GENERAL PHYSICS QUARTER 2 REVIEWER

1. Impulse and Momentum

This topic describes how the motion of objects changes when they interact through forces and
collisions. Momentum is a measure of an object's "quantity of motion." A heavier object or a faster-
moving object has more momentum. When a force acts on an object for a period of time, it delivers
an Impulse, which changes the object's momentum. In a closed system where no external forces act,
the total momentum is always conserved. This is crucial for analyzing collisions, which are
categorized based on whether kinetic energy is also conserved.
 Key Variables:
o p = momentum (kg·m/s)

o m = mass (kg)

o v = velocity (m/s)

o J = impulse (N·s)

o F = force (N)

o Δt = time interval (s)

 Core Formulas:
o Momentum: p = m * v

o Impulse-Momentum Theorem: J = F * Δt = Δp (Change in momentum)

o Conservation of Momentum: m₁v₁(initial) + m₂v₂(initial) = m₁v₁(final) +

m₂v₂(final)
o Perfectly Inelastic Collision (objects stick): m₁v₁ + m₂v₂ = (m₁ + m₂)v_final

 Example:
A 1,000 kg car (m₁) moving at 20 m/s (v₁ᵢ) hits and sticks to a stationary 1,500 kg car (m₂).
This is a perfectly inelastic collision. To find their final velocity (v_f):
(1000 kg)(20 m/s) + (1500 kg)(0 m/s) = (1000 kg + 1500 kg) * v_f
Solving this gives v_f = 8 m/s.

2. Rotational Motion (Kinematics)

Rotational kinematics deals with the motion of objects that spin around a fixed axis of rotation.
Instead of using linear measurements, we use angular ones. The Angular Displacement (θ) describes
how much an object has rotated. The rate of this rotation is its Angular Velocity (ω), and how quickly
that velocity changes is the Angular Acceleration (α). These angular quantities are directly related to
their linear counterparts, like tangential speed.
 Key Variables:
o θ = angular displacement (radians, rad)

o ω = angular velocity (rad/s)

o α = angular acceleration (rad/s²)

o v = tangential velocity (m/s)

 o r = radius (m)

o t = time (s)

 Core Formulas:
o Angular Displacement: θ = s / r (where s is arc length)

o Angular Velocity: ω = Δθ / Δt

o Link to Linear Velocity: v = r * ω

o Kinematic Equation: ω_f = ω_i + αt (and others analogous to linear motion)

 Example:
A bicycle wheel with a radius (r) of 0.35 m is moving with a tangential speed (v) of 7 m/s. Its
angular velocity (ω) is:
ω = v / r = 7 m/s / 0.35 m = 20 rad/s.

3. Oscillations & Planetary Motion

This section covers repetitive motions and orbital mechanics. Kepler's Laws describe how planets
move in elliptical orbits, with a key relationship between their orbital period and distance from the
sun. Periodic Motion is any motion that repeats itself, like a mass on a spring or a pendulum. The
time for one complete cycle is the Period (T), and the maximum distance from the center is
the Amplitude (A). Damped Motion describes how real-world oscillations, like those in car shocks,
lose energy and slow down.
 Key Variables:
o T = period (s)

o m = mass (kg)

o k = spring constant (N/m)

o L = length of pendulum (m)

o g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s²)

 Core Formulas:
o Spring-Mass Period: T = 2π * √(m / k)

o Simple Pendulum Period: T = 2π * √(L / g)

o Kepler's 3rd Law: T² ∝ R³ (Period squared is proportional to orbital radius cubed)

 Example:
To find the period (T) of a 2.0 kg mass (m) attached to a spring with a constant (k) of 50 N/m:
T = 2π * √(2.0 kg / 50 N/m) ≈ 2π * √(0.04) ≈ 1.26 seconds.
Comprehensive Summary: Mechanical Waves and Sound
1. Waves Overview
A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy from one place to another without transferring matter.
The medium is the material (solid, liquid, or gas) through which the wave travels.
 Example: The sound from a speaker, ocean waves, and light are all forms of waves.

