EC57

EINSTEIN
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
[Link] Nagar, Tirunelveli-12

Department of Electronics and Communication

Engineering

Subject Code: EC57

“Communication Systems Lab”

Name : ……………………………………

Reg No : ……………………………………

Branch : ……………………………………

Year & Semester : ……………………………………

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INDEX

[Link]. DATE NAME OF THE EXPERIMENTS PAGE NO. MARKS

REMARKS

1 Amplitude modulation and Demodulation

2 Frequency modulation and Demodulation

3 Sampling techniques

4 Pulse Modulation-PAM

5 Pulse Modulation-PWM

6 Pulse Code Modulation

7 Time Division Multiplexing

8 Line Coding Techniques

9 Amplitude Shift Keying

10 Phase Shift Keying

11 Frequency Shift Keying

12 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

13 Delta Modulation

14 Differential PCM

15 Phase Locked Loop

16 Pre-Emphasis/ De-Emphasis

17 Error Control coding using MATLAB

18 Characteristics of AM Receiver-Study

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Experiment No : 1 Date :

AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION

AIM:

To construct a Amplitude modulator circuit & demodulate the Amplitude

modulated wave.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
[Link] COMPONENTS RANGE

1) Transistor BC 107

2) Diode IN4001

3) Capacitors 0.01µF, 0.1µF,10µF

4) Resistors 22KΩ, 10KΩ,1.2KΩ,1.1KΩ

5) CRO

6) Bread Board,power
supply

7) Connecting Wires

THEORY :

The modulation is simply a method of combining two different signals and is used in
the transmitter section of a communication system. The two signals that are used are the
information signal and the carrier signal. Amplitude Modulation is the simplest form of
signal processing in which the carrier amplitude is simply changed according to the
amplitude of the information signal hence the name Amplitude modulation. When the
information signals amplitude is increased the carrier signals amplitude is increased and
when the information signals amplitude is decreased the carrier signals amplitude is

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AMPLITUDE MODULATION CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

DEMODULATION CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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Decreased. The purpose of any detector or demodulator is to recover the original

modulating signal with the minimum of distortion and interference. The simplest way of
dealing with an AM signal is to use a simple half- wave rectifier circuit. If the signal
were simply passed through a diode to a resistive load, the output would be a series of
half-cycle pulses at carrier frequency. So the diode is followed by a filter, typically a
capacitor and resistor in parallel. The capacitor is charged by the diode almost to the
peak value of the carrier cycles and the output therefore follows the envelope of the
amplitude modulation.

PROCEDURE:

1. Circuit connections are given as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. The power supply is connected to the collector of the transistor.
3. Using AFO the carrier signal is given to the base of the transistor.
4. The modulating (message or base band) signal is given to the emitter of the
transistor.
5. From the collector of the transistor, the modulated wave is noted down using
CRO.
6. By varying the amplitude of the modulating signal the values of Emax and Emin are
noted down to find the modulation index.
7. The amplitude modulated wave is now given as the input to the detector circuit.
8. The demodulated (message) wave amplitude and frequency is noted down from
the CRO.

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MODEL GRAPH:

OBSERVATION:

Amplitude Time Frequency m

Message Signal

Carrier signal

AM signal

Demodulated
Signal

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VIVA QUESTIONS:

[Link] is meant by Modulation?

[Link] Modulation index(m).
[Link] of AM
[Link] of Demodulation of AM.
[Link] is the band width for AM?

RESULT:
Amplitude Modulator and Demodulators are constructed and its waveforms are
analyzed by using the above circuits.

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FREQUENCY MODULATION CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FM DEMODULATOR:

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Experiment No : 2 Date :

FREQUENCY MODULATION & DEMODULATION

AIM:
To construct & Design Frequency modulator using IC XR2206 & demodulate the
Frequency modulated wave by using IC565.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
[Link] COMPONENTS RANGE

8) Integrated Circuits IC X R2206, IC

NE565

9) Resistors

10) Capacitors

11) Function Generator 0 – 1 Mhz

12) DSO

13) Bread Board

14) Connecting Wires

THEORY :
 Frequency modulation is also called as angle modulation. Frequency modulation
is defined as changing the frequency of the carrier with respect to the message
signal amplitude. Here the amplitude of the carrier remains fixed & timing
parameter frequency is varied. When the modulating signal has zero amplitude,
then the carrier has frequency of Fc as amplitude of the modulating signal
increases. The frequency of the carrier increases, similarly, as the amplitude of
the modulating signal decreases, the frequency of the carrier decreases.

