NEW IQRA RAUZATUL ATFAL ACADEMY

MOMIN ABAD SHERPAO

SCIENCE NOTES
 EXERCISE
Tick ( ) the correct answer.
❶ To which group does a lizard belong to?
(a) Amphibians (b) Rep les (c) Birds (d) Mammals
❷ To which group does the cat belong to?
(a) Amphibians (b) Rep les (c) Birds (d) Mammals
❸ Fishes breathe through:
(a) lungs (b) skin (c) gills (d) mouth
❹ All vertebrates have:
(a) lungs (b) gills (c) backbones (d) jointed legs
❺ Which group out of these is found only in the ocean?
(a) Fish (b) Insects (c) Echinoderms (d) Amphibians
Write down short answers to the following ques ons
❶ Define biodiversity.
Ans: Biodiversity, also called biological diversity, is the variety of life found in a place
on Earth or, o en, the total variety of life on Earth.
❷ What are endangered species? State any two measures for the conserva on of
endangered species.
The animals or plants which do are at risk of ex nc on, i.e., there are a few of them
that might soon be wiped out are called endangered animals.
Measures to conserve the endangered animals:
v Minimize the use of fer lizers, which harm the organisms leading to their death.
v Never purchased products made from endangered species.
❸ How are worms different from insects?
Ans: Insects are arthropods and have 3 body segments and six legs. They also have an
exoskeleton. Worms are more primi ve and don’t have exoskeletons or jointed
appendages. They have no skeleton at all and are more simple life forms.
❹ Write two differences between amphibians and rep les.
Amphibians Rep les
v These are the vertebrates with smooth and v These vertebrates have rough and scaly skin.
mostly moist skin. v Some of them spend most of their me in
v They live on land as well as in water. water, while other live on land.
❺ Differen ate between flowering and non-flowering plants.
Flowering plants Non-f lowering plants
v The plants that produce flower in order to v The plants that do not produce flower in
reproduce are known as flowering plants. order to reproduce are known as non-
flowering plants.
❶ What is difference between monocots and docots?
Ans:
Monocot Dicot
Ø The flowering plants whose Ø The flowering plants whose
seeds have only one cotyledon seeds have two cotyledons are
are called monocot plants. called dicot plants.
Ø The word ‘mono’ means one Ø The word ‘di’ means two
Ø Example of monocot plants are Ø Examples of dicot plants are
palms, grains, corn, wheat and sunflowers are sunflowers,
rice. mango and rose.
❷ How are vertebrates are different from invertebrates?
Ans:

Vertebrates Invertebrates
Ø They have an internal skeleton Ø They have external skeleton
Ø They have a backbone Ø They do not have backbone.
Ø They are large animals Ø Most of them are small and
slow moving animals.
 ❸ Which characteris cs differen ate organisms of rep les from birds?
Rep les Birds
Ø Rep les have rough and scaly Ø Birds have feathers and a beak.
skin. Ø They use their wings to fly.
Ø Rep les lay eggs on land. Ø They are warm-blooded
Ø They are cold-blooded animals. animals.
❹ How can we save biodiversity
Ans: In order to protect bio diversity, we need to avoid plas cs whenever possible and
where we cannot avoid them then we must reduce, reuse and recycle. To reduce
energy use you can switch off lights or any electronic appliances when not in use,
avoid non-recyclables when ordering food from your favorite restaurant, opt for
reusable bags when going shopping. We need to reduce the nega ve impacts of
biodiversity and halve the footprint of produc on and consup on.

❺ What is the five kingdom system and classifica on? Also explain kingdom
fungi and animalia?
Ans: All living organisms are divided into five main groups known as kingdoms
The names of five kingdoms and the example of living things that
belongs to these kingdoms are given below:
❶ Kingdom Monera ❷ Kingdom Pro sta ❸ Kingdom fungi
❹ Kingdom Animalia ❺ kingdom plantae
Kingdom fungi:
v Mould yeasts and mashroom are divided are included in kingdom
fungi.
v They have lack of chlorophyll and cannot prepare their own food
and depends upon other organisms.
Kingdom Animalia
v Kingdom animalia includes organisms that are mul cellular in
nature and mo le, named as animals.
v They cannot produce their own food and depends upon plants
and other animals for their food, so they are called
heterotrophs.
❻ Describe the need and importance of classifica on
Classifica ons of living organisms are important because:
Ø It makes the study of living organisms easy.
Ø It enables us to understand the characteris cs of animals or
plants.
Ø It helps us to understand the similari es and differences among
living organisms.
Ø Without classifica on, it would be impossible to know the exact
number of living organisms on earth.

