Order of the Red Banner of Labour Medical Institute named after S.I.
Georgievsky (the academic unit of
the V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal Universi
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR IGOR A. LUGIN
ORAL
CAVITY
PHARINX
ESOPHAGUS
ALIMENTARY
CANAL
STOMACH
DIGESTIVE
SMALL
SYSTEM INTESTINE
MAJOR SALIVERY
GLAND LARGE
INTESTINE
ANAL
CANAL
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND
ALIMENTARY CANAL
Upper
portion
Chemical
digestion,
Mechanical absorption
digestion of nutrients
and water,
etc.
Middle portion
Evacuation of waist Lower
products portion
Major layers and organization of
the digestive tract
← Mucosa
← Submucosa
← Muscularis externa
← Serosa
TYPES OF STRUCTURAL UNITS
ORAL CAVITY – Papilla’s, Crypts
Esophagus – Longitudinal folds
Stomach – Gastric glands and
mamillated areas
Small Intestine – Villi and Crypts
Large Intestine – Crypts
Anal Canal – Columns of Morgagni
THE ESOPHAGUS CONTAINS ALSO 4-LAYERS: MUCOSA –SUBMUCOSA-
MESCULARIS –ADVETNTITIA OR SEROSA. IN SUBMUCOSA SITUATED
ESPHAGIAL PROPER GLANDS + LOOSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE +
MEISNRER’S SUBMUCOSA NERVE GANLIONAR PLEXUS
STOMACH
A HOLLOW MUSCULAR ORGAN
WITH A SECRETORY
GLANDULAR MUCOSA WHICH
PROVIDES FUNCTIONS:
SECRETORY,
EXCRETORY,
ABSORBTION OF WATER AND
ALHOGOL
DEPONATION OF CHIMUS
MECHANICAL PROCESSING
REGIONAL ENDOCRINE
REGULATION
SMALL INTESTINE
The small intestine is about 5 m
long. It consists of three parts:
1. duodenum;
2. jejunum;
3. ileum
It is a tubular organ
The wall of the small intestine is
made up of three membranes:
mucous, muscular and serous.
The mucous membrane contains:
• circular folds;
• villi;
• crypts
LARGE INTERSTINE
The large intestine or bowel, which
absorbs water and electrolytes and
forms indigestible material into
feces, has the following regions: the
short cecum, with the ileocecal
valve and
the appendix; the ascending,
transverse, descending, and
sigmoid colon; and the rectum,
where feces are stored prior to
evacuation
ORGANOGENESIS
Alimentary tract is
developed from all 3 germ
layers:
Epithelium from ectoderm
and mesoderm,
Loose irregular connective
tissue – vessels and smooth
muscles from mesenchyme
Mesothelium – of serosa
from splanchnic-mesoderm
and striated muscle from
somatic mesoderm
THE SOURS OF
DEVELOPMENT
Entoderm
Esophagus
ECTODERM MESENCHYME Stomach
Stomodeum, Connective tissue, Intestine
Proctodeum Blood vessels
Liver
Salivary gland Smooth muscle
Pancreas
STOMADEUM FORMATION
Development of Esophagus
The esophagus develops from the foregut immediately
caudal to the pharynx
The partitioning of the trachea from the esophagus by the
tracheoesophageal septum
Initially, the esophagus is short, but it elongates rapidly,
mainly because of the growth and relocation of the heart
and lungs.
OBLITERATION The esophagus reaches its final relative length by the
seventh week.
Its epithelium and glands are derived from endoderm
that proliferates and, partly or completely,
RECANALIZATION obliterates the lumen of the esophagus.
However, recanalization of the esophagus normally
occurs by the end of the eighth week.
Development of Esophagus
The striated muscle forming the muscularis externa
(external muscle) of the superior third of the esophagus is
derived
from mesenchyme in the fourth and sixth pharyngeal
arches. The smooth muscle, mainly in the inferior third of
the esophagus, develops from the surrounding splanchnic
mesenchyme.
Recent studies indicate trans-differentiation of smooth
muscle cells in the superior part of the esophagus to
striated muscle,
which is dependent on myogenic regulatory factors.
Both types of muscle are innervated by branches of the
vagus nerves (cranial nerve X), which supply the
caudal pharyngeal arches
Development of Stomach
Initially the distal part of the foregut is a tubular
structure.