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PIN DIAGRAM (XR-2206):

MODEL GRAPH

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 The modulation index is defined as the ratio of the maximum frequency

deviation to the modulating frequency. The maximum frequency deviation is
the shift from center frequency Fc when the amplitude of the modulating signal is
maximum.
By Carlson’s rule BW = 2 (F+ Fm(max))

Where F = Maximum frequency deviation

Fm(Max) = Maximum modulating frequency

MODULATION PROCEDURE:

 Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

 Measure the carrier signal frequency at the pin2 of IC XR2206.

 Apply modulating AF signal at pin7 of IC XR2206.

 Observe the frequency-modulated signal on DSO.

 Calculate the modulation index.

 Calculate the BW.

DEMODULATION PROCEDURE:

 Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

 Modulated signal is given as the input to 565.

 In demodulated output the original message signal is recovered.

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OBSERVATION:

Amplitude Time Frequency

Message Signal

Carrier signal

FM signal

Demodulated
Signal

VIVA QUESTIONS:

[Link] is meant by FM?

[Link] Frequency Deviation.
[Link] of FM
[Link] of Angle Modulation.
[Link] is the band width for FM?

RESULT:
Frequency Modulator and Demodulators are constructed and its waveforms are
analyzed by using CRO.

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SAMPLING CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PIN DIAGRAM:

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Experiment No : 3 Date :

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

AIM:

To obtain the sampled version of given analog signal using operational amplifier
and draw the spectrum.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Apparatus Range Quantity

IC741 2

FET BFW10 2

Capacitor 0.01µF 1

RPS 1

CRO 1

FG 1

Bread board 1

THEORY:

The Sample and Hold circuit uses two buffers to keep a voltage level stored in a
capacitor. Ssample will charge the capacitor to the present signal level, while the input
buffer ensures the signal won't be changed by the charging process. From there, the
output buffer will make sure that the voltage level across the storage cap won't decrease
over time. Sclear will short out the storage cap, discharging it and setting the output to
[Link] actual practice, the switches used are various forms of transistor switch, which
provides cleaner switching and also allows another circuit to control the sample and
clearing operations. Excellent Sample and Hold circuits like the LF398 are available on a
single chip for cheap and easy use.

Sample and Hold circuits are used internally in Analog to Digital conversion. We might
also use them to hold a given signal value from any particular sensor on a robot, for
analysis and later use.

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PROCEDURE:

The sample and hold circuit is assembled with the desired components. The input
signal is given to the circuit from the function generator. The amplitude of the input
signal should not exceed 10 volts. The frequency of the input signal is set to 600 Hz. The
frequency of the sample signal is set to 5600 Hz. The next sample available is zero order
holding device, integrate the signal between consequence sampling inputs.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

[Link] is the need for sampling?

[Link] sampling.
[Link] Nyquist rate.
[Link] is the usage of capacitor in the circuit diagram?
[Link] is zero order hold?

RESULT:

Thus the sample and hold circuit output is obtained using OP- amp.

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PAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODULATION CIRCUIT:

DEMODULATION CIRCUIT:

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Experiment No: 4 Date :

PULSE MODULATION – PAM

AIM:

To generate pulse amplitude modulated signals and demodulates it to get the original
signal.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Apparatus Range Quantity

Transistor 2N2222 1

Resistor 10Kohm 2

22Kohm 3

Capacitor 0.1µF 3

CRO 1

FG 2

Bread board 1

THEORY:

In pulse amplitude modulation, the amplitudes of regularly spaced rectangular

pulses vary with the instantaneous sample values of a continuous message signal in a one
to one fashion. The pulse in PAM can be of rectangular or the type that we have arrival in
natural sampling. The carrier under goes amplitude modulation in PAM. The width of the
pulse remains fixed. Natural sample method is used here to generate the PAM signal. The
diodes are used as a switching element. If the closing time t of the diode approaches zero,
the output gives only the instantaneous value. Since the width of the pulse approaches
zero. The instantaneous sampling gives train of impulses. The area of each sampled
section is equal to the instantaneous value of the signal input. This signal is modulated
with the message signal. Thus we get the PAM output.