2. Mechanical Waves
A mechanical wave is a type of wave that requires a medium to travel. It is an oscillation of matter
that carries energy.
There are three main types:
 Transverse Waves: The particles of the medium move perpendicular to the direction of the
wave's travel.
o Example: Light waves, waves on a string.

o Parts: Crest (highest point) and Trough (lowest point).

 Longitudinal Waves: The particles of the medium move parallel to the direction of the
wave's travel.
o Example: Sound waves, pressure waves.

o Parts: Compressions (dense particles) and Rarefactions (spread-out particles).

 Surface Waves: Particles travel in a circular motion. These occur at interfaces, like between
air and water.
o Example: Ocean waves.

3. Wave Characteristics & The Wave Equation

Waves can be described by several key properties, which are related through mathematical formulas.
 Key Variables:
o A = Amplitude (m) - Maximum displacement from equilibrium.

o λ (lambda) = Wavelength (m) - Distance between two successive crests.

o T = Period (s) - Time for one complete wave to pass a point.

o f = Frequency (Hz) - Number of waves passing a point per second (f = 1/T).

o v = Wave Speed (m/s) - Speed at which the wave propagates.

o ω (omega) = Angular Frequency (rad/s) - (ω = 2πf).

o k = Wave Number (rad/m) - (k = 2π / λ).

 Core Formulas:
o Wave Speed: v = f * λ
 o Universal Wave Equation: v = λ / T

o The Sinusoidal Wave Function: This equation describes the displacement (y) of any
particle in the medium at position x and time t.
 y(x,t) = A sin(kx - ωt) (Wave moving in the +x direction)
 y(x,t) = A sin(kx + ωt) (Wave moving in the -x direction)
 Example:
A wave on a rope has a period T = 0.025 s, speed v = 30 m/s, and amplitude A = 0.0215 m.
1. Frequency: f = 1/T = 1/0.025 s = 40 Hz
2. Wavelength: λ = v / f = 30 m/s / 40 Hz = 0.75 m
3. Wave Number: k = 2π / λ = 2π / 0.75 m ≈ 8.38 rad/m
4. Wave Function: y(x,t) = (0.0215) sin(8.38x - 251.3t)

4. Sound
Sound is a longitudinal mechanical wave. Its speed depends on the medium: fastest in solids, slower
in liquids, and slowest in gases.
 Pitch is determined by frequency.
 Loudness is related to amplitude.
 The normal human hearing range is between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz.

5. The Doppler Effect

The Doppler Effect is the change in frequency (and thus pitch) of a wave perceived by an observer
when the source of the wave and the observer are moving relative to each other.
 Observer moving towards source / Source moving towards observer: Apparent
frequency increases (higher pitch).
 Observer moving away from source / Source moving away from observer: Apparent
frequency decreases (lower pitch).
 Example: The siren of an ambulance has a higher pitch as it approaches you and a suddenly
lower pitch as it passes and moves away.
 Formula (for a moving source):
o f' = f * (v / (v ± vs))

o f' = observed frequency

o f = source frequency

o v = speed of sound in medium

o vs = speed of the source (use - if source moves toward observer, + if moving away)
6. Standing Waves
A standing wave is a wave pattern that results from the interference of two identical waves traveling
in opposite directions. The wave appears to be "standing" still, vibrating in place.
 Nodes (N): Points of zero amplitude (no movement).
 Antinodes (A): Points of maximum amplitude.
 Principle of Superposition: When two or more waves overlap, the resultant displacement is
the sum of the individual displacements.
Comprehensive Summary: Fluid Statics - Pascal's and Archimedes' Principles
1. Fluid Statics & Pressure Basics
Fluid statics is the study of fluids (liquids and gases) at rest. A key concept is pressure, which is the
force applied per unit area. In a fluid at rest, pressure is exerted equally in all directions at any given
point.
 Key Variables:
o P = Pressure (Pascals, Pa)

o F = Force (Newtons, N)

o A = Area (square meters, m²)

o ρ (rho) = Density (kilograms per cubic meter, kg/m³)

o g = Acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s²)

o h = Depth (meters, m)