During the fourth week, a slight-dilation indicates
the site of the primordial stomach.
The dilation-first appears as a fusiform
enlargement of the caudal (distal) part of the
foregut and is
initially oriented in the median plan
The primordial stomach soon enlarges and
broadens ventrodorsally.
During the next 2 weeks, the dorsal border of the
stomach grows faster than its ventral border;
this demarcates the developing greater curvature of
the stomach
Mesenteries of Stomach
The stomach is suspended from the dorsal wall of the abdominal
cavity by a dorsal mesentery, the primordial dorsal mesogastrium
This mesentery, originally in the median plane, is carried to the
left during
rotation of the stomach and formation of the omental bursa or
lesser sac of
the peritoneum
The mesentery also contains the spleen and celiac artery.
The primordial ventral mesogastrium attaches to the stomach; it
also attaches
5 week
the duodenum to the liver and ventral abdominal wall
Development of Intestine
Early in the fourth week, the duodenum
begins to develop
from the caudal part of the foregut,
cranial part of the midgut, and
splanchnic
Mesenchyme associated with these
parts of the primordial gut.
The junction of the two parts of the
duodenum is just distal to the origin of
the bile duct.
The developing duodenum grows
rapidly, forming a C-shaped loop that
projects ventrally
FORMATION OF DUADEUM AND LOOPS
As the stomach rotates, the duodenal loop rotates to the right and is pressed against the
posterior wall of the abdominal cavity, or in a retroperitoneal position (external to the
peritoneum) Because of its derivation from the foregut and- midgut, the- duodenum is- supplied by
Branches of the celiac trunk and superior-mesenteric arteries that supply these parts of the primordial
gut
During the fifth- and sixth weeks, the lumen of the- duodenum- becomes- progressively
smaller and is temporarily obliterated because of- proliferation of its- epithelial- cells.
Normally, vacuolation(formation of vacuoles) occurs as the epithelial cells degenerate;
as a result, the duodenum becomes recanalized by the
end of the embryonic period
Herniation and rotation of the midgut
loop
At the beginning of the sixth week
The herniation-occurs because there is not enough room in the
abdominal cavity for the- rapidly growing
midgut.
The- shortage of space is caused mainly by the relatively massive liver
and kidneys
The midgut loop has a cranial- (proximal) limb- and a caudal (distal)
limb and- I
suspended from the dorsal abdominal wall- by an elongated- mesentery,
the dorsal
mesogastrium.
The omphaloenteric duct is attached to the apex of the midgut loop
where the two- limbs join.
The cranial limb grows rapidly and forms small-intestinal loops but the
caudal limb
Undergoes very little change except for development- of
the cecal swelling-diverticulum,
the primordium of the cecum and appendix
The mucous membrane forms
numerous folds that disappear STOMACH
when the stomach is distended
The lining epithelium is simple
columnar secretory.
The lining epithelium has
depressions into the lamina
propria to form gastric pits
lamina muscularis mucosae
Smooth muscle tissue
1-3 layers
2 layers (3 in stomach):
inner – circular,
outmost – longitudinal
In some regions – tongue
lamina muscularis
mucosae not exist
FUNDUS OF STOMACH
Pylorus OF STOMACH
Types of cells in gastric
gland
The surface mucous cells that line
the lumen and gastric pits secrete a
thick, adherent, and highly viscous
mucous layer, which is rich in
bicarbonate ions and protects
the mucosa from both abrasive
effects of intraluminal food
and the corrosive effects of stomach
acid
Stem cells for the epithelium lining
the glands, pits, and stomach lumen
are found in a narrow segment
(isthmus)
THE REGULATION
OF
MORPHOGENESIS
BY SINGNAL
PATHWAY Wnt
GENE Barx1
EXPRESSION
from
mesenchyme
absent of Barx1 is
blockage of
Wnt
SURFACE FUCTIONAL UNITS IN STOMACH
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MUCOUS NECK CELLS
CHEEF CELLS PARIETAL CELLS
CHEEF AND PARIETAL CELLS IN GASTRIG GLANDS BOTTOMS
HEMTOXYLIN AND EOSIN STAIN
14-
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14-
33
СК желудка зависят от сигнального пути Wnt и экспрессируют поверхностный маркер Lgr5
LEANEGES OF STOMACH CELLS
PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONICAL INFLAMATION
Small INTERSTINE
The circular folds (composed by all layers of
the mucous membrane)
increase the absorptive
surface of the intestine in 3
times, the villi – in 10 times,
microvilli – in 20 times
(all together – in 600 times).