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MODEL GRAPH:

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PROCEDURE:

1. Make connections as shown in the diagram.

2. Set the input signal and carrier signal.
3. Obtain PAM signal
4. Measure the amplitude and frequency
5. Demodulate the PAM signal.

TABULATION:

Amplitude Time Frequency

Message Signal

Carrier signal

PAM signal

Demodulated
Signal

VIVA QUESTIONS:

[Link] PAM.
[Link] is frame in PAM?
[Link] is aperture effect?
4. What is the need for speech coding at low bit rates?
5. What do you mean by companding? Define compander.

RESULT:

Thus the PAM signal is obtained and the original signal is demodulated from
PAM signal.

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PWM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODULATION CIRCUIT:

DEMODULATION CIRCUIT:

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Experiment No : 5 Date :

PULSE MODULATION – PWM

AIM:

To generate pulse width modulated signals and demodulates it to get the original
signal.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Apparatus Range Quantity

IC 555 1

Resistor 47Kohm 1

10Kohm 1

Capacitor 0.01µF 1

RPS 0-30v 1

CRO 1

FG 1

Bread board 1

THEORY:

The PWM is also known as pulse duration modulation. It modulates the time
parameter of the pulses. The width of PWM pulses varies. The amplitude is constant;
width of the pulse is proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal. Bandwidth
on transmission channel depends on rise time of the pulse. The demodulation circuit
used is a simple filter circuit that demodulator the PWM signal and gives the original
message input.

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MODEL GRAPH:

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PROCEDURE:

1. Make connections as shown in the diagram.

2. Set the input signal and carrier signal.
3. Obtain PWM signal
4. Measure the amplitude and frequency
5. Obtain the demodulated output.

TABULATION:

Amplitude Time Frequency

Message Signal

Carrier signal

PWM signal

Demodulated
Signal

VIVA QUESTIONS:

[Link] PWM.
2. What is the disadvantage of uniform quantization over the non-uniform
Quantization?
[Link] deviation ratio
[Link] is carrier recovery?
[Link] bandwidth efficiency.

RESULT:

Thus the PWM signal is obtained and the original signal is demodulated from
PWM signal.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODULATION CIRCUIT:

DEMODULATION CIRCUIT:

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Experiment No : 6 Date :

PULSE CODE MODULATION

AIM:

To generate pulse code modulated signals and demodulates it to get the original
signal.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Apparatus Range Quantity

PCM kit VCT07 1

CRO 1

Patch card
THEORY:

Pulse Code modulation come under digital communication technique. In PCM the
message signal is represented by a sequence of coded pulse which accomplished by
representing the signal in discrete form in both time and amplitude.

PCM consist of a receiver and transmitter part. Transmitter section consists of

sampler, quantizer, encoder and parallel to serial converter. Receiver part consists of
serial to parallel set converter. Digital to analog converter and LPF are constituted as
receiver part. Sampling, Quantizing and Encoding operations are performed in the same
circuit which is called as analog to digital converter.

PROCEDURE:

1. Make connections as shown in the diagram.

2. Set the start of conversion switch from low to high and high to low.
3. Set the input signal and obtain the PCM signal.
4. Obtain the demodulated output.
5. Measure the data and plot the graph.

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TABULATION:

Message Signal:

Amplitude in Time in Frequency in

PCM Signal:

Amplitude in ON Time in OFF Time in Frequency in

Demodulated Signal:

Amplitude in Time in Frequency in

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VIVA QUESTION:

[Link] the equation for probability of error

[Link] quadbit

[Link] M-ary

[Link] the concept of PCM

[Link] is analog or digital modulation ,Explain.

RESULT:

Thus the PCM signal is obtained and the original signal is demodulated from
PCM signal.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM:

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Experiment No :7 Date :

TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

AIM:

To obtain time division multiplexed signal from different channel and make it to
transmit in a single channel.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Apparatus Range Quantity

TDM kit VCT02 1

CRO 1

Patch
card

THEORY:

Time Division multiplexing is a digital process that can be applied when the data
rate capacity of the transmission medium is greater than the data rate required by the
sending and receiving devices. In such a case, multiple transmission can occupy a single
link by subdividing them and interleaving the portions. TDM can be implemented in two
ways. Synchronous TDM and Asynchronous TDM. In synchronous, the multiplexer
allocates exactly the same time slot to each device at all times whether or not a device has
anything to transmit.