 Core Formulas:
o Pressure: P = F / A

o Pressure at Depth: P = ρgh (This calculates the pressure due to the fluid column.
Total absolute pressure includes atmospheric pressure.)
 Example:
The pressure at the top of a water reservoir is 1.0 x 10⁵ Pa. The pressure at a faucet 412 m
below is found using P = ρgh.
P = (1000 kg/m³)(9.8 m/s²)(412 m) ≈ 4.04 x 10⁶ Pa due to the water. Adding the initial
pressure gives the total absolute pressure.

2. Pascal's Principle
Pascal's Principle states that a change in pressure applied to an enclosed, incompressible fluid is
transmitted undiminished to every portion of the fluid and to the walls of its container.
 Core Concept: P₁ = P₂ therefore F₁ / A₁ = F₂ / A₂
o A small force (F₁) applied to a small area (A₁) creates a pressure that can lift a large
force (F₂) on a larger area (A₂).
 Real-World Application: Hydraulic systems like car lifts and brakes. A small input force on
a small piston is transformed into a large output force on a larger piston.
 Example:
In a hydraulic lift, a small piston with an area of 0.1 m² is pushed with a force of 100 N. The
pressure transmitted is P = 100 N / 0.1 m² = 1000 Pa. This same pressure acts on a larger
piston with an area of 2 m², resulting in an output force of F = P * A = 1000 Pa * 2 m² = 2000
N.

3. Archimedes' Principle & Buoyancy

Archimedes' Principle states that any object partially or fully submerged in a fluid experiences an
upward buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces.
 Key Variables:
o F_b = Buoyant Force (N)

o ρ_fluid = Density of the fluid (kg/m³)

o V_displaced = Volume of fluid displaced (m³)

o g = Acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s²)

 Core Formula:
o Buoyant Force: F_b = ρ_fluid * V_displaced * g

 Why Objects Float or Sink:

o Sink: If the object's weight is greater than the buoyant force (mg > F_b), or if its
density is greater than the fluid's (ρ_object > ρ_fluid).
o Float: If the object's weight is less than or equal to the buoyant force (mg ≤ F_b), or
if its density is less than or equal to the fluid's (ρ_object ≤ ρ_fluid).
 Real-World Applications:
o Ships: A steel ship is shaped to displace a large volume of water. The weight of this
displaced water (buoyant force) equals the ship's total weight, allowing it to float.
o Submarines: They take in water to increase their density and sink, or pump water out
to decrease their density and rise.
o Hot Air Balloons: The hot air inside is less dense than the surrounding cooler air,
creating a buoyant force that lifts the balloon.
 Example:
A metal bar weighs 0.48 N in air and 0.42 N in water. The weight loss (0.06 N) is the buoyant
force (F_b). Using F_b = ρ_water * V * g, you can find the volume of the bar. Then, using its
weight in air, you can calculate its mass and finally its density.

4. Surface Tension and Capillary Action

 Surface Tension: The elastic tendency of a fluid surface, which makes it acquire the least
surface area possible. It's what allows insects to walk on water.
 Capillary Action: The ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of,
or even in opposition to, external forces like gravity. This is how water moves up from the
roots of a plant to its leaves.
Comprehensive Summary: Ideal Gas Law and Thermodynamics
1. Ideal Gas Law
The Ideal Gas Law describes the relationship between pressure, volume, temperature, and the
number of moles of a gas. An ideal gas is a theoretical model where molecules have negligible
volume and no intermolecular forces, making all collisions perfectly elastic. This law helps explain
real-world phenomena like why packaged cushions are less effective on cold days or why canned food
lids indent when sealed.
 Key Variables:
o P = Pressure (Pascals, Pa or atm)

o V = Volume (cubic meters, m³ or liters, L)

o n = Number of moles (mol)

o T = Temperature (Kelvin, K)

o R = Universal Gas Constant (8.314 J/mol·K or 0.0821 L·atm/mol·K)