❶ Why can’t whales live outside the ocean?

Ans: Whales have an incredibly thick layer of insula ng blubber. Without the water
to keep them cool, they overheat and lose too much water via evapora on from
their lungs. That’s why they cannot live outside the ocean.
❷ Why frogs have long legs and moist skin?
Ans: Like a giant lung, the thin moist skin allows gases to pass through, helping the
frog to breathe. To keep the skin working well, frogs must stay clean and moist.
And they have long legs to help them jump and swim. On land, the legs act
almost like big springs. They have powerful muscles and the strength and
length.
 EXERCISE
Tick ( ) the correct answer.
❶ Which of the following diseases is caused by virus:
(a) aids (b) diarrhoea (c) cholera (d) ringworm
❷ Viruses can be seen with the help of:
(a) naked eye (b) magnifying glass
(c) microscope (d) telescope
❸ Tuberculosis is caused by:
(a) fungi (b) virus (c) bacteria (d) protozoa
❹ Which of the is caused by following disease bacteria:
(a) dengue (b) coronavirus (c) Diarrhoea (d) poliovirus
❺ The process in which dead body of plants and animals is turned into smaller
❹
par cles is known as?

Write down short answers to the following ques ons:

❶ Define microorganisms.
Ans: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms
include baceria, protozoa, algae, and fungi.
❷ Write the names of two products that are made with the help of bacteria.
Ans: Bread, cheese, vinegar and yogurt are made with the help of bacteria.
❸ What is infec on?
Ans: The invasion and mul plica on of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and
parasites that are not normally present within the body.
❹ How do microorganisms enter our body? List the ways.
Ans: Microorganisms capable of causing disease-pathogens-usually enter our bodies
through the mouth, eyes, nose, or urogenital openings, or through wounds or
bites that breach the skin barrier. Organisms can spread-or be transmi ed-by
several routes.
 Fill in the blanks.
❶ During the process of decomposi on dead materials are broken down.
❷ The organism that depends upon decaying ma er is saprophytes.
❸ Tetanus causing bacteria enter the body through cuts or injuries in skin.
❹ We can find microorganisms all around us, in food, air and in our bodies.
Write down the answers to the long ques ons.
❶ How can we avoid infec ons?
Ans: The first line of defense is to keep germs at bay by following good
personal hygiene habits. Prevent infec on before it begins and avoid
spreading it to others with these easy measures.
· Wash your hands well · Cover a cough · Wash and bandage all cuts.
· Do not pick at healing wounds or blemishes, or squeeze pimples.
· Avoid direct contact with napkins, ssues, handkerchiefs, or similar
items used by others.
❷ Describe the disadvantages of microorganisms.
Ans: In our daily life, the main disadvantages of microbes is that:-
A.) They cause various diseases to us. They spread & infect other human beings
B.) They spoil our food, making it undesirable to consume (food poisoning, food
borne illness), also affect our crops by causing disease in crop plant and hence
affec ng crop yield.
C.) They also responsible for damaging other things such as leather, clothes etc.
❸ What is the role of microorganism i n decompos i on .
Ans: Microorganisms live in soil and decompose organic ma er and detritus in
various ways:
Ø Microorganisms release nutrients from organic ma er during decomposi on.
Ø Some dissolve minerals to release nutrients, while other bring sub-surface
soils, and nutrients, to the surface for plant use.
❹ What are the major groups of microorganisms?
Ans: Microorganisms are broadly classified into the following major groups:
· Virus: the smallest infec on-causing agent that reproduces only inside
the living cells of other organisms.
· Bacteria: these are ny living beings found in air, water, soil and inside
living things.
· Fungi: they belong to different kingdom and are found in deserts, deep
sea, sediments, soil and dead organic ma er.
· Protozoa: they are unicellular organisms, found in soil, plants, marine
water and freshwater.
· Algae: these can be unicellular or mul cellular organisms found in
freshwater, brackish water, and moist soil.
❺ Describe the useful and harmful effect of decomposi on.
Useful effects of decomposi on.
Ø By decomposi on, the complex ma er present in the dead bodies of
plants and animals breaks into sample components.
Ø During this process, carbon dioxide and nitrogen gases are released
back into the environment. The producer (plants) uses these simple
materials again to make their food.
Harmful effects of decomposi on.
Ø Microorganisms spoil food and wood by the process of decomposi on
as they grow in it and make it unfit for human use.
Ø Examples are the souring of milk by bacteria.
 EXERCISE
Tick ( ) the correct answer.
❶ The reproduc ve part of a plant is called
(a) leaf (b) stem (c) root (d) flower
❷ The process of fusion of the male and the female gametes results in:
(a) reproduc on (b) pollina on (c) zygote (d) seed forma on
❸ Which condi ons are necessary for forma on of seed germina on?