PROCEDURE:

1. Make connections as shown in the diagram.

2. Adjust the potentiometer to set the input signal.
3. View the modulated output.
4. Obtain the demodulated output.
5. Measure the data and plot the graph.

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TABULATION:

Message Signal:

Amplitude in Time in Frequency in

Carrier Signal:

Amplitude in Time in Frequency in

Modulated Signal:

Amplitude in Time in Frequency in

Demodulated Signal:

Amplitude in Time in Frequency in

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VIVA QUESTIONS:

[Link] are the 4 primary causes for ISI?

[Link] is Multiplexing?

[Link] the concept for TDM.

[Link] the ideal channel noise.

[Link] is coding efficiency.

RESULT:

Thus the TDM signal is obtained and the original signal is demodulated from
TDM signal.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM

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Experiment No :8 Date :

LINE CODING TECHNIQUES

AIM:

To obtain the standard digital codes from the source coded signals using various
techniques.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Apparatus Range Quantity

Trainer kit VCT37 1

CRO 1

Patch card

THEORY:

In digital systems, the electrical waveforms are coded representations of the

original information. If the original information is an analog signal, this must be
converted to a series of discrete values that can be transmitted digitally. The process of
converting the original information into a data sequence is referred to as source coding.

The line coding is the process of converting source coded signals into standard
digital codes for the purpose of transmission over the channel. There are many possible
ways of assigning the waveforms into the digital data. Simplest form of coding is ON-
OFF, where a ‘1’ is transmitted by a pulse and a ‘0’ is transmitted by no pulse. Generally
the line coding is used in transmitter section while decoding in receiver section. The line
decoding is the process of converting standard digital codes into source coded
waveforms.

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Various line coding formats are

1. Unipolar RZ
2. Polar RZ
3. Polar NRZ
4. Bipolar NRZ
5. Bipolar RZ
6. Manchester coding

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the PRBS (test point P5) to various line coding formats. Obtain the
coded output as per the requirement.
2. Connect coded signal test point to corresponding decoding test point as inputs.
3. Set the SW1 as per the requirement.
4. Set the potentiometer P1 in minimum position.
5. Switch ON the power supply. Press the switch SW2 once.
6. Display the encoded signal on one channel of CRO and decoded signal on
second channel of CRO.

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MODEL GRAPH:

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TABULATION:

No Coding techniques ON time OFF time

1 Unipolar RZ

2 Polar RZ

3 Polar NRZ

4 Bipolar NRZ

5 Bipolar RZ

6 Manchester coding

VIVA QUESTIONS:

[Link] are the different types of coding techniques for digital data?

[Link] the concept of Manchester coding.

[Link] polar and bipolar.

[Link] is codec?

[Link] Line coding.

RESULT:

Thus the various line encoding and decoding techniques were studied and the
corresponding waveforms were drawn by using VCT-37 trainer kit.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODULATION CIRCUIT:

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Experiment No :9 Date :

AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING

AIM:

To generate ASK modulated and demodulated signal.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Apparatus Range Quantity

Trainer kit VCT17 1

CRO 1

Patch card

THEORY:

ASK or ON-OFF key is the simplest digital modulation technique. In this method
there is only one unit energy carrier it is switched ON/OFF depending upon the input
binary sequence to transmit symbol 0 & 1. No pulse is transmitted output contains some
complete no of cycle of carrier frequency.

The disadvantage of ASK is the modulated carrier signal is not continuously

transmitted. The peak power requirement is also high. The bit error probability rate is
also not required in this technique.

PROCEDURE:

1. Make connections as shown in the diagram.

2. Set the input signal and carrier signal.
3. Obtain ASK signal
4. Measure the amplitude and frequency
5. Obtain the demodulated output.

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MODEL GRAPH:

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TABULATION:

INPUT DATA:

Amplitude in ON Time in OFF Time in

CARRIER SIGNAL:

Amplitude in Time in Frequency in

MODULATED SIGNAL:

Amplitude in Time in Frequency in

DEMODULATED SIGNAL:

Amplitude in ON Time in OFF Time in

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PROGRAM FOR ASK:

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VIVA QUESTIONS:

[Link] OOK.

