power stations use a Deaerator to provide for the removal of air and other dissolved
gases from the boiler feed water. A deaerator typically includes a vertical, domed deaeration
section mounted on top of a horizontal cylindrical vessel which serves as the deaerated boiler feed
water storage tank.

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Prime Movers: These depend on the fuel used. Coal fired plants use Steam Turbines. In case of
coal fired plants steam produced in the boiler is passed through an axial flow turbine. The turbine
is coupled to the generator and thus energy conversion is achieved. Increasing the unit capacity
from 100MW to 250MW results in saving of about 15% in their capital cost per kW. Moreover
units of this magnitude result in fuel saving of almost 8% per kWh. The cost of installation is also
low for such units.

Condenser : Steam after rotating steam turbine comes to condenser. Condenser refers here to the
shell and tube heat exchanger (or surface condenser) installed at the outlet of every steam turbine
in Thermal power stations of utility companies generally. These condensers are heat exchangers
which convert steam from its gaseous to its liquid state, also known as phase transition. In so
doing, the latent heat of steam is given out inside the condenser. Where water is in short supply an
air cooled condenser is often used. An air cooled condenser is however significantly more
expensive and cannot achieve as low a steam turbine backpressure (and therefore less efficient) as
a surface condenserThe purpose is to condense the outlet (or exhaust) steam from steam turbine to
obtain maximum efficiency and also to get the condensed steam in the form of pure water,
otherwise known as condensate, back to steam generator or (boiler) as boiler feed water.

Cooling Towers :The condensate (water) formed in the condenser after condensation is initially at
high temperature. This hot water is passed to cooling towers. It is a tower- or building-like device
in which atmospheric air (the heat receiver) circulates in direct or indirect contact with warmer
water (the heat source) and the water is thereby cooled. A cooling tower may serve as the heat sink
in a conventional thermodynamic process, such as refrigeration or steam power generation, and
when it is convenient or desirable to make final heat rejection to atmospheric air. Water, acting as
the heat-transfer fluid, gives up heat to atmospheric air, and thus cooled, is recirculated through the
system, affording economical operation of the process.

Electrostatic precipitator : It is a device which removes dust or other finely divided particles from
flue gases by charging the particles inductively with an electric field, then attracting them to highly
charged collector plates. Also known as precipitator. The process depends on two steps. In the first
step the suspension passes through an electric discharge (corona discharge) area where ionization
of the gas occurs. The ions produced collide with the suspended particles and confer on them an
electric charge. The charged particles drift toward an electrode of opposite sign and are deposited
on the electrode where their electric charge is neutralized. The phenomenon would be more
correctly designated as electrode position from the gas phase.

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Smoke stack : A chimney is a system for venting hot flue gases or smoke from
a boiler, stove, furnace or fireplace to the outside atmosphere. They are typically almost vertical to
ensure that the hot gases flow smoothly, drawing air into the combustion through the chimney
effect (also known as the stack effect). The space inside a chimney is called a flue. Chimneys may
be found in buildings, steam locomotives and ships. In the US, the term smokestack (colloquially,
stack) is also used when referring to locomotive chimneys. The term funnel is generally used for
ship chimneys and sometimes used to refer to locomotive chimneys. Chimneys are tall to increase
their draw of air for combustion and to disperse pollutants in the flue gases over a greater area so as
to reduce the pollutant concentrations in compliance with regulatory or other limits.

Generator : An alternator is an electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy

to alternating current electrical energy. Most alternators use a rotating magnetic field. Different
geometries - such as a linear alternator for use with stirling engines - are also occasionally used.
In principle, any AC generator can be called an alternator, but usually the word refers to small
rotating machines driven by automotive and other internal combustion engines.
Transformers : It is a device that transfers electric energy from one alternating-current circuit to
one or more other circuits, either increasing (stepping up) or reducing (stepping down) the voltage.
Uses for transformers include reducing the line voltage to operate low-voltage devices and raising
the voltage from electric generators so that electric power can be transmitted over long distances.
Transformers act through electromagnetic induction; current in the primary coil induces current in
the secondary coil. The secondary voltage is calculated by multiplying the primary voltage by the
ratio of the number of turns in the secondary coil to that in the primary.

Monitoring and alarm system : Most of the power plant operational controls are automatic.
However, at times, manual intervention may be required. Thus, the plant is provided with monitors
and alarm systems that alert the plant operators when certain operating parameters are seriously
deviating from their normal range.

