3.
1 Forces and motion 3 Forces and energy
2 An aeroplane is flying north, in a straight line, at a constant speed.
The aeroplane needs to turn towards east. 3.2 Working out speed
Draw an arrow on the diagram to show the direction of the
unbalanced force needed to make the aeroplane turn east.
Exercise 3.2A Units of speed
North
Focus
West East In this exercise, you will consider the units of speed.
1 a Which of these is the standard unit of distance in science?
South Circle one unit.
metre foot mile kilometre
b Which of these is the standard unit of time in science?
Circle one unit.
day hour minute second
c Which of these is the standard unit for speed in science?
3 Tetherball is a game. A tennis ball is attached to a string. The string
can rotate around a vertical pole. The tennis ball moves in a circle Circle one unit.
around the pole.
m s m/s m/s2 m2s
2 Speed can be measured in kilometres per hour, km/h.
A motorcycle travels at 60 km/h.
direction of tennis ball
What does 60 km/h mean?
Tick (✓) one box.
tennis ball
It travels a distance of 60 m every second.
pole It travels a distance of 60 m every hour.
The tennis ball in the diagram has been hit by a player and is It travels a distance of 60 km every second.
moving in the direction shown. It travels a distance of 60 km every hour.
a Draw an arrow on the diagram to show the direction of the
force on the tennis ball. Label this arrow F.
The string breaks when the tennis ball is at the position shown
in the diagram.
b Draw another arrow on the diagram to show the direction that
the tennis ball will move when the string breaks. Label this
arrow D.
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3.2 Working out speed 3 Forces and energy
3 In the year 2016, a spacecraft reached a speed of 260 000 km/h. The car changes speed to travel a distance of 30 m in a time of 2 s.
Calculate the distance this spacecraft would travel in 2 hours. b Calculate the new speed of the car.
Show your working.
km
3 Arun walks from home to school. School is a distance of 450 m
from Arun’s home.
Exercise 3.2B Calculating speed Arun walks this distance in a time of 300 s.
a Calculate Arun’s average walking speed.
Practice
In this exercise, you will calculate the speeds of some objects.
1 a Write the equation that links speed, distance and time.
b Explain why your answer to part a is an average speed.
b Give the unit of speed when distance is in metres and time is
in seconds.
4 An aeroplane travels a distance of 5400 km in a time of 6 hours.
Calculate the average speed of the aeroplane, in km/h.
In each of these calculations, show your working and give the unit with
your answer.
2 A car travels a distance of 70 m in a time of 2 s.
a Calculate the average speed of the car.
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3.2 Working out speed 3 Forces and energy
3 Zara runs at a constant speed of 4 m/s.
Exercise 3.2C Calculating distance Sofia rides her bicycle at a constant speed of 6 m/s.
and time a Calculate the time taken for Zara to run a distance of 120 m.
Challenge
In this exercise, you will use speed to calculate either the distance or the
time of travel.
1 a omplete the equation for calculating distance from speed
C
and time. b Calculate how much further Sofia travels in one minute than
distance = Zara does.
b Complete the equation for calculating time of travel from
speed and distance.
time =
In each of these calculations, show your working and give the unit with
your answer. 4 Marcus’s father plans to travel by car. He needs to travel a distance
2 A train travels at a constant speed of 45 m/s. of 50 km in a time of 2 hours.
a Calculate the average speed at which the car must travel.
a Calculate the distance travelled by the train in:
i 30 s
b Explain why the car must go faster than your answer to part a
for some parts of the journey.
ii 2 minutes.
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3.3 Describing movement 3 Forces and energy
3.3 Describing movement Exercise 3.3B Distance–time graphs 2
Exercise 3.3A Distance–time graphs 1 Practice
In this exercise, you will sketch some distance–time graphs.
Focus When sketching a graph, you only label the axes with quantities. You do
In this exercise, you will decide what you can work out from a not need to scale the axes or put numbers on the axes.
distance–time graph.
1 Sketch a distance time graph for:
1 Which of these can be worked out from a distance–time graph?
a a stationary object
Tick (✓) one box.
the force on an object
the speed of an object
the mass of an object
the weight of an object
2 Look at the distance–time graph for a train.
b an object travelling at a constant speed away from a starting
position
Distance
Time
a Which of these distance–time graphs shows the train going faster?
Write the letter.
c an object travelling at a constant speed towards a starting
position.
Distance
Distance
Distance
Distance
Time Time Time Time
A B C D
b Which distance–time graph in part a shows no change in distance with time?
Write the letter.
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3.3 Describing movement 3 Forces and energy
2 Sofia walks from home to a shop.
She walks at a constant low speed.
Exercise 3.3C Distance–time graphs 3
She stops to talk to a friend.
Challenge
She continues walking at a higher speed than before.
In this exercise, you will draw a distance–time graph and work out values
Sketch a distance–time graph of Sofia’s journey from home to the shop. from the graph.
1 An aeroplane departs from airport A at time 0 hours.
The aeroplane takes 4.5 hours to travel to airport B.
Airport B is a distance of 3600 km away from airport A.
The aeroplane spends 1.5 hours at airport B, before departing again
for airport A.
The journey back from airport B to airport A takes 4.0 hours.
3 Marcus rides a bicycle at a constant speed from the park to a a Draw a distance–time graph of the journey on the grid below.
friend’s house.
Marcus stays at his friend’s house for a short time.
Marcus rides his bicycle at the same constant speed back again
from his friend’s house to the park.
Sketch a distance–time graph of Marcus’s journey from the park
and back to the park.
b Use your graph to work out:
i the total time of the journey
ii the speed of the aeroplane going from airport A to airport B
iii the speed of the aeroplane going from airport B to airport A.
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