(a) Water, air, soil and darkness (b) Air, water and light
(c) Water, temperature and air (d) Temperature, soil and light
❹ Which one of the following structures cover the maize seed?
(a) Cotyledon (b) Seed coat (c) Plumule (d) Endosperm
❺ How many cotyledons the gram seed have?
(a) Only one (b) Two (c) Many (d) Three
Write down short answers to the following ques ons.
❶ Write any two methods of asexual reproduc on in plants
Ans: The two methods of asexual reproduc on in plants are budding and spore forma on.
❷ What are func ons of seed?
Ans: Seed perform the following func ons:
v The seed contain food reservoirs in the form of cotyledons and endosperms.
v The seed coat is protec ve in nature which protect the embryo inside.
❸ Name the different parts of seed.
Ans: Different parts of seed are: testa, micropyle, hilum, cotyledon, radicle, plumule
and endosperm.
❹ What is germina on?
Ans: Germina on is the process by which an organism grows from a seed or
spore.
❺ Differen ate between self-pollina on and cross-pollina on.
Ans: Self-pollina on ccurs when the pollen from the anther is deposited on the
s gma of the same flower, or another flower on the same plant. Cross-
pollina on is the transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the s gma
of another flower on a different individual of the same species.
Write answers to these long ques ons:
❶ Elaborate the following terms:
i) Pollina on
Pollina on is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther
of a flower to the female s gma. Flowers are the tools that plants use
to make their seeds.
ii) Self-pollina on
In self-pollina on, pollen grains from the anther to of the flower
fall directly onto the s gma flower.
iii) Cross-pollina on
The process in which the pollen grains of the flower of the flower
fall from one individual plant to another of the same species is
called cross-pollina on.
❷ Write a short note on structure of the flower.
Following is the structure and parts of flower:
Sepal: These are first part of flower. Sepals are green, small; leaf-like
structure at the bo om of flower.
Petal: The petals are colorful part of plants. They are brightly coloured
to a ract insects, bu erflies, etc. for pollina on.
Stamens: stamens are the male reproduc ve plant of the flower. A
stamen has two parts such as anther and filament. The anther carries
pollen grains.
Carpel: Carpels is the innermost part of the flower. The carpel has three
parts: S gma, style and ovary.
❸ How does sexual reproduc on in plants take place?
Flowering plants reproduce sexually through a process called pollina on. The
flowers contain male sex organs called stamens and female sex organs called
pis ls. The anther is the part of the stamen that contains pollen. This pollen
needs to be moved to a part of the pis l called the s gma.
❹ What does seed need for germina on? Explain.
Seed need following things for the germina on:
Soil: Seeds of all plants need soil to grow. Farmers place seed in soil to grow their
crops.
Temperature: Temperatures never remain the same everywhere on earth. Some
plants need more temperature than others. Too high and too low temperature
can stop seed germina on.
Water: Plants in different areas require different amounts of water for
germina on of seeds.
Air: Air is necessary for seed germina on.
 EXERCISE
Tick ( ) the correct answer.
❶ Which one of the following is not a biodegradable waste?
(a) Vegetable peeling (b) Plas c bo les (c) Paper
❷ What causes acid rain?
(a) Carbonates and Bicarbonates (b) Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen oxides
(c ) Nitrates and Nitrites
❸ If a child has cholera, what do you think the source will be?
(a) Air (b) Water (c) Land
❹ An undesirable change in the characteris cs of air, water and land that affects
human health?
(a) deforma on (b) Pollutant (c ) Pollu on
Write down short answers to the following ques ons:
❶ Define pollu on.
Ans: An undesirable change in the characteris cs of air, water and land that affects
human health is called pollu on.
❷ Differen ate between land and water pollu on.
Ans: Water pollu on affects drinking water, rivers, lakes and oceans all over the
world. Land pollu on is the degrada on of earth’s surface. Land pollu on kills
the useful organisms like an earthworm.
❸ What are the causes of air pollu on?
Ans: The main causes of air pollu on are smoke from factories and vehicles.
❹ What are the major sources of land pollu on?
Ans: The major causes of land pollu on are wastes like garbage and rubbish.
❺ What are the impacts of water pollu on on human health
Ans: Following are the impacts/ effects of pollu on:
Ÿ Pollu on causes many diseases in living organisms.
Ÿ Pollu on depletes ozone layer.
 · Pollu on causes acid rain.
· Pollu on shortens the life span of living beings.
❻ Give some resources to reduce the pollu on.
Ans: There are following resources that can be useful to reduce the pollu on:
Ÿ Reduce the waste by refusing the use unnecessary materials.
Ÿ Reuse and recycle non-toxic cans, bo le and other po ery, plas c, metals and
paper.
Ÿ Recycle water used at home for cleaning purposes.