Battery supplied emergency lighting and communication : A central battery system consisting
of lead acid cell units is provided to supply emergency electric power, when needed, to essential
items such as the power plant's control systems, communication systems, turbine lube oil pumps,
and emergency lighting. This is essential for a safe, damage-free shutdown of the units in an
emergency situation.

Control Room and Switchyard : The control room monitors the overall operation of the plant. It is
provided with controls for real and reactive power flow. It is provided with safety relays and
switchgears.

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• Process:-
A steam power plant is a power plant in which prime mover is steam driven. Water is heated ,turns
into steam and spins a steam turbine(Impulse & reaction), which drives an electrical generator.
When the turbine turns, electricity is generated and given as output by the generator, which is then
supplied to the consumers through high-voltage power lines.

COAL HANDLING & DELIVERING SYSTEM:-

In a coal Based Thermal Power Plant , the initial process in the power generation is “Coal
Handling” so in this article I will Discuss the overall Process Carried out a coal handling plant in a
coal based thermal power generating station.
The huge amount of coal is usually supplied through railways. A railway siding line is taken
into the power station and the coal is delivered in the storage yard. The coal is unloaded from the
point of delivery by means of wagon tippler. It is rack and pinion type. The coal is taken from the
unloading site to dead storage by belt conveyors. The belt deliver the coal to 0 meter level &
further moves to transfer point. The transfer points are used to transfer coal to the next belt. The
belt elevates the coal to breaker house. It consists of a rotary machine, which rotates the coal and
separates the light dust from it through the action of gravity and transfer this dust to reject bin
house through belt.

The belt further elevates the coal to the transfer point and it reaches the crusher through belt. In the
crusher a high-speed 3-phase induction motor is used to crush the coal to a size of 50mm so as to
be suitable for milling system. Coal rises from crusher house and reaches the dead storage by
passing through transfer point.

Equipment used in a coal handling plant

1. Pull cord switch

Pull cord switch also known as Rope Operated Emergency Switch is used as safety switch to stop
the conveyor belt in case of an emergency by pulling the Rope. Pull cord switch is mounted on the
walkway side of the conveyor belt, Preferably at about every 30 meters. when the rope is pulls
from any side, the switch gets operated. Unless and until the handle is reset manually position, the
switch remains in operated condition. NC contacts of all pull cord switches are wired in series and
further connected to PLC. when any switch along the belt operates, the contact opens and conveyor
is stopped.

2. Vibrating feeder
The coal stored in a huge hub is collected on the belt through vibrations created by the vibrating
feeder.

3. Flap gates
These are used to channelize the route of coal through another belt in case the former is broken or
unhealthy. The flap gates open let the coal pass and if closed stop its movement.

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4. Magnetic separator
these are used to separate the ferrous impurities from the coal.

5. Metal detector
These are detect the presence of any ferrous and non-ferrous metal in the coal and sends a signal to
a relay which closes to seize the movement of belt until the metal is removed. It basically consists
of a transmitter and a [Link] transmitter consists of a high frequency oscillator, which
produces a. oscillations of 1500 Hz at 15V. The receiver receives this frequency signal. If there is
any presence of metal in the coal. Then this frequency is disturbed and a tripping signal is send to
relay to stop the conveyor belt

6. Belt weightier
It is used to keep an account of the tension & support on the belt carrying coal and is moves
accordingly to release tension on the belt.

7. Reclaim hopper
Reclamation is a process of taking coal from the dead storage for preparation or further feeding to
reclaim hoppers. This is accomplished by belt conveyors

STEAM GENERATION FROM COAL:-

1. Tipplers
Coal from the coal wagons is unloaded in the coal handling plant. This unloading is done by the
“Tipplers”. This coal is transported up to the raw coal bunkers with the help of conveyor belts.

