sairam
FOURIER TRANSFORMS AND
INVERSE TRANSFORMS
LIST OF CONTENTS
• FOURIER TRANSFORMS AND INVERSE
TRANSFORMS
– Introduction.
– Properties of Fourier transform.
– Fourier transform of a periodic signal.
– Modulation.
– Inverse Fourier transforms.
INTRODUCTION
Purpose:
• Non – periodic signals can be represented with
the help of Fourier transform.
• Fourier transform provides effective reversible
link between frequency domain and time domain
representation of the signal.
• For non – periodic signals T0 ∞. Hence ω0=0.
Therefore spacing between the spectral
components becomes infinitesimal and hence the
spectrum appears to be continuous.
Definition of Fourier transforms:
The Fourier transform of x(t) is defined as ,
Here ‘x(t)’ is time domain representation of the signal
and ‘X(ω)’ or ‘X(f)’ is frequency domain representation
of the signal ‘ω’ is the frequency .
Sometimes X(ω) is also written as X(jω).
Similarly x(t) can be obtained from X(ω) by inverse
Fourier transform i.e.,
Existence of Fourier transforms – Dirichlet conditions :
Following conditions should be satisfied by the function x(t) for Fourier transform to
exist.
•Single valued property : x(t) must have only value at any time instant over a finite time
interval T.
•Finite discontinuities : x(t) should have at the most finite number of discontinuities over a
finite time interval T.
•Finite peaks : The signal x(t) should have finite number of maxima and minima over a
finite time interval T.
•Absolute integrability : x(t) should be absolutely integrable i.e.,
These conditions are sufficient , but not necessary for the signal to be Fourier
transformable .
PROPERTIES OF FOURIER TRANSFORM
Meaning : The Fourier transform of linear combination of the
signals is equal to linear combination of their Fourier transforms
. It is also called as superposition.
Proof :
Meaning : A shift of ‘t0’ in time domain is equivalent to introducing a phase shift of –
ωt0 . But amplitude remains same.
Proof :
Frequency shift :
Meaning : It states that by shifting the frequency by ‘β’ in frequency
domain is equivalent to multiplying the time domain signal by ejβt .
Time Scaling :
Meaning : Compression of a signal in time domain is equivalent to expansion in frequency domain
and vice versa.
Proof :
Frequency – Differentiation :
Meaning : Differentiating the frequency spectrum is equivalent to multiplying the
time domain signal by complex number –jt.
Proof :
Time – Differentiation :
Meaning : Differentiation in time domain corresponds to multiplying by jω in frequency
domain . It accentuates high frequency components of the signal.
Proof :
The Fourier transform is multiplied by ‘jω’ .
Convolution :
Meaning : A convolution operation is transformed to modulation in frequency domain.
Proof
Integration :
Meaning : Integration in time represents smoothing in time domain . This smoothing in
time corresponds to de-emphasizing the high frequency components of the signal .
Proof :
Let x(t) be expressed as ,
By differentiation property right hand side of above equation becomes ,
Modulation :
Meaning : Modulation in time domain corresponds to convolution of spectrums in
frequency domain .
Proof :
Putting for x(t) we get ,
Duality :
Inverse Fourier transform is given as ,
Interchanging t by ω we get ,
Interchanging ω by –ω we get ,
Right hand side of above equation is Fourier transform of X(t) i.e.,
Symmetry : Let x(t) be real signal and
Parseval’s Theorem or Rayleigh’s Theorem :
Meaning : Energy of the signal can be obtained by interchanging its energy
spectrum .
Proof :