As a result, a total absorptive
area in the small intestine is
over 200 m2
System – villi - crypts
The villi are finger-like extensions 1
mm long and 0.1mm width.
They consist of a loose connective
tissue core covered by a surface
epithelium.
The connective tissue core contains
numerous blood capillaries and a
central lymphatic capillary allows
the rapid absorption of nutrients into
the blood and lymph.
The Structure of the Digestive Tract
These finger- or leaflike projections are
covered by a simple columnar epithelium
of absorptive cells called enterocytes, with
many
interspersed goblet cells.
Each villus has a core of loose connective
tissue that extends from the lamina propria and
contains fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells,
lymphocytes and plasma cells, fenestrated
capillaries, and
a central lymphatic called a lacteal.
crypts of Lieberkühn
Between the villi are the
openings of short tubular
glands called intestinal
glands or crypts (or crypts of
Lieberkühn) and the
epithelium of each villus is
continuous with that of
the intervening glands and
the epithelium of the
ordered region called the
striated (or brush) border.
Ultrastructure of striated
border is seen to be a layer
of densely packed
microvilli covered by
glycocalyx
Types of cells
Goblet cells are interspersed among the absorptive
enterocytes
They secrete glycoprotein mucins, which are then
hydrated to form mucus, whose main function is to
protect and lubricate the lining of the intestine
Paneth cells, located in the basal portion of the intestinal
crypts below the stem cells, are exocrine cells with
large, eosinophilic secretory granules in their apical
cytoplasm .
Paneth cell granules release lysozyme, phospholipase A2
and hydrophobic peptides called defensins, all of which
bind and break down membranes of microorganisms and
bacterial cell walls.
DUADENUM
Jejunum
14-53
Nick Barker
Ex vivo culture of
the intestinal
epithelium:
strategies
and applications
Gut. 2014 Aug;63(8).
Types of cells
Enteroendocrine cells are present in varying
numbers
throughout the length of the small intestine,
secreting various peptide hormones
M (microfold) cells are unique epithelial cells
specialized
for transepithelial transport of particles and
microorganisms, located mainly in the ileum’s
mucosa overlying the lymphoid follicles of Peyer
patches
Enteroendocrine
cells
Many in crypts
EC
G
I
S
K
D
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MALT
MOCUS
ASSOCIATE
LYMPHOID
TISSUE
Peyer's
patches
SOLITARIC
LYMPATIC
NODULES
STRUCTURE OF COLON
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CRYPTS OF COLON
The mucous membrane
of the large intestine
composes the numerous
circular folds.
There are no villi in it.
The mucosa shows
numerous crypts
similar to those in the
small intestine, but they
are larger and have
more goblet cells
Appendix
Enteroendocrine
cells
Many in crypts
EC
ECL
MUSCULARIS EXTERNA
MUSCULARIS EXTERNA
In the muscle membrane longitudinal layer the muscle
cells are collected to form three thick bands,
the taeniae coli.
Only a thin layer of the longitudinal bundles of smooth
muscle cells is present in the intervals between
the taeniae coli.
That structure is regional adaptation for accumulations
of faecal mass as well as special anal columns of
Morgagni
VASCULARISATION
The wall high vascularized by
fenestrated capillaries networks but
more developed arteries and veins
occupied the Submucosa membrane
and lamina propria
So many arterio-venular anastomosis
identify in all layers of connective tissue
and muscle layers
Innervation
The submucosa has larger blood and lymph
vessels and the diffuse, interconnected neurons of
the submucosal (Meissner) nerve plexus.
The muscularis is well developed in
composed of an internal circular layer, an
external longitudinal layer, and between them
the neurons of
the myenteric (Auerbach) nerve plexus
which produce peristalsis
Neurons of both the submucosal and myenteric
plexuses are largely autonomic and collectively
make up the large enteric nervous system.
Thank you very much
Igor Lugin 2025