[Link] Crushing
Although coal can be burned in solid form on grates, it is more usual to break it up before feeding
it to the combustion chamber. The treatment depends on the nature of the coal. Some coals lend
themselves to being ground down to a very fine powder (called pulverized fuel (PF)) which is
then carried to the burners by a stream of air. Other coals are fed to impact mills(Formally called
Milling System) which use flails or hammers to break up the material before it is propelled to the
burners by an air stream. The type of mill to be used on a particular plant will be determined by the
process engineers and it is the task of the control engineer to provide a system which is
appropriate. To do this it is necessary to have some understanding of how the relevant type of mill
operates. Various types of pulverized-fuel mill will be encountered, but two are
most commonly used:
 The Pressurized or vertical-spindle ball mill
 horizontal-tube mill
AT PTPS Vertical spindle ball mill is used.
 Vertical-spindle ball mills
Figure shows the operating principle of a typical ball mill, such as the
Babcock 'E' mill. In this device, the coal that is discharged from the
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storage hoppers is fed down a central chute onto a table where it is crushed
by the crushing actions between the rollers and rotating tables rotating steel balls. Air is blown into
the crushed coal and carries it, via adjustable classifier blades, to the PF pipes that transport it to
the
burners. The air that carries the fine particles of coal to the burners is supplied from a fan called a
'primary-air fan'. This delivers air to the mill, which
therefore operates under a pressure which is slightly positive with respect
to the atmosphere outside. Because of this and because of its other constructional
features, this type of mill is properly called a 'vertical-spindle,
pressurized ball mill'. As stated above, the crushed coal in a pressurized ball mill is propelled to
the burners by a stream of warm air for proper drying & obtaining a particular temperature of coal.
Figure shows the arrangement
for doing this: cool air and heated air are mixed to achieve the desired temperature.

[Link]- It is the platform in Furnace upon which Fuel is Burnt & it is made of Cast Iron [Link]
Bars are so arranged that air may pass on to the Fuel for [Link] area of the grate on
which the fire rests in a coal or wood fired boiler is called Grate surface.
4. Furnaces
It is a chamber formed by the space above the grate & below the boiler shell,in which combustion
takes place. It is also called a fire Box.
This crushed coal is taken away to the furnace through coal pipes with the help of hot and cold air
mixture from P.A Fan. P.A Fan takes atmospheric air, a part of which is sent to Air pre-heaters for
heating while a part goes directly to the
mill for temperature control. Atmospheric air from F.D Fan is heated in the air heaters and sent to
the furnace as combustion air.
 F.D(Force draught) Fan:-Force Draught Fan is main auxiliary of Furnace which Provides
Oxygen for Proper Combustioning of [Link] Takes Suction From Environment. It is an
Axial Flow Fan.
Oil Handling Plant:-
In Thermal Power Station Fuel Oil play a vital [Link] burners besides initial lighting up are also
used to provide effective ignition of the coal associated with P.F Burners and to stabilize the
flame .The Burners can provide enough heat to carry on boiling operation of the boilers for the
initial starting period. It can Provide 10-15% of the maximum load. At Lean Period or when it is
desired to Run the Boilers at OFF Load Condition oil Burners are used.
Fuel oil used in Power Stations Are:-
# Heavy Furnace Oil (H.F.O)
# Light Diesel Oil (L.D.O)
# High Speed Diesel Oil (H.S.D)
# Low Sulphur High Stock Oil (L.S.H.S)

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At Panki Thermal Power Station L.D.O is used as Fuel Oil

The Water Treatment plant is required at the water from canal can’t be directly Used in
Boiler for Thermal Electricity Generator water is converted into steam at High Pressure &
It is allowed to force Turbine Rotated and the electricity is Generated. Therefore water is
the basic requirement to the thermal Power plant. Generally in the Thermal Power Plant Is
Employed to Refine the Water.

Necessity of Water Treatment:-

Natural Water Contains Solid,Liquid & Gasseous Impurities and Therefore this water can’t
Be used for Generation of Steam in the Boiler ,The different Effect introduced due to use
Of Unrated Water in the [Link] the water impurities should be removed before its used
as a [Link] following procedure is used in WTP for minimizing the hardness &
removing the impurities:-

