Importance of Manufacturing
The manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development due to the following
reasons.
1. Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture as it provides jobs in secondary
and tertiary sectors.
2. It helps in the eradication of unemployment and poverty.
3. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and brings in much-needed
foreign exchange.
4. It helps in prospering the country by giving a boost to the economy.
Industrial Location
Industrial locations are influenced by the availability of:
• Raw material Labour Capital
• Power Market Government policies
.
1. Agro-Based Industries
Cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and edible oil, etc. industries are based on agricultural
raw materials..
Textile Industry
Cotton Textiles
Jute Textiles
India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods. Most of the mills are located in West
Bengal, mainly along the banks of the Hugli River.
Sugar Industry
India stands second as a world producer of sugar but occupies first place in the production of
Gur and Khandsari. This industry is seasonal in nature.
2. Mineral-Based Industries
Iron and Steel Industry
India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world, yet, we are not able to
perform to our full potential largely due to the following reasons.
• High costs and limited availability of coking coal
• Lower productivity of labour
• Irregular supply of energy
• Poor infrastructure
Aluminium Smelting
Aluminium Smelting is the second most important metallurgical industry in India. It is used to
manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires. Bauxite is the raw material used in the smelters.
Aluminium smelting has gained popularity as a substitute for steel, copper, zinc and lead in a
number of industries. It exhibits the following properties:
• Light in weight Resistant to corrosion A good conductor of heat
• Malleable Becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals
Chemical Industries
Organic chemicals include petrochemicals, which are used for manufacturing synthetic fibres,
synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals.
Fertilizer Industry
Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala contribute towards half of the fertilizer
production.
Cement Industry
Automobile Industry
Information Technology and Electronics Industry
Bengaluru is known as the electronic capital of India.
Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation
Industries are responsible for 4 types of pollution:
1. Air
2. Water
3. Land
4. Noise
Control of Environmental Degradation
1. Minimising the use of water by reusing and recycling it.
2. Harvesting rainwater to meet water requirements.
3. Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
4. Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with
electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.
5. Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
6. Machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.
Question-5
Why are most of the jute mills of India located in West Bengal?
Solution:
1. About 90% of India’s jute is produced in the Ganga- Brahmaputra delta. Hence there is
abundant and regular supply of jute.
2. Coal is obtained from Raniganj coalfields, which is less the 200km away.
3. Hooghly river provides fresh water in abundance it the industry for washing jute and jute
goods.
4. Cheap skilled and unskilled labour is available from the densely populated states of [Link],
Bihar, and U.P.
5. Cheap water transportation with a network of roads and railways help in collection of raw
materials and distribution of finished goods.
6. Cheap and adequate hydel power is available from the Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC).
7. Kolkata provides good port facilities for the import of machinery and export of finished jute
products.
Question-10
Describe briefly the distribution of railway equipments industries in India.
Solution:
The railway equipments industries are at different places.
The steam engines, diesel engines and electric engines are manufactured at Chittaranjan in the
West Bengal, Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh and Jamshedpur in Jharkhand. Rails and sleeper bars are
manufactured at different steel plants. Coaches are manufactured at Parambur, Bangalore,
Kapurthala and Kolkata.
Question-11
Why is the iron and steel industry located in Peninsular India only?
Solution:
Iron-ore, coking coal and limestone are the basic raw material for the iron and steel industry.
Iron and steel industry is located near the iron and coal deposits particularly at Jamshedpur in
Bihar or in the Chhotanagpur area, bordering West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh,
because of the following reasons:
1. All the raw materials required for iron and steel industry like iron-ore, coking coal and the
limestone are available in this area.
2. Because all these things are heavy and bulky ,the location of this industry is therefore,
governed by the close proximity to raw materials. Bulky and heavy raw materials exert much
pressure to locate the industry nearby i.e., in the Chhotanagpur area. Jamshedpur, Bokaro and
Durgapur etc, are all situated in this area.
3. Means of transport, like railways and roads, also pass through this area on stupendous scale,
so manufactured goods can easily be distributed within the country and also exported to other
countries.
4. Fourthly, if the iron and steel industries are near the iron and coal mines, the labour problem
is also solved to a great extent. The labour and other facilities are easily available there.
Question-12
Describe briefly the distribution of silk textile industry in India.
Solution:
Distribution of Silk Textile Industry in India
1. Mulberry, tasar, chanderi and munga silk are major silk varieties that are produced in India.
2. There are 90 big and small silk mills, producing silk goods in the country.
3. More than 90% of the country’s silk production comes from Karnataka, West Bengal, Jammu
and Kashmir.
4. Main silk producing centers are. (I) Bungler, Kolar, Mysore and Belgaum in Karnataka.
(ii) Murshabad and Bankure in West Bengal.
(iii) Anantnag, Baramula and Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir.
Question-13
Describe the distribution of ship-building industry in India.
Solution:
Ship building Industry in India
[Link] building is a large industry, which needs huge investment of capital.
2. At present, Vishakapattanam, Kolkatta, Kochi, Mumbai and Marmugao are major ship building
centres of the country. All these centres are in public sector.
[Link] are also private sector shipyards. They look after the local needs of the people.
4. Vishakapattanam produces the ship of maximum size of 1,00,000 DWT (Dead weight
Tonnage) and Kochi produces the ship of maximum size of 50,000 DWT.
[Link] dry docks are also engaged in the repairs of ships in the country.
Question-14
How does industrial pollution degrade environment?
Solution:
Industries have increased pollution and degraded environment. Industries create four types of
pollution mainly air, water, land and noise. The smoke emitted by the industry pollutes the air
and water very badly. Air pollution is caused by the presence of a higher proportion of
undesirable gases such as carbon monoxide and sulphur oxide.
Source of water pollution are numerous. Most important are the industrial effluent that
discharge into rivers. They are both organic and inorganic. They pollute the water. Unwanted
loud noise is also pollution. It arises from industries and other means of transport. Noise causes
impairment of hearing.
Describe the distribution of ship-building industry in India.
Solution:
Ship building Industry in India
[Link] building is a large industry, which needs huge investment of capital.
2. At present, Vishakapattanam, Kolkatta, Kochi, Mumbai and Marmugao are major ship building
centres of the country. All these centres are in public sector.
[Link] are also private sector shipyards. They look after the local needs of the people.
4. Vishakapattanam produces the ship of maximum size of 1,00,000 DWT (Dead weight
Tonnage) and Kochi produces the ship of maximum size of 50,000 DWT.
[Link] dry docks are also engaged in the repairs of ships in the country.