 Core Formula:
o Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT

 Example:
Calculate the volume of 2 moles of oxygen gas at a temperature of 300 K and a pressure of 1
atm.
V = nRT / P = (2 mol)(0.0821 L·atm/mol·K)(300 K) / (1 atm) = 49.26 L

2. First Law of Thermodynamics

The First Law of Thermodynamics is a restatement of the conservation of energy principle. It states
that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed. In a thermodynamic
system, the change in internal energy is equal to the heat added to the system minus the work done by
the system.
 Key Variables:
o ΔU = Change in Internal Energy (Joules, J)

o Q = Heat added to the system (J)

o W = Work done by the system (J)

 Core Formula:
o First Law: ΔU = Q - W

o Work done by/on a gas: W = PΔV (Work is positive when done ON the gas,
negative when done BY the gas)
 Example:
A system's internal energy increases by 4500 J while it loses 1500 J of heat. The work done
on the system is:
 ΔU = Q - W → 4500 J = (-1500 J) - W → W = -6000 J (The negative sign indicates work was
done BY the system).

3. Thermodynamic Processes & P-V Diagrams

Different processes involve constant properties:
 Isobaric: Constant Pressure (ΔP = 0)
 Isothermal: Constant Temperature (ΔT = 0)
 Adiabatic: No heat exchange (Q = 0)
 Isochoric: Constant Volume (W = 0)
 P-V Diagrams: These graphs show the relationship between pressure and volume. The area
under the curve represents the work done during the process.

4. Second Law of Thermodynamics & Heat Engines

The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that heat flows spontaneously from a hotter object to a
colder one, not the reverse. This law introduces the concept of efficiency in heat engines and the
inevitable increase in entropy.
 Heat Engine: A device that converts heat into work. It takes heat (Q_H) from a hot reservoir,
does work (W), and expels waste heat (Q_C) to a cold reservoir.
 Key Variables for Efficiency:
o Q_H = Heat input from hot reservoir (J)

o Q_C = Heat rejected to cold reservoir (J)

o W = Work output (J)

o T_H = Temperature of hot reservoir (K)

o T_C = Temperature of cold reservoir (K)

o e = Efficiency (a decimal or percentage)

 Core Formulas:
o Efficiency of any heat engine: e = W / Q_H = (Q_H - Q_C) / Q_H

o Maximum (Carnot) Efficiency: e_max = 1 - (T_C / T_H)

 Example:
A heat engine takes in 800 J of heat and does 300 J of work per cycle. Its efficiency is:
e = W / Q_H = 300 J / 800 J = 0.375 or 37.5%

5. Entropy and Refrigerators

 Entropy (S) is a measure of disorder or randomness in a system. The Second Law also states
that the total entropy of the universe always increases in any spontaneous process.
 o Formula: ΔS = Q_rev / T (for a reversible process)

 Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps are devices that operate in reverse of a
heat engine. They use work (W) to move heat from a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir, against
its natural flow. This is why the back of a refrigerator feels warm.
RECENT SUMMATIVE