Flocculate Plant:-
Here Alum is added is added to water to Precipitate
Dust Particles In [Link] in Alum
neutralizes Charge Dust Particle & this gives Result
to a heavy Complex Compound Which is settled down. Bleaching Powder & limestone along with
chloride is also added in this flocculation Tank to remove temporary hardness & chloride also
removes Bacteria & Organic matter.
This is Called flocculate plant because ,all the mixing and processing is done In flocculation
plant where flocculation Mechanism is also happens.
Sand Filter-
These Stages of sand filter are putt across the flow so as to remove other Suspended Particle, If
any.
Activated Carbon filter-
This Filter is employed for removal of Bacteria and organic material. Here anthracite(Coal) is uses
for Filter.
Cation Exchanger-
At this stage ions are observed by ion exchnanger method,HCl and negative resin are principle
ingredient of this chemical filter
Anion Exchanger:-
Here Negative Ions are observed by Carefully Formulated by positive resin.
Mixed Bed Exchanger:-
Here Remaining a negative ion is removed that is extracted through resin.
The D.M(De mineralized) water is now ready which has some properties-
Conductivity-0.03 to 0.5 (micro/cm2)
PH-6.5
Hardness-NIL
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Boiler:-
Boiler is an apparatus to produce Steam. Thermal energy Released by Combustion of Fuel is
Transferred to water ,Which Vaporizes and gets converted water into steam at the desired
temperature and [Link] is about 52 meter from the ground [Link] its Design The boiler is
a rectangular furnace about 50 ft (15 m) on aside and 130 ft (40 m) tall. Its walls are made of a web
of high pressure steel tubes about 2.3 inches(60 mm) in diameter. Pulverized coal is air-blown into
the furnace from fuel nozzles at the four corners and it rapidly burns, Forminga large fireball at the
center. The thermal radiation of the fireball heats the water that circulates through the boiler tubes
near the boiler perimeter. The water circulation rate in the boiler is three to four times the
throughput and is typically driven by pumps. As the water in the boiler circulates it absorbs heat
and changes into steam at 7000F (3700C)and 3,200psi (22.1MPa). It is separated from the water
inside a drum at the top of the furnace. The saturated steam is introduced into superheat pendant.
tubes that hang in the hottest part of the combustion gases as they exit the furnace. Here the steam
is superheated to 1,000F (540 C) to prepare it for the turbine. The steam generating boiler has to
produce steam at the high purity, pressure and temperature required for the steam turbine
that drives the electrical generator. The generator includes the
• economizer,
• The Boiler Shell
• Setting
• Grate
• The furnace with its steam generating tubes
Necessary safety valves are located at suitable points to avoid
excessive boiler pressure. The air and flue gas path equipment include:
 Forced draft (FD) fan
 Air preheater(APH)
 boiler furnace
 induced draft (ID) fan
 Fly ash collectors (electrostatic precipitator or bag house) and The flue gas stack.
The Steam produced is used for Producing Mechanical work by expanding it in steam engine or
steam turbine.
According the Process Boiler is of two type-
[Link] Tube Boiler-In water Tube boilers,Water cIrculates through the tubes and hot products of
Combustion Flow over These tubes.
[Link] Tube Boiler –In this fire flows in the tubes & tubes is surrounded by water,Fire tube boilers
have low Initial cost in compare to Water Tube Boiler.
At PTPS Water Tube Boilers Are Used.
• Boilers are also called Steam Generator

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Boiler Shell or Boiler Drum:-The Shell or drum Consist of one or more Steel Plates bent Into
Cylinderical Form land Riveted or welded [Link] shell end are closed with the end [Link]
second or down plate made more thicker than upper because all load applied on [Link] is the main
drum which Received D.M Water from Boiler Feed Pump Passing through High Pressure Heater &
Economizer at a operating Pressure of 183kg/cm2 From Boiler [Link] Water Runs through the
[Link] Tubes are known as down comers.

Setting- The Primary Function of setting is to continue Heat to the Boiler by the Passes of gases
taking From FD Fan .It is made from Brickwork.

Grate- It is the platform in Furnace upon which Fuel is Burnt & it is made of Cast Iron [Link]
Bars are so arranged that air may pass on to the Fuel for [Link] area of the grate on
which the fire rests in a coal or wood fired boiler is called Grate surface.

Furnaces-It is a chamber formed by the space above the grate & below the
boiler shell,in which combustion takes place. It is also called a fire Box.

Mountings-The Items Such as Stop Valve ,Safety valve, Water level Gauges,
Fusible Plug,Blow off cock ,Pressure Gauges,Water level Indicator etc. are the mountings and a
boiler can’t work safely without these.
Path away Accessories or Integral Part of Boilers:-
 Economizer:-Economizer is an important boiler [Link] work of Economizer is
preheating of Feed water of boiler and to less Fuel consumption Furnace. Preheating of feed
Water is done by Flue Gases which is comes from after burning of Fuel in the Combustion
Chamber. The Temperature of Feed Water at inlet of economizer is in Range of 160-1800C
And after Leaving it,It becomes [Link] is located in Rear Side of Boiler.
 Rotating Air Pre Heater:- The Purpose of Air Preheater is to Recover heat of the Flue Gases
Which is at a Considerably High as PA Fans Temperature. It Rotates at the Speed of 176
rpm. The Heat of the flue gases is absorbed by Heating Surface of air pre heaters and then
transfer to the cool air coming From P.A Fans.
• LPH(Low Pressure Heater):-it takes Extraction from Turbine & gives these Extraction to
Condensate Water Cycle for PreHeating of this [Link] is Situated at 4meter level on
Turbine Side.
• HPH(High Pressure Heater):- Its work same as LPH to Preheat of Feed water by bleeding of
Turbine.
 Dearator:-Work of Dearator is to Dearate of Water means to Remove Dissolve Gases from
DM water & to Give Proper Suction To Boiler Feed [Link] is Situated at 27meter level in
Boiler side.