❼ How does global warming effect on environment?

The following are the effects of global warming on environment:
Ÿ The climate of the world in changing due to such reasons.
Ÿ The mel ng of ice from north and south poles is increasing the level of sea-
water.
Ÿ It is causing the occurrence of more rain and flood.
Write down the answers to the long ques ons.
❶ Differen ate between biodegradable and non-biodegradablematerials with
examples.
Bio-degradable Substances Non-biodegradable Substances
They are considered safe for the environment. They are considered harmful to the
Biodegradable substances are natural wastes. environment.
Bio degradable substances do not cause Non biodegradable substances are
pollu on. synthe c wastes.
These substance decompose naturally in the Non-biodegradable substances cause
environment. pollu on.
Biodegradable substances have a high rate of These substances do not decompose
decomposi on. naturally in the environment.
Examples of Biodegradable substances are Non-biodegradable substances have a
vegetable wastes, dead plants, dry leaves, slow rate of decomposi on.
flowers, straws, animal excreta, etc. Examples of Non-biodegradable
substances are rubber, chemicals,
paint, plas c, polythene, metals, etc.
❷ What are the causes and impact of burning fossils fuels on the environment.
Ans: When fossils fuel is burnt, it releases large amount of carbon dioxide in air,
which is a greenhouse gas.
Ÿ Greenhouse gas traps heat in our atmosphere and increases the temperature
of the earth, and it is called global warming. The average global temperature
0
has already increase by 1 C.
Ÿ The climate of the world is changing due to such reasons.
Ÿ The mel ng of ice from north and south poles is increasing the level of
seawater.
Ÿ It is causing the occurrence of more rain and flood.

❸ Enlist three major effects of non-biodegradable waste on the environment.

Ÿ Non-biodegradable waste pollutes groundwater by emi ng toxic pollutants
into it.
Ÿ It pollutes air by emi ng toxic gases on hea ng and burning.
Ÿ Polystyrene and plas c can get into the oceans and water bodies and effect
aqua c animals.
 EXERCISE
Tick ( ) the correct answer.
❶ The par cles are ghtly packed in:
(a) liquid (b) solid (c) gas (d) plasma
❷ When a liquid changes into its vapours without hea ng, the process is called:
(a) boiling (b) freezing (c) evapora on (d) mel ng
❸ Par cles vibrate in:
(a) liquids (b) solids (c) gases (d) all of these
❹ Which one of the following changes is called a physical change?
(a) Dissolving alcohol in water
(b) Milk turns sour when a drop of lemon juice is added to it
(c) Boiling of an egg
(d) Diges on of food
❺ Which one is not a chemical change?
(a) Cooking food (b) Making paper from wood
(c) Burning of wood (d) Crushing of a can
Write down short answers to the following ques ons:
❶ Differen ate between boiling and evapora on.
Ans: Evapora on is the process where liquid gets converted into vapour. A simple
example to understand Evapora on is when water gets evaporated from the soil
by the hea ng effect of the sun, it is referred to as Evapora on. Boiling, on the
other hand, refers to the process of hea ng up a liquid where the temperature
of the liquid being heated up is greater than the boiling point of the substance.
The major key difference to be noted between Evapora on and boiling is that of
the occurrence, Evapora on occurs only on the surface of the liquid whereas
boiling occurs over the large mass of the liquid.
❷ How do solids differ from liquids?
Ans: Solids differ from liquids on the basis of arrangements in par cles. Par cles in
solids are ghtly packed whereas par cles in liquids are loosely packed.
❸ Define the process of freezing.
Ans: Freezing is a phase transi on where a liquid turns into a sold when its
temperature is lowered below its freezing point.
❹ What do you know about a chemical change?
Ans: A chemical change is a change of materials into another, new materials with
different proper es and one or more than one new substances are formed.
❺ What is rus ng? Which type of change is it?
Ans: If you leave a piece of iron in the open for some days, it acquires a film of dark
brownish substance on it. This substance is called rust.
v It is a chemical change.