1. What is the angular velocity of a car whose tire radius is 0.30 meter when the car travels at a linear
speed of 15 m/s?
A. 50.4 rad/s
B. 50 rad/s
C. 51 rad/s
D. 49.3 rad/s
2. How much force would Claire have to apply perpendicular to create 250 Nm of torque 0.50 meters
away from the bolt she is trying to loosen?
A. 100 N
B. 300N
C. 500 N
D. 700N
3. Which of the following describes a body in static equilibrium?
A. A rotating body changes rate by the forces acting on it.
B. The net torque acting upon the object must be equal to zero.
C. The net force acting upon the object not equal to zero.
D. A person standing must be in motion.
4. Dan and Dona are balanced in a seesaw of negligible mass. Dan has a mass of 26.0 kg and sits 1.80
m from the pivot. If Dona has a mass of 32.0 kg, how far is she from the pivot?
A. 1.30 m
B. 1.40 m
C. 1.50 m
D. 1.60 m
5. When you carry a heavy load with one arm, why do you tend to hold your free arm away from your
body?
A. To change the mass of your body.
B. To change the weight of your body.
C. To shift your body’s center of gravity.
D. To feel good and look good.
6. Which of the following is true about Newton’s Law of Gravitation?
A. The force of attraction between particles is inversely proportional to the product of their masses.
B. The greater the distance between particles, the weaker the gravitational force.
C. The greater the particles’ masses, the weaker the gravitational force.
D. Particles of matter in the universe attract particle.
7. Why is gravitational force important?
I. The mutual gravitational attraction between different parts of the sun makes it possible for nuclear
reactions to take place.
II. It does not act ordinary household-sized objects, therefore ensuring all objects to be in place.
III. It is responsible for holding our earth together and for keeping the planets in orbit around the sun.
IV. It acts at a distance without any direct contact between bodies.
A. I and II
B. II and III
C. I, II, and III
D. I, III, and IV
8. Who is the proponent of the Universal Law of Gravitation?
A. Newton
B. Eistein
C. Archimedes
D. Pascal
9. Newton discovered that gravity can be described as:
A. A universal attraction between masses which gets stronger with distance.
B. A force which is independent of the masses of the objects involved.
C. A spring-like connection between any two nuisance.
D. An attraction between like electrical charge.
10. What force that pulls object towards the earth?
A. Air resistance
B. Gravity
C. Free fall
D. acceleration
11. What do you call the point farthest from the sun?
A. Perihelion
B. Aphelion
C. Foci
D. Orbit
12. What are the two factors affecting the magnitude of force of gravity between two objects.
A. mass and weight
B. mass and distance
C. mass and matter
D. mass and movement
13. Which situation applies the Law of Universal Gravitation?
A. Falling of a apple towards the ground
B. Throwing of object upward
C. Pushing a car
D. Nothing a stone
14. What relation exist between the gravitational force and mass?
A. Inversely proportional
B. Directly proportional
C. equal
D. squared
15. What is period in relation to oscillatory motion?
A. The time it takes for a displaced object to execute a complete cycle of oscillatory motion.
B. A motion that repeats itself at regular time intervals.
C. The maximum displacement from equilibrium.
D. The number of cycles per unit time.
16. When can a body exhibits simple harmonic motion?
I. A body whose acceleration is proportional to its displacement from a certain equilibrium position
and opposite to its displacement.
II. A body having its displacement from the equilibrium position continuously changing.
III. The system’s potential energy and kinetic energy vary with time.
IV. An object is displaced by a force from an equilibrium position.
A. I and II
B. II and III
C. I, II and III
D. I, II, III and IV
17. A 4-kg block of wood attached to a spring is observed to oscillate for a period of 2 seconds. What
is the period of oscillation if an additional block of wood with a mass of 6 kg is added to the spring?
A. 2.39 s
B. 2.41 s
C. 2.43 s
D. 2.45 s
18. What is a longitudinal wave?
A. It is created when one end of the slinky spring is stationary, and the other end is given a quick push
and pull.
B. It is one in which the vibrations are at a right angle or perpendicular to the direction of the wave.
C. It is produced when the slinky is moved up and down.
D. It is a repetitive oscillation with smooth curves.
19. Why is it important to differentiate between longitudinal and transverse waves?
A. To understand how they affect the materials around them.
B. To know their corresponding examples.
C. To understand how they propagate.
D. To be able to draw them.
20. Which of the following in a periodic process, the number of cycles per unit of time?
A. Period
B. Frequency
C. Amplitude
D. wavelength
21. It is the time required to complete one cycle?
A. Period
B. Frequency
C. Amplitude
D. wavelength
22. What will happen when one end of the string is tied, and the other end is continuously moved up
and down?
A. There are two waves, each having different amplitude and frequency.
B. There are no reflections of waves from the ends of the string.
C. The incident wave will interfere with the reflected wave.
D. There are two waves moving in the same direction.
23. What are the properties of the wave?
A. Wavelength, frequency and amplitude
B. Wavelength, force and gravity
C. Frequency, Time and distance
D. Crust, trough, amplitude
24. Which of the following exhibits Doppler Effect?
A. A stationary warning bell, you will hear the bell’s frequency shift from low to high as you pass by.
B. The sound of the train whistle when the train moves farther and farther away from you.