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 Boiler Feed Pump:-Its work is to take suction from dearator and give it to Boiler Drum on
High Pressure(183Kg/cm2).Cycle of Dearator to boiler drum is called Feed Water [Link] is
situated at 0 meter level on Turbine side.
 F.D(Force draught) Fan:-Force Draught Fan is main auxiliary of Furnace which Provides
Oxygen for Proper Combustioning of Fuel. It Takes Suction From Environment. It is an
Axial Flow Fan.

ID fan(Induced Draft Fan):-basically pulls out flue gas from the furnace of boiler. It is located
between dust precipitators(ESPs) and Chimney. Obviously it handles hot air/dust. Whereas, FD
fan(Forced Draft Fan)supplies the required air into the furnace for combustion of fuel. It handles
air at normal temperature. The capacity/power rating of ID fan will be more than that of FD fan.

Chimney:-When Coal burns in Furnace then Produce Smoke, Flew Gases which content
NO,SO2,CO,C etc. that ash is send in to Electro Static precipitation and ash comes out with water
but some Ash is sucked by I.D fan which send into chimney with the smoke so the some which is
passing through Chimney is Black.
Super Heater:-The Function of a super heater is to Increase the Temperature of Steam above Its
Saturation [Link] Super heater is very important accessory of a Boiler & used in both in Fire
Tube & Water Tube Boiler.
• Steam Turbine
Steam turbines are used in all of our major coal fired power stations to
drive the generators or alternators, which produce electricity. The turbines themselves are driven
by steam generated in 'Boilers' or 'Steam Generators' as they are sometimes called.
Energy in the steam after it leaves the boiler is converted into rotational energy as it passes through
the turbine. The turbine normally consists of several stages with each stage consisting of a
stationary blade (or nozzle) and a rotating blade. Stationary blades convert the potential energy
of the steam (temperature and pressure) into kinetic energy (velocity) And
direct the flow onto the rotating blades. The rotating blades convert the kinetic energy into forces,
caused by pressure drop, which results in the rotation of the turbine shaft. The turbine shaft
is connected to a generator, which produces the electrical energy. The
rotational speed is 3000 rpm for Indian System (50 Hz)systems and 3600 for American (60 Hz)
systems.

In a typical larger power stations, the steam turbines are split into three separate stages, the first
being the High Pressure (HP), the second the Intermediate Pressure (IP) and
the third the Low Pressure (LP) stage, where
high, intermediate and low describe the pressure of the steam. After the steam
has passed through the HP stage, it is returned to the boiler to be re-heated
to its original temperature although the pressure remains greatly reduced. The reheated steam then
passes through the IP stage and finally to the LP stage of the turbine.
A distinction is made between "impulse" and "reaction“ turbine designs based on the relative
pressure drop across the stage. There are two measures for pressure drop, the pressure ratio and

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the percent reaction. Pressure ratio is the pressure at the stage exit divided by the pressure at the
stage entrance. Reaction is the percentage is entropic enthalpy drop across the rotating blade or
bucket compared to the total stage enthalpy drop. Some manufacturers utilize percent pressure drop
across stage to define reaction.

At High Pressure (H.P) Turbine:-

Entrance Pressure-5350C-5400C
Entrance Temperature-130Kg/cm2
Exit Pressure - 26Kg/cm2
Exit Temperature-3400C
At Intermediate Pressure(I.P) Turbine:-
Entrance Pressure-24Kg/cm2
Entrance Temperature-5350C
Exit Pressure-1.02 Kg/cm2
Exit Temperature-1400C

Generator:-
An electric Generator is a machine which converts Mechanical Energy (or Power) into Electrical
Energy. This Energy Conversion is based on the principle of the production of dynamically
induced e.m.f is Produced in it according to faraday’s law, “Whenever a conductor is moving in a
magnetic Field then it cuts Magnetic Flux and there were an E.M.F(Electro magnetic Force)
Produced ,which is Called Induced E.M.F.”

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