[Link] information capacity

[Link] is the Baud rate for ASK?

[Link] is Digital Transmission?

5. Why do we go for Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization procedure?

RESULT:

Thus the modulated and demodulated signal was obtained for amplitude shift keying
techniques

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BLOCK DIAGRAM

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 Communication Systems Lab

Experiment No : 10 Date :

PHASE SHIFT KEYING

AIM:

To obtain the modulated and demodulated output waveform by using Phase Shift Keying
technique.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Apparatus Range Quantity

PSK Kit VCT21 1

CRO 1

Patch cards

THEORY:

PSK is a digital modulation scheme which is analogues to phase modulation. In binary

phase shift keying two output phases are possible for a single carrier frequency one out of phase
represent logic 1 and logic 0. As the input digital binary signal change state the phase of output
carrier shift two angles that are 180o out of phase.

In a PSK modulator the carrier input signal is multiplied by the digital data. The input carrier is
multiplied by either a positives or negatives consequently the output signal is either +1sinwct or -
1sinwct. The first represent a signal that is phase with the reference oscillator the latter a signal
that is 180o out of phase with the reference oscillator. Each time a change in input logic condition
will change the output phase consequently for PSK the output rate of change equal to the input
rate range and widest output bandwidth occurs when the input binary data are alternating 1/0
sequence. The fundamental frequency of an alternate 1/0 bit sequence is equal to one half of the
bit rate.

PROCEDURE:

1. Make connections as shown in the diagram.

2. Set the input signal and carrier signal.
3. Obtain PSK signal
4. Measure the output data and draw the graph.
5. Obtain the demodulated output.
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 Communication Systems Lab

MODEL GRAPH:

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TABULATION:

INPUT DATA:

Amplitude in ON Time in OFF Time in

CARRIER SIGNAL:

Amplitude in Time in Frequency in

MODULATED SIGNAL:

Amplitude in Time in Frequency in

DEMODULATED SIGNAL:

Amplitude in ON Time in OFF Time in

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 Communication Systems Lab

PROGRAM FOR PSK:

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VIVA QUESTIONS:

[Link] Coherent detection

[Link] between PSK and FSK

[Link] of PSK

4. What is maximum likelihood detector?

[Link] is correlator?

RESULT:

Thus the modulated and demodulated signal was obtained for phase shift keying
techniques.

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 Communication Systems Lab

FSK CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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Experiment No :11 Date :

FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING

AIM:

To obtain the modulated and demodulated output waveforms by using hardware kit and
in Matlab program for Frequency Shift Keying technique.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Apparatus Range Quantity

IC 555 1

Transistor BC547 1

47Kohm 1
Resistor
10Kohm 1

Potentiometer 50Kohm 2

Capacitor 0.01µF 2

FG 1

RPS 1

CRO 1

THEORY:

In digital data communication, binary code is transmitted by shifting a carrier frequency

between two preset frequencies. This type of transmission is called frequency shift keying
technique. A 555 timer in astable mode can be used to generate FSK signal. The standard digital
data input frequency is 150Hz. When input is HIGH, transistor Q is off and 555 timer works in
the normal astable mode of operation.

fo=1.45/(Ra+2Rb)c

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 Communication Systems Lab

MODEL GRAPH:

THEORETICAL CALCULATION:

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PROGRAM:

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TABULATION:

INPUT DATA:

Amplitude in ON Time in OFF Time in

CARRIER SIGNAL:

Amplitude in Time in Frequency in

MODULATED SIGNAL:

Symbol Amplitude Time period [Link] cycle Frequency

Symbol 1

Symbol 0

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PROCEDURE:

1. Make connections as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Set the input signal and carrier signal.
3. Obtain FSK signal
4. Tabulate the output data and draw the graph.
5. Justify the obtained output with theoretical calculation.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

[Link] are the Different types of Digital modulation?

[Link] PSK,QPSK.

[Link] of PSK over ASK&FSK?

[Link] is base band signal receiver?

[Link] h-factor in FSK

RESULT:

Thus the Frequency Shift Keying modulated output waveform is obtained and it is
justified with theoretical calculation.

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 Communication Systems Lab

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

QPSK MODULATOR:

QPSK DEMODULATOR

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 Communication Systems Lab

Experiment No :12 Date :

QUADRATURE PHASE SHIFT KEYING

AIM:

To obtain the modulated and demodulated output waveforms by using hardware kit and
by Matlab program for Quadrature phase Shift Keying technique.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Apparatus Range Quantity

QPSK Kit VCT29 1

CRO 1

Patch cards

THEORY:

QPSK is another form of angle-modulated, constant-amplitude digital modulation. It is an

M-ary encoding technique where M=4. with QPSK four output phases are possible for a single
carrier frequency. Two bits (a dibit) are clocked into the bit splitter. After both bits have been
serially inputted, they are simultaneously parallel outputted. One bit is directed to the I channel
and the other to the Q channel. The I bit modulates a carrier that is in phase with the reference
oscillator and the Q bit modulates a carrier that is 900 out of phase with the reference carrier.
QPSK modulator is two BPSK modulators combined in parallel.
The input QPSK signal is given to the I and Q product detectors and the carrier recovery
circuit. The carrier recovery circuit produces the original transmit carrier oscillator signal. The
recovered carrier must be frequency and phase coherent with the transmit reference carrier. The
QPSK signal is demodulated in the I and Q product detectors, which generate the original I and
Q data bits. The output of the product detectors are fed to the bit combining circuit, where they
are converted from parallel I and Q data channels to a single binary output data stream.

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MODEL GRAPH:

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PROGRAM:

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TABULATION:

INPUT DATA:

Amplitude in ON Time in OFF Time in

CARRIER SIGNAL:

Amplitude in Time in Frequency in

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the binary input data to I-channel.

2. Connect the binary input data to Q-channel.
3. Connect the sine wave input to balanced modulator (I channel) as a carrier signal and
to sine wave input to balanced modulator (Q channel) as a carroer signal.
4. Switch on the power supply.
5. Display binary input data on CRO. Adjust pot1 and pot3 to get bipolar data.
6. Adjust gain control pot to set equal amplitude in I and Q channel.
7. Obtain QPSK signal.
8. Connect the QPSK to input of QPSK demodulator.
9. Obtain the demodulated QPSK signal.
RESULT:

Thus the Quadurate Phase shift Keying modulated and demodulated output waveform is
obtained.

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 Communication Systems Lab

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

DM MODULATOR:

DM DEMODULATOR:

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 Communication Systems Lab

Experiment No :13 Date :

DELTA MODULATION

AIM:

The objective of this equipment is to examine and study the technique of delta modulation
and demodulation.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Apparatus Range Quantity

QPSK Kit VCT32 1

CRO 1

Patch cards

THEORY:

Delta modulation transmits only 1 bit per sample. The modulator comprises of
comparator, quantizer and integrator. With conventional PCM, each code is a binary
representation of both the sign and magnitude of a particular sample, therefore multiple-bit code
is required to represent a one sample. With DM, rather than transmit a coded representation of
the sample, only a single bit is transmitted, which simply indicates whether that the sample is
larger or smaller than the previous sample. If the current sample is smaller than previous sample,
a logic level 0 is transmitted. If the current sample is larger than the previous sample, a logic 1 is
transmitted.

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch on the power supply. Ensure that the following initial condition exits on VCT-32
a. Keep the signal ON/OFF switch in OFF position.
b. Keep all potentiometer controls in min.
2. Set the sine wave by adjusting OFFSET and AMP
3. Vary the sine wave from 150Hz. Note that the amplitude of sine wave decreases at 2KHz
of frequency
4. Set clock frequency as 8KHz. Turn ON the left side ON/OFF switch and right side
ON/OFF, now adjust the offset control signal. Note down the quantizer output, integrated
output and biphase NRZ encoder.
5. Obtain the modulated output. Connect modulator output to demodulator input.
6. Obtain the demodulated output.

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MODEL GRAPH:

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TABULATION:

INPUT DATA:

Amplitude in ON Time in OFF Time in

INTEGRATOR SIGNAL:

Amplitude in Time in Frequency in

MODULATED SIGNAL:

Amplitude in Time in Frequency in

DEMODULATED SIGNAL:

Amplitude in Time in Frequency in

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VIVA QUESTIONS:

[Link] delta modulation.

[Link] is slope over load?

[Link] Granular noise.

[Link] Adaptive DM.

[Link] the noises are reduced in DM?

RESULT:

Thus the delta modulated and demodulated waveforms were obtained.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM:

DPCM MODULATOR:

DPCM DEMODULATOR:

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Experiment No : 14 Date :

DIFFERENTIAL PULSE CODE MODULATION

AIM:

The objective of this equipment is to examine and study the technique of differential PCM
and demodulation.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Apparatus Range Quantity

DM Kit VCT34 1

CRO 1

Patch cards

THEORY:

In a PCM Encoded waveform, there are often successive samples taken in which there is
little difference between the amplitudes of the two samples. This necessitates transmitting
several identical PCM codes, which is redundant. DPCM is designed specifically to take
advantage of the sample to samples redundancies in such waveforms. With DPCM, the
difference in the amplitude of two successive samples s transmitted rather than the actual sample.
Because the range of sample differences is typically less than the range of individual samples.
Fewer bits are required for DPCM than conventional PCM.

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch on the power supply. Keep DC voltage in minimum position

2. Connect DC voltage and vary to 1.5v. Now display the output of zeros and ones in the
CRO.
3. Obtain the modulated output. Now connect modulated output to demodulator input
4. Now vary the DC control POT, the ADC coded data ranges which also reflects at the
output of the LATCH.

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TRAINER KIT DIAGRAM:

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MODEL GRAPH:

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TABULATION:

INPUT DATA:

Amplitude in ON Time in OFF Time in

MODULATED SIGNAL:

Amplitude in Time in Frequency in

DEMODULATED SIGNAL:

Amplitude in Time in Frequency in

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VIVA QUESTIONS:

[Link] the difference between PCM and DPCM.

[Link] Vocoder.

[Link] rate of DPCM.

[Link] baseband transmission

5. Define Dibit.

RESULT:

Thus the differential PCM modulated and demodulated waveforms were obtained.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

+6V

R T =6.8 K
C=1f
C=0.001f

10 8 Demodulated output
2 7
Reference Output
Vin Input
NE565 6

3 4 VCO output (fo)

5
9 1

C T =0.001f

-6V Fig.1

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Experiment No :15 Date :

PHASE LOCKED LOOP

AIM:

To study the characteristics of Phase Locked Loop .

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link] COMPONENTS RANGE

1) Transistor BC 107

2) IC NE565, IC7490

3) Capacitors

4) Resistors

5) CRO

6) Bread Board,power
supply

7) Connecting Wires

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DESIGN:

THEORY:

If an input signal Vs of frequency fs is applied to the PLL, the phase detector compares the
phase and frequency of the incoming signal to that of the output Vo of the VCO. It the two signals
differ in frequency and /or phase, an error voltage Ve is generated. The phase detector is basically a
multiplier and produces the sum (fs+fo) and difference (fs-fo) components at its output. The high
frequency component (fs+fo) is removed by the low pass filter and the difference frequency
component is amplified and then applied as control voltage Vc to VCO. The signal Vc shifts the
VCO frequency in a direction to reduce the frequency difference between fs and fo. The VCO
continues to change frequency till its output frequency is exactly the same as the input signal
frequency. The circuit is then said to be locked.

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PIN DIAGRAM:

-Vcc 1 14 NC
Input 2 13 NC
Input 3
NE 565 12 NC
VCO Output 4 11 NC
Phase Comparator 5 10 +Vcc
VCO Input
Reference Output 6 9 External Capacitor
for VCO
Demodulated 7 8 External Resistor for
Output VCO

OBSERVATION:

f1=755Hz, f2=1640Hz, f3=1250Hz, f4=360Hz

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PROCEDURE:

1. Make the circuit connection as shown in Fig 1.

2. Measure the practical free running frequency of VCO for zero input.
3. Set the input square wave of 1Vp-p at 1KHz.
4. Increase the input frequency till PLL is locked. This frequency f1 gives the lower end of
the capture range. Go on increasing the input frequency to f2 (upper end of the lock
range), till PLL tracks the input signal.
5. Now gradually decrease the input frequency till f3 when the PLL is again locked. This is
the upper end of the capture range. Keep on decreasing the input frequency till f4 when
the loop is unlocked. This is the lower end of the lock range.
6. Compare theoretical and practical values of lock range and capture range.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

[Link] is VCO?

[Link] Lock range,Capture range.

[Link] are the applications of PLL?

[Link] PLL.

[Link] is frequency synthesizer?

RESULT:

Thus the PLL characteristics are studied

Theoretical Lock range fL= Theoretical Capture range fC=

Practical Lock range fL= Practical Capture range fC=

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PRE-EMPHASIS:

DE-EMPHASIS:

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Experiment No :16 Date :

PRE-EMPHASIS / DE-EMPHASIS

AIM:

Design and conduct an experiment to test a pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuit for
75Ps between 2.1KHz to 15KHz and record the results.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link] COMPONENTS RANGE

1) IC IC741

2) Capacitors

3) Resistors

4) CRO

5) Bread Board,power
supply

6) Connecting Wires

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Apply a sine wave of 5Vpp amplitude, vary the frequency and note down the gain
of the circuit.

3. Plot a graph of normalized gain Vs frequency.

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DESIGN
1. Pre-emphasis circuit.
Given f1 = 2.1 KHz, f2 = 15KHz.
f1 = 1/2SrC, f2 = 1/2SRC
Choose C = 0.1Pf then r = 820 and R = 100.
Also r/R = Rf/R1, then R1 = 2.2K and Rf = 15K.
2. De-emphasis circuit.
fC = 1/2SRdCd.
Choose Cd = 0.1Pf and fC = f1 = 2.1KHz
Then Rd = 820.

MODEL GRAPH:

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TABULATION:

PRE-EMPHASIS:

Vi=

Frequency(Hz) VO Gain= VO/ Vi Gain in dB

DE-EMPHASIS:

Vi=

Frequency(Hz) VO Gain= VO/ Vi Gain in dB

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VIVA QUESTIONS:

[Link] is advantage of FM over Am?

[Link] Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis.

[Link] capture effect.

[Link] are the types of FM?

[Link] transmission efficiency.

RESULT:

Thus the Pre-Emphasis and De-Emphasis circuit was designed and analysed using
IC741.

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Experiment No :17 Date :

ERROR CONTROL CODING USING MATLAB

AIM:

To write a program in MATLAB for error control coding techniques.

ALGORITHM:

[Link] the input binary sequcence.

[Link] the reundancy bits for the corrosponding code.

[Link] the signal that contains message bits+redundancy bits added at the end.

[Link] the redundancy bits once again for the received bits.

[Link] the redundancy bits=’0’ then no error in the transmission otherwise some error in

the transmission.

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PROGRAM:

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RESULT:

Thus the error control coding techniques are executed using MATLAB programs.

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Experiment No :18 Date :

CHARACTERISTICS OF AM RECEIVER

AIM:

To study the characteristics of AM receiver.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. VCT 06KIT.
2. CRO
3. Patch card.

THEORY:

Heterodyne means to mix two frequencies together in a non-linear device or to

translate one frequency to another frequency using non-linear mixing. The first section is the RF
section which consists of a predictor is a broad tuned BPF with an adjustable centre frequency
that is tuned to the desired carrier frequency. Selectivity is a receiver parameter that is used to
measure the ability of the receiver to accept a given band of frequencies and reject all others. For
example, with the commercial AM broadcast band, each station’s transmitter is allocated a
10KHz bandwidth. Therefore, for a receiver to select only those frequencies assigned to a single
channel, the receiver must limit its bandwidth to 10KHz. If the pass band is greater than 10KHz,
more than one channel may be received and demodulated simultaneously. If the pass band of a
receiver is less than 10KHz, a portion of the modulating signal information for that channel is
rejected or blocked from entering the demodulator and, consequently lost.

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch ON the trainer kit.

2. Initial setup is made as follows.
a. Set audio oscillator frequency as 1KHz and amplitude as 1Vp-p
b. Adjust the carrier frequency of AM transmitter to one position.
c. Adjust the gain of the audio amplifier in some position.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM:

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TABULATION:

No dB Bandwidth

1 -3

2 -60

1. Now tune the gang capacitance in the preselector block, such that the output is of
maximum amplitude.
2. Connect CRO across test point and find out -3db bandwidth of IF amplifier. Also
find out -60db bandwidth of IF amplifier
3. Calculate Shape factor for various input signal.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

[Link] Selectivity.

[Link] is sensitivity?

[Link] Q factor in AM receiver.

[Link] are the three noises present in the AM reciver?

[Link] shape factor.

RESULT :

Thus the characteristics of the AM receiver is studied.

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