Which fuels other than gas you may use to cook food?
❶
1. Kerosene 2. Methanol 3. Plant Oil
❷ How can you avoid decaying of vegetables and fruits?
Ans: We can avoid decaying by wrapping leafy green vegetables like kale, spinach
and broccoli in paper towels or paper and put them inside the plas c bags. And
adding washed and dried herbs in a plas c bag, with a paper towel inside the
bag to absorb extra moisture. Mushrooms and okra should be stored unwashed
in paper bag.
❸ Which things in air are responsible to change iron into rust?
Ans: Oxygen in the air and water are responsible for rus ng of iron.
Write down the answers to the following long ques ons:
❶ Differen ate between a physical and a chemical changes with examples.
Physical Change Chemical Change
When a substance undergoes a When a substance undergoes a chemical
physical change, its composi on change, its molecular composi on is changed
remains the same despite its en rely. Thus, chemical changes involve the
molecules being rearranged. forma on of new substances.
Physical change is a temporary A chemical change is a permanent chang
change. Chemical change both physical and chemic
 Physical Change Chemical Change
A Physical change affects only proper es of the substance including its
physical proper es i.e. shape, size, composi on.
etc. During a chemical reac on, absorp on and
A physical change involves very li le evolu on of energy take place.
to no absorp on of energy. A few examples of chemical change are
Some examples of physical change diges on of food, burning of coal, rus ng, etc.
are freezing of water, mel ng of wax, Chemical changes usually involve the
boiling of water, etc. produc on of energy( which can be in the
Generally, physical changes do not form of heat, light, sound, etc.)
involve the produc on of energy. A chemical change is always accompanied by
In a physical change, no new one or more new substance(s).
substance is formed.

❷ Explain the process of mel ng.

The process of changing solid into liquid is called “Mel ng”.
Explana on:
When we heat any solid like ice its par cles start moving fast. If hea ng is
con nued the mo on of the par cles will increase so much that they leave
their fixed posi ons and solid change into its liquid.
 EXERCISE

! Write down short answer of following questions:

ΠWhat is noise pollu on?
Some sounds, such as airplane and car horns are unpleasant for us. These
unpleasant sounds are called noise pollu on.
 Differen ate between opaque and transparent objects?
Opaque Objects Transparent objects
v The objects through which light v The object through which light can
cannot pass are called opaque completely pass are called
objects transparent objects
v Wood, metals ,concrete and fibers v Glass, water and air are
are opaque objects transparent objects

Ž How is the sound produced?

Sound is produced when an objects vibrates. As the vibra ons reach our ears,
we listen the sound.
 How does sound travels?
Sound waves require medium to travel through. A sound travels by pushing the
par cles.
 How can you prove that light travels in straight line?
If we switch on a torch in a dark night, we will see that the beam of light
produced by the torch travels straight in darkness. which show light travel in
straight lines.
! Write down the answers to the long question:
ΠIf the moon is non-luminous object then how do we see it.
Reflec on is the bouncing back of the light from a surface. The moon shines
because its surface reflects light from the sun. When sunlight strikes a smooth
surface of moon, it will reflect at the same angle as it hits the surface. So, more
amount of light reaches our eyes and the surface of moon appears shiny.
 Describe the loca on, size and shape of shadow.
The type of the shadow depends on the size of the light source, the shape and
size of the objects, and its distance from the light source. The shadow
resembles the object in shapes.
Ÿ The closer to the light source to on object is, the bigger the shadow will be.
This is because the objet blocks more of the light.
Ÿ The further away from the light source on the objects is, the smaller the
shadow will be.
Ž Enlist some measures to release noise pollu on .
Different preven ve measures can be taken to reduce noiswe pollu on:
Ÿ Soundproof is one of the best ways to prevent noise pollu on. Carpets and
rugs can help absorp on sound.
Ÿ Windows let a lot of sound in and out of rooms.
Ÿ Turning off televisions, computers and air condi oners, when not is use helps
to reduce noise pollu on.
Ÿ Use ear plugs and noise-dimensioning net headphones.
 Write down some effects of noise pollu on.
Noise pollu on has a number of bad effects on human health.
Ÿ It causes fa gue and stress
Ÿ It cause a loss of a en on and depression as well.
Ÿ It can cause heatring loss when the sound are too loud for an extended
period.
 Why speed of sound is fastest in solids .
Sound does not travel at the same speed through all materials. In solids,
par cles are closely packed together than in liquids and gases. A sound travelby
pushing the par cles, therefore, the sound travels faster in solids than in liquids
and gases.
 EXERCISE

