FUNDAMENTALS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
Public speaking or the act of performing a speech in front of a live audience, is an integral part
of scientific communication.
Public speaking has two main components:
1. content (what you say)
determines how impactful your talk can be,
2. delivery (how you say it).
determines how impactful your talk actually is.
Confidence is the key!
Practice, Practice, Practice!THERE ARE THREE INGREDIENTS IN ANY SPEAKING EVENT:
THE SPEAKER, THE MESSAGE, AND THE AUDIENCE.
LEARN SKILLS AND STRATEGIES TO PREPARE YOURSELF AS A SPEAKER AND TO
DELIVER A CLEAR MESSAGE AND ENGAGING PRESENTATION TO ANY
AUDIENCE.
TYPES OF COMMUNICA TIVE STRATEGIES
NOMINATION
- starting a conversation or introducing a new topic
- ex: asking questions, news inquiries, news announcement
RESTRICTION
- limiting the conversation to a specific topic or rule
- you are given instructions you must follow
- ex your teacher assigned you to brainstorm on peer pressure
TURN TAKING
- Giving others a chance to [Link] the floor; don’t interrupt,wait for your turn
- ex: "what do you think?", "You were wanting to say something?"
TOPIC CONTROL
- to control and prevent unnecessary interruptions and topic shifts in a certain conversation
- managing, steering, regulating, guiding
-ex: using minimal responser like ves "day" "go an" "You're excited, aren't you?", "TH was
unexpected, wasn't it?"
TOPIC SHIFTING
- moving from one topic to another.
- transitioning, changing, subject, redirecting, moving on
ex: By the way, In addition to what you say, which reminds me of
REPAIR
- fixing misunderstandings or clarifying.
- correction, adjustment clarification, fixing
TERMINATION
- Properly concluding a conversation using verbal and nonverbal
communication.
Communication strategies are the ways we adjust how we talk so that others can
understand us better.
Turn taking - Share speaking time without interrupting
Topic shifting - Changing subject smoothly
Topic control - Keeping the conversation on point
Termination - Ending a conversation
Restriction - Limiting or following rules in speaking
Repair - Correcting mistakes
Nomination - Introducing a topic
Principles of Speech Writing
1. Audience Profile
important details about your audience that will help you plan your speech
Aside from knowing your audience, find a way to build rapport and relationship with them
through your message.
Knowing your audience profile or characteristics helps you plan your speech in terms of topic,
word choice, examples, language, and duration.
Demography (age range, male-female ratio, educational background, nationality, economic
status, etc.)
Situation (time, venue, occasion, and size)
Psychology (values, beliefs, preferences, cultural and racial ideologies, and others.
2. Logical Organization
Your speech must follow a certain flow if you intend to communicate your ideas clearly and
effectively.
Identify the goal or purpose of your speech and then choose the organizational pattern that will
best serve your goal or purpose.
Writing patterns: Biographical, Categorical/Topical, Causal,
Chronological, Comparison/Contrast, Problem-Solution
For instance, the biographical pattern is useful only if you are sharing
about the life of a person. If your purpose is to persuade, then the
A biographical pattern will not be useful.
Purpose: To inform
Specific Purpose: To persuade the community members to reduce, reuse, and recycle as
means of eliminating garbage and protecting the environment
Topic: Promoting the importance of reducing, reusing, and recycling in eliminating wastes and
protecting the environment
Pattern: Problem-Solution
Introduction:
-Share facts on the current situation of the environment.
-State the message of the speech (specific topic).
Body
- Discuss how improper waste disposal becomes an environmental problem.
- Explain how reducing, reusing, and recycling would eliminate wastes and protect the
environment.
Conclusion:
-State the specific purpose of your speech again.
-Call for action.
3. Duration
speech must be just long enough to fulfill your speech goals but short enough to hold your
audience’s attention
4. Word Choice
-your choice of words will depend primarily on your audience
-consider the situation, event, or occasion on which you will deliver the speech
-formality of the language will depend on the occasion
5. Grammatical Correctness
-strive to learn and master the language to avoid grammatical lapses
-Lapses in grammar may make it difficult for your audience to completely grasp the message
that you want to convey and also may compromise your own credibility.
- make time to edit/revise it
-have somebody listen to you speak and ask for
feedback
Principles of Speech Writing
Audience Profile
Logical Organization
Duration
Word Choice
Grammatical Correctness
Principles of Speech Delivery
Articulation
-Produce and speak speech sounds clearly and correctly to emphasize important points and
convey emotions more effectively.
Modulation
Controlling or adjusting the tone or volume of the voice to get the attention of the listeners.
Stage Presence
being able to “own the stage” and project your personality in a way that captivates the audience
Facial Expressions, Gestures, and Movements
help enhance verbal content of our speech
Rapport with the Audience
There is harmony between the speaker and the audience.
TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
To inform - aim to give the audience knowledge or facts
Speech about objects or people,processes, events,concepts
To entertain - aims to make the audience relax,enjoy or laugh
Examples:tell jokes or funny stories,Dramatize experiences,recall a scary story
To persuade - aims to convince or encourage audiences to accept a perspective or an idea
ACCORDING TO DELIVERY
Memorized Speech
- Speaking with advanced preparation
- Planned and rehearsed speech
Impromptu Speech
· Speaking without advanced preparation
· Spoken conversationally
· Unrehearsed speech
Manuscript Speech
· Speaking with advanced preparation
· Planned and rehearsed speech
· Reading aloud a written message
Extemporaneous Speech
· Speaking with limited preparation
· Guided by notes or outline
· Delivered conversationally
· Most popular type
Speech According to Pur
pose
To Inform – give facts
To Entertain – make happy
To Persuade – change mind
Speech According to Delivery
Memorized – learned by heart
Impromptu – on the spot
Manuscript – read word-for-word
Extemporaneous – with brief notes