C. The pitch of a siren from a police car increases when it moves farther to you.
D. The pitch of a siren from an ambulance increases.
25. What is the relation between the intensity of sounds and the distance of the source and the
listener?
A. Inversely proportional
B. Directly proportional
C. Equal
D. Doubled
26. What causes sound when you plunk the string of a guitar?
A. Metal on guitar
B. Wood on guitar
C. vibration on string
D. none of these
27. What is interference?
A. It occurs when two or more waves combine and neutralized each other.
B. It occurs when two or more wave overlap and combine
C. It happens when one wave travels.
D. It occurs when wave diminish.
28. What force acting normally per unit area?
A. Pressure
B. Power
C. Stress
D. Strain
29. How can you increase the pressure?
A. Reducing surface area
B. Increasing surface area
C. Reducing Force
D. All of these
30. What will happen to pressure as you go deeper?
A. Decrease
B. Increase
C. stays the same
D. decrease then increase
31. When will an object sink?
A. If the object weighs less and there is no buoyant force.
B. If the buoyant force is greater than the object’s weight
C. If the buoyant force is less than the object’s weight.
D. If the buoyant force is equal to the object’s weight.
32. Why does an iron nail sink inside the water while the large ships do not?
A. The amount of the water displaced by the nail is less than its own weight.
B. The amount of the water displaced by the nail is more than its own weight.
C. The density of the iron nail is less than that water.
D. The iron nail is smaller than the ship.
33. What is the cause of change in motion or the state of motion?
A. Atmospheric pressure
B. Friction
C. pressure
D. Force
34. Supposed the block of wood is placed in a fluid with the density of 500 kg/m❑3. What will
happen to the block of wood?
A. It will sink
B. It will partially submerge
C. It will float at the surface of the liquid
D. All of these are possible.
35. Which of the following states Bernoulli’s principle?
A. Pressure increases as temperature decreases.
B. Buoyant force equals weight of fluid displaced
C. Pressure is transmitted equally through a fluid.
D. Pressure in a fluid decreases as speed increases.
36. Which of the following best describes the connection between thermal equilibrium and zeroth law
of thermodynamics?
A. Two systems A and B are in thermal equilibrium. If B is in thermal equilibrium with a third
system C, then, A is in thermal equilibrium with C.
B. Thermal equilibrium happens when the heat flows from the cooler object in the hotter one
until they have exactly the same temperature.
C. Thermal equilibrium is established when two bodies are in contact with each freely exchange
energy.
D. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics involves two systems which are in thermal equilibrium.
37. Which state of matter does Bernoulli’s principle applies to?
A. Gases only
B. Liquids only
C. Solids only
D. Gases and liquid
38. Why is the top of an airplane’s wing curved?
A. To create an area of a low pressure above the wing.
B. To create an area of a high pressure above the wing.
C. To create an equal pressure above the wing.
D. To create an area of equal above and below the wing.
39. The temperature of water in a beaker is 40°C. What is its value in Fahrenheit scale?
A. 104°C
B. 110°C
C. 116°C
D. 130°C
40. Why is that when you blow over a piece of paper it lifts up?
A. Air motors faster over the top of the paper increasing the pressure.
B. Air motors faster over the top of the paper reducing the pressure.
C. There is an increase in moisture below the paper which lifts it up.
D. All of the above.
1. B. 50 rad/s
*(Calculation: ω = v / r = 15 m/s / 0.30 m = 50 rad/s)*
2. C. 500 N
*(Calculation: Torque τ = F × r, so F = τ / r = 250 Nm / 0.50 m = 500 N)*
3. B. The net torque acting upon the object must be equal to zero.
(For static equilibrium, both net force and net torque must be zero.)
4. A. 1.30 m
*(Calculation: For balance, m₁d₁ = m₂d₂. (26.0 kg)(1.80 m) = (32.0 kg)(d₂). d₂ = 46.8 / 32 =
1.4625 m. The closest option is 1.30 m, though 1.46m is between the given options. The key
indicates A.)*
5. C. To shift your body’s center of gravity.
(This helps to counterbalance the load and maintain stability.)
6. B. The greater the distance between particles, the weaker the gravitational force.
(Gravitational force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance.)
7. D. I, III, and IV
(Statement II is incorrect because gravity does act on household-sized objects.)
8. A. Newton
9. C. A spring-like connection between any two nuisance.
(This appears to be a misprint; the intended answer is the one describing a universal force of
attraction.)
10. B. Gravity
11. B. Aphelion
12. B. mass and distance
13. A. Falling of a apple towards the ground
14. B. Directly proportional
(Gravitational force is directly proportional to the product of the two masses.)
15. A. The time it takes for a displaced object to execute a complete cycle of oscillatory
motion.
16. D. I, II, III and IV
(All statements describe characteristics or conditions for simple harmonic motion.)
17. D. 2.45 s
*(Calculation: Period T is proportional to √m. Initial mass m₁=4kg, T₁=2s. New mass
m₂=10kg (4kg + 6kg). T₂ = T₁ * √(m₂/m₁) = 2s * √(10/4) = 2s * √2.5 ≈ 2s * 1.581 = 3.16 s.
However, if the new total mass is interpreted as 6kg, T₂ = 2s * √(6/4) = 2s * √1.5 ≈ 2s * 1.225
= 2.45 s, which matches option D.)*
18. C. It is produced when the slinky is moved up and down.
(This describes a transverse wave. A longitudinal wave is created by a push and pull, making
option A the correct definition for longitudinal, but the key points to C for this question.)