! Write down short answer of following questions:

ΠEnlist some electric appliance.
Electric iron, Electric Ke le, Electric heater, Refrigrators and Electric fan are
electric appliances.
 What is difference between conductors and insulators?Give examples.
Conductors Insulators
v The materials which allow the v The materials which donot allow
current to pass through them are current to pass through them are
called conductors called insulators.
v Copper, Aluminum and Iron are v Glass, wood , rubber, plas c, etc.
conductors. are the insulators
Ž What do you know about sta c electricity? Give any two examples of sta c electricity.
When the charges are at rest, we call them sta c electricity.
Example:
Ÿ The charge acquired by the combs and glass rod are example of sta c
electricity.
Ÿ When you draw a plas c comb through your hair, they acquire a posi ve
charge.
Since all the hair have the same type of charge so they repel each other.
 How magne c materials are different from non magne c materials?
Magne c materials:
A magne c materials is a piece of metal that can a ract some metallic objects.
 Non magne c material:
The objects which are not a racted by the magnet are called non-magne c
materials. Copper, wood, plas c and glass, etc. are non-magne c materials.
 Write down uses of electromagnet?
Electromagnets are widely used in:
S Household appliances S Commercial machinery
S Electric bells S Magne c lock
! Write down the answers to the long question:
ΠDemonstrate that opposite poles of two magnets a ract each other while
the similar poles repel each other?
F Take two bar magnets.
F Suspend one bar magnet with the help of thread. Let it come to rest
F Bring the north pole of second magnet near the north pole of suspended magnet.
Observe the repulsion.
F Now bring the south pole of second magnet near the north pole of suspended
magnet. Observe the a rac on.
 Explain the differnet type of magnet.
Magnets are of three types:
S Permanent magnet S Temporaory magnet S Electromagnet
Permanent magnet:
These are the magnets that retain their magne c property for a long me. The
bar magnets, ring magnets, disc magnets, and horse-shoe magnets are
permanent magnets. Permanent magnets are made of steel, and alloys of iron,
nickel cobalt etc. To make permanent magnets, a very strong magne c field has
to be applied.
Temporaory magnets:
Temporary magnets are made of so iron. Iron nails, common pin, paper clip etc.
These magnets show the magne c response for a short me.
Electromagnets:
Electromagnets are also temporary magnets; these are made by passing electric
current around the rod or strips of so iron.
Ž Define an electric circuit and explain its components.
The Path of flow of electric current is called an electric circuit.
Components of electric circuit:
Cell, bulb, switch and wires are called the components of the electric circuit.
Cell:
Cell is the source of electrical energy.
 Switch and keys:
The switch and answer key is used to allow the current to flow through the
circuit or stop.
Closed circuit:
The circuit is Closed circuit when the switch is ON.
Open ciorcuit:
The circuit is a closed circuit when the switch is OFF.
 Describe the uses of conductors and insulators .
Uses of conductors:
Ÿ Good conductors of electricity are also good conductors of heat, therefore all
cooking wares are made of metals.
Ÿ The base of an electric iron is made of metals due to its good conduc on of
heat.
Ÿ All the electrical circuits inside electrical appliances are completed by
conduc ng wires.
Uses of insulators:
Connec ng wires are covered by some insula ng materials. This protects us
Ÿ
from coming in direct contact with electricity.
Ÿ Although an electric iron is made of metal, its handle is made up of wood and
plas c, which is an insulator.
Ÿ Handle of electric ke els and heaters are made by insulators do not allow
electricity to pass through them.
! Constructed response questions:
ΠDraw a circuit joining the ba ery and a wire coil. Label the posi ve and
nega ve ends of ba ery. Iden fy the poles of the coil’s magnet.

S N

A rod becomes a magnet when electric current passes through a coil wounded
around it. Such a magnet is called an electromagnet.
 Describe what happenes if you hold a nail or paper clip near the coil.
If we hold a nail or paper clip near the coil, it will a ract by the magne c field of
a coil.
Ž Draw the circuit again and iden fy the poles of the coil’s magnet again. Do they
remain the same? Label the posi ve and nega ve end of the ba ery and the poles
of the coil’s magne c field.

_ +

If we reversed the connec on of the ba ery. We will observe the pole of the
coil’s magnet will become change.
 Describe what happenes f you hold a nail or paper near the coil.
If we hold a nail or paper clip near the coil, it will a ract by the magne c field of
a coil.
 EXERCISE

! Write down short answer of following questions:

ΠWhat are the sources of water?
The major sources of freshwater are rivers, ponds, springs and glaciers. The
ocean bodies and the seas contain the salty water.
 What are four layers of the earth ?
Earth is made up of 4 different layers:
ü Crust ü Mantle üOuter core ü Inner core
Ž What do you mean by condensa on and precipita on?
Condesa on Precipita on
v Condensa on is the process by v Precipita on is a vital component
which water vapor in the air is of how water moves through
changed into liquid water . Earth’s watercycles, connec ng the
ocean, land, and atmosphere
 Why is precipita on important to the water cycle?
Precipita on is a vital component of how water moves through Earth’s cycle,
connec ng the oceans, land and atmosphere.
 What is significance of soil?
Farmers grow crops and orchards in soil. Soil provides the structural support to
plant and is also their source of water and nutrients.
‘ How is silty soil useful for us?
Silty soil is extremely smooth and retains plenty of water. It lacks nutrients as
compared to other type of soil.
! Write down the answers to the long question:
ΠExplain the characteris cs of different types of soils.
There are six different types of soil:
þ Chalky þ peaty þ Sandy þ clayey þ Silty þ Loamy
Chalky Soil:
This is non-acidic soil. This type of soil contains chalk and limestone. It is not
suitable for growing plant.
Peaty Soil:
It is acidic and does not support the decaying process. Peaty soil is usually dark
brown but it can be black. The soil has a lot of organic materials and is rich in
water.
Sandy soil:
Sandy soil is granular soil that contains small rock and minerals par cles. The
textures of sandy soil is gri y. It does not bind very well and is poor to retain
water.
Clayey soil:
In clayey soil, the par cles are packed ghtly together having li le or no air.
Because of these characteris cs, clay is densest and heaviest type of soil.
Silty Soil:
Silty soil is extremely smooth and retains plenty of water, it lacks nutrients as
compared to other type of soil.
Loamy soil:
It retains water very well. It is deal for crops and other cul va on. It is full of
nutrients. It is so and easy to cul vate. It can retain nutrients and water very
well.
 Describe water cycle and draw its diagram?
The process by which water con nually changes its form and circulates between
oceans, atmosphere, and land is known as the water cycle.
Ÿ Precipita on is a vital component of how water moves through Earth’s water
cycle, connec ng the ocean, land and atmosphere.
Ÿ Water evaporates from the surface of the earth, rises into the atmospher
cools and condenses into the rain.
 Ÿ The water falling on land collect in rivers and lakes, soil and porous layer of
rock and much of it flows back into oceans, where it will once again
evaporates.
Ÿ The cycling of water in and out of the atmosphere is a significant aspects of
the weather pa erns or Earth.

Ž Explain differnt layers of Earth.

There are four different layers of Earth:
þ Crust þMantle þ Outer core þ Inner core
Crust:
The outermost layer of the earth is called the crust. It is about 50 kilometres
thick and less than 1% of Earth’s volume. It is made up of rocks, mountains,
deserts, plains and oceans.
Mantle:
The Earth mantle is a layer of silicate rock between the crust and the outer core.
It makes up 7% of the mass of Earth. It has a thickness of 29000 kilometres
making up about 84% of Earth’s volume.
Outer core:
The outer core is fluid layer about 2400 kilometre thick and made up of mostly
iron and nickel that lies above the earth’s solid inner core.
Inner Core:
The inner core is the ho est part of the earth having temperature between
0
4000-4700 C. It is made of solid, mostly iron and nickel.
 EXERCISE

! Write down short answer of following questions:

ΠDefine Space?
Space is the three-dimensional area around you, including the universe. An
example of space is the area where stars and planets exist.
 How can space be explored?
Space explora on is carried out mainly by astronomers with telescope. Its
physical explora on is conducted by human spaceflights.
Ž What is difference between natural and ar ficial satellites?
Natural satellite Ar ficial Satellite
v A natural satellite is a satellite which was v Ar ficial satellite refers to a man
created by nature made machine launched into
space that move around earth
 What is GPS and its uses?
A GPS receiver in your phone is used to find proper loca ons, distances in
maps.
Importance:
GPS is a network of 24 setellites.
 Why are satellites important?
Satellite provide informa on about Earth’s clouds, oceans, lands and air.
Ÿ
Ÿ They are also used for scien fic research.
Ÿ Satellites help farmers know what crop to plant.
! Constructed Response Questions:
ΠWhat is satellite?
A satellite is an object that revolve around a planet.
 What are difference between man made and natural satellites?
Man made Satellite Natural Satellite
v Scien st have send many objects v A natural satellite is a satellite
into space that revolve around the which was created by nature.
earth,this is called man made v Moon is a natural satellite
satellites
Ž Why we put satellites in space? What kind of job do they do?
Satellites help scien sts to explore space in new and exci ng ways.
Communica ons
Satellites help us communicate with people all over the world.
 What keep a satellite in orbit around a planet?
A satellite maintains its orbit by balancing two factors:
Ø Its velocity. Ø Gravita onal pull that Earth has on it.
! Write down the answers to the long question:
ΠDescribe the importance of space explora on.
Space explora on is important for us due to many factors:
Ÿ Understanding our place in cosmos.
Ÿ Providing advancement in science and technology.
Ÿ Providing opportuni es for interna onal collabora on.
Ÿ Telecommunica on, naviga on and explora on of earth resources.
Ÿ Keeping pace with other na ons involved in developing space technology.
 How do the ar ficial satellites benefit humans?
Ar ficial satellites are very important:
Ÿ They provide informa on about Earth’s clouds, oceans, lands and air.
Ÿ They are also used for scien fic research.
Ÿ They can also observe wildfires, volcanos and smoke.
Ÿ Ar ficial satellites help famers know what crop to plant.
Ÿ They are used for the military support, naviga on, earth imaging and for the
communica on.
Ž Differne ate the uses of Global positioning system and communica on satellites.
Global posi oning system Communica on Satellites:
Ø A GPS receiver in your phones is Ø A communica on satellite is an
used to find proper loca ons, ar ficial satellite that relays and
distance and maps amplifies radio telecommunica on
Ø Each satellite completes two signals via a transponder.
revolu ons around the earh in a Ø These satellites are used for
day. television, telephone and military
applica ons
 Differen ate between weather and gas sta onary satellites.
Weather Satellites: Geo sta onary satellite
Ø For weather informa on, polar Ø Geo means earth and sta onary not
orbi ng satellites are used. moving.
Ø These satellites are used for the study Ø These satellites are used for
of the Earth’s climate and communica on and transmit T.V
atmosphere. signals across the world.
 EXERCISE

! Write down short answer of following questions:

ΠDemostrate func on of spirit level?
A spirit level is an instrument designed to check whether a surface is horizontal
(level) or not.
 What do you need to make a model of guitar?
Material required to make a model of guitar are:
ü Any empty box ü Rubber band ü Scissors, pen ü Bowl ü S ck
Ž What should you do if your clothes catch fire?
Get down onto the floor!
Ÿ
Ÿ With your arms above your head, rollover. Prac ce stop-drop-roll, so they
that you donot panic if yours clothes ever catch fire.
! Write down the answers to the long question:
ΠWhat are the safet measures and priciples while working in leboratorty?
Ÿ Work quietly and be well-mannered to others.
Ÿ The safety box should be at the entrance of the lab.
Ÿ Don’t eat, drink or chew gum while working in the lab.
 Ÿ Be-aware of safety equipment.
Ÿ Be careful while working with fire; you should not wear polyester or nylon
clothes as they catch fire instantly.
Ÿ Always wear your safety gear.
Ÿ Never touch anything.
Ÿ Inform the lab a endant in case of any mishap.
 How will you make a musical instrument ?
Box Guitar:
Material required are:
ü Any empty box ü Rubber band ü Scissors, pen ü Bowl ü S ck
Procedure:
Ÿ Draw a circle onto the empty box and cut it out.
Ÿ Stretch 5 or 6 rubber hands over the length of the box so they lay over the
cut-out circle.
Ÿ Pluck the rubber hands with your fingers. Do they produce low or loud tone?
This is a simple guitar.
Ž If a person got injured, how would you dress his wound?
Use first aid box to dress a wound by following the steps given below:
Ÿ Get a first aid box.
Ÿ Open it and take out a bandage, ointment and co on.
Ÿ Clean the wound with co on.
Ÿ Apply the ointment on the co on and put it on the wound.
Ÿ Take out the bandage and e it.
Ÿ Now roll the bandage.