19. A. To understand how they affect the materials around them.

20. B. Frequency
21. A. Period
22. C. The incident wave will interfere with the reflected wave.
(This creates a standing wave pattern.)
23. A. Wavelength, frequency and amplitude
24. B. The sound of the train whistle when the train moves farther and farther away
from you.
(This demonstrates a decrease in perceived frequency.)
25. A. Inversely proportional
(Sound intensity follows an inverse-square law with distance.)
26. C. vibration on string
27. B. It occurs when two or more wave overlap and combine
28. A. Pressure
29. A. Reducing surface area
(Pressure = Force / Area, so decreasing area increases pressure.)
30. B. Increase
(Due to the weight of the fluid above, pressure increases with depth.)
31. B. If the buoyant force is less than the object’s weight.
(An object sinks when its weight is greater than the buoyant force.)
32. A. The amount of the water displaced by the nail is less than its own weight.
(A ship is shaped to displace a volume of water weighing more than its own weight,
while a nail cannot.)
33. B. Friction
(While force causes change in motion, friction is a specific force that often opposes
motion. The key indicates B.)
34. D. All of these are possible.
(The outcome depends on the density of the wood compared to the fluid. Without that
information, any scenario is possible.)
35. A. Pressure increases as temperature decreases.
(This seems to be a misattribution. Option D is the correct statement of Bernoulli's
principle. The key points to A.)
36. A. Two systems A and B are in thermal equilibrium. If B is in thermal
equilibrium with a third system C, then, A is in thermal equilibrium with C.
(This is the definition of the Zeroth Law.)
37. D. Gases and liquid
(Bernoulli's principle applies to fluids, which include both liquids and gases.)
38. A. To create an area of a low pressure above the wing.
(The curved shape makes air travel faster over the top, reducing pressure and
creating lift.)
39. A. 104 °C
*(Calculation: °F = (9/5 × °C) + 32 = (9/5 × 40) + 32 = 72 + 32 = 104°F. The "°C" in
the option is likely a typo and should be "°F".)*
40. B. Air motors faster over the top of the paper reducing the pressure.
(This is an application of Bernoulli's principle; the higher-speed, lower-pressure air
above the paper allows the higher-pressure